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แนวทางการวินิจฉัยและรักษาโรคหืดในประเทศไทย สำหรับผู้ใหญ่ พ.ศ. 2560
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แนวทางการวินิจฉัยและรักษาโรคหืดในประเทศไทย สำหรับผู้ใหญ่ พ.ศ. 2560
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2560 ISBN: 978-616-91693-2-1 ®—¥æ‘¡æå‚¥¬ ¡“§¡ ¿“Õߧå°√‚√§À◊¥·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¡“§¡Õÿ√‡«™™å·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ „πæ√–∫√¡√“™Ÿª∂—¡¿å ¡“§¡‚√§¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ ‚√§À◊¥ ·≈–«‘∑¬“¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √“™«‘∑¬“≈—¬·æ∑¬å‡«™»“ μ√å§√Õ∫§√—«·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1 2559 æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 2 2560 ®”π«πæ‘¡æå 2,000 ‡≈à¡ æ‘¡æå∑’Ë ∫√‘…—∑ ∫’¬Õπ¥å ‡ÕÁπ‡∑Õ√å‰æ√´å ®”°—¥
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2560 “√∫—≠ §”π” _________________________ 1 √“¬π“¡§≥–°√√¡°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß·π«∑“ßœ ____________ 4 “ åπ®“°∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ __________________ 5 §”™’È·®ß§ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π·≈–πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” _________ 7 𑬓¡¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ ·≈–≈—°…≥–∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ __________ 10 °“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥ ·≈–°“√´—°ª√–«—μ‘ _____________ 11 °“√μ√«®√à“ß°“¬ ·≈–°“√μ√«® ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥„π°“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚√§À◊¥ _ 12 °“√«‘π‘®©—¬ ·≈–°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·¬°‚√§ ______________ 14 °“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡√ÿπ·√ß‚√§À◊¥ _______________ 16 °“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ _____________________ 19 °“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â·≈–°“√≈¥¬“√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ _____ 27 °“√·π–π”À√◊Õ„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°àºŸâªÉ«¬ ______________ 28 Guideline Implementation ________________ 32 ·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“ºŸâªÉ«¬¿“«–À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π„πÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π __ 34 °“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„π°√≥’摇»… ________________ 40 ¿“§ºπ«° 1 °“√«—¥§à“ PEF variability ____________ 44 ¿“§ºπ«° 2 ·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ _________ 45 ¿“§ºπ«° 3 °“√√—°…“‚¥¬‰¡à„™â¬“ ______________ 49 ¿“§ºπ«° 4 ¢—ÈπμÕπ°“√æ‘®“√≥“ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥∑’˧«√√—°…“¥â«¬¬“ anti-IgE _ 53 ¿“§ºπ«° 5 ·ºπªØ‘∫—μ‘μ—«‡¡◊ËÕ¡’Õ“°“√À◊¥°”‡√‘∫_________ 54 ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß _____________________ 55
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2560 ·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.». 2560 ‰¥â¡’°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß®“°©∫—∫ªï æ.». 2559 ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß ”À√—∫°“√√—°…“ ‚√§À◊¥μ“¡À≈—°∞“π‡™‘ßª√–®—°…å ·≈–§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠μà“ßÊ ‚¥¬¡’°“√ ª√—∫‡ª≈’ˬπ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥®“°©∫—∫‡¥‘¡„πªï æ.». 2555 ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡ Õ¥§≈âÕß·≈– §«“¡·μ°μà“ß®“°·π«∑“ߢÕß Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) ¥—ß √“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥μàÕ‰ªπ’ȧ◊Õ °“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥Õ“»—¬ª√–«—μ‘·≈–À≈—°∞“π°“√μ√«®æ∫ variable expiratory airflow limitation ‚¥¬‡πâπ∑’Ë°“√ àßμ√«® ‰ª‚√‡¡μ√’¬å‡æ◊ËÕ ¬◊π¬—π°“√«‘π‘®©—¬„π§√—Èß·√° À√◊Õ°“√«—¥§à“ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥ PEF ∑’Ë¡’°“√º—πº«π ®“°°“√«—¥ 2 §√—Èß„π·μà≈–«—π„π™à«ß 1-2 —ª¥“Àå ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥∑’Ë√–¥—∫√âÕ¬≈– 10 ‡ªìπ°“√¬◊π¬—π°“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ GINA ”À√—∫·π«∑“ß„π©∫—∫ ªï æ.». 2560 ‰¥âμ—¥°“√®”·π°§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß‚√§À◊¥ÕÕ°´÷Ëß·μ°μà“ß®“°©∫—∫„π ªï æ.». 2555 ·≈–¢Õß GINA ·μà‡πâπ∑’Ë°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡À≈◊Õ‡æ’¬ß 2 √–¥—∫§◊Õ Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§À◊¥∑’˧ÿ¡‰¥â·≈–§ÿ¡‰¡à‰¥â ·≈– „π·π«∑“ß©∫—∫ªï æ.». 2560 ‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߄πÕπ“§μ¢Õß‚√§‡¢â“‰ªÕ—π‰¥â·°à ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕÀ◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕÀ≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫∂“«√ ·≈–ªí®®—¬μàÕ º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß°“√√—°…“ ´÷Ëßμà“ß®“°·π«∑“ß„πªï æ.». 2555 ·μà Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ GINA „π à«π¢Õ߬“√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ ¡’°“√„™â¬“ Ÿ¥æà𬓧Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“« „πºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥∑’Ë¡’ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬß∑’Ëμà“ß®“°©∫—∫ªï æ.». 2555 ·≈–‰¥â√–∫ÿ°“√„™â¬“ ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√πÕ°®“°¬“°√–μÿâπμ—«√—∫∫’μâ“™π‘¥∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«§◊Õ salbutamol ¬—ß “¡“√∂„™â¬“ Ÿ¥æàπ§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μÕ√Õ¬¥åº ¡¬“°√–μÿâπμ—«√—∫∫’μâ“ formoterol À“°„™â¬“¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ¬“º ¡‡æ◊ËÕ§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ GINA ”À√—∫°“√ √—°…“„π√–¥—∫ 4 ‰¥â¡’°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ïμâ“πμ—«√—∫‚§≈‘‡πÕ√宑°∑’Ë “ åπ®“°∫√√≥“∏‘°“√
7.
6 ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«§◊Õ tiotropium ‡¢â“‰ª
·≈– ”À√—∫°“√√—°…“„π √–¥—∫ 5 ¡’°“√ √–∫ÿ∂÷߇«≈“∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¢Õß°“√„™â¬“ omalizumab ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡®“°„™â‡æ’¬ß 6 ‡¥◊Õπ‡ªìπ 1 ªïμ“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π°“√»÷°…“ OXYGEN „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈–°“√√—°…“¥â«¬ bron- chial thermoplasty ∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡¡’°“√„™â„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈â« ·π«∑“ß©∫—∫ªï æ.». 2560 ‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡¬“∑’ËÕ“®¡’„™â„πÕπ“§μ§◊Õ anti-IL-5 À√◊Õ mepolizumab πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß ‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥«‘∏’°“√‡≈◊Õ°Õÿª°√≥å Ÿ¥¬“∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ”À√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥ ´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ GINA ·≈–‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡À—«¢âÕ‡√◊ËÕß guideline implementation ∑’Ë¡’°“√ ®—¥μ—Èß Easy Asthma Clinic „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ´÷Ëßμà“ß®“° GINA ªí®®ÿ∫—π°≈ÿà¡ Õ“°“√√à«¡√–À«à“ß‚√§À◊¥·≈–‚√§ªÕ¥Õÿ¥°—Èπ‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß (Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome À√◊Õ ACOS) ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ π„®¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–‰¥â∫√√®ÿ‰«â„π©∫—∫ªï æ.». 2560 ´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ GINA ·≈– GOLD ·μàμà“ß®“°©∫—∫ªï æ.». 2555 ´÷Ë߬—ß μâÕß°“√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√»÷°…“‡æ‘Ë¡‡μ‘¡„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·≈– ”À√—∫°“√√—°…“∑’ˉ¡à„™â¬“ ‰¥â·°â‰¢‡√◊ËÕß §”·π–π”¢Õß¡“μ√°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥‰√ΩÿÉπμàÕ‚√§À◊¥ ®“°‰¡à·π–π” ‡ªìπ¬—ß¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‰¡à™—¥‡®π ·≈–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÀ—«¢âÕ·ºπªØ‘∫—μ‘μ—«‡¡◊ËÕ¡’Õ“°“√À◊¥ °”‡√‘∫ „Àâ¡’√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡ªìπ√Ÿª∑’Ë™—¥‡®π¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§ À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠ଗߧßμâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√æ—≤π“ª√—∫ª√ÿßÕ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°ß“π«‘®—¬∑“ߧ≈‘π‘° À≈—°∞“π‡™‘ßª√–®—°…å ·≈–§«“¡‡ÀÁπ®“° ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠„π∑ÿ° “¢“∑’Ë¡’ à«π„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∫√‘∫∑¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™π宓°°“√𔉪„™â Ÿß ÿ¥ ·≈–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬∑’ˬ—ß¡’ªí≠À“„π‡√◊ËÕߢâÕ®”°—¥¢Õß∑√—欓°√∑“ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢„π ªí®®ÿ∫—π °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√
8.
7·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 §”™’È·®ßπÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π”·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π (Quality of evidence) §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1 À¡“¬∂÷ß À≈—°∞“π∑’ˉ¥â®“° 1.1 °“√∑∫∑«π·∫∫¡’√–∫∫ (systematic review) ®“°°“√»÷°…“·∫∫ °≈ÿà¡ ÿà¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß-§«∫§ÿ¡ (randomized controlled clinical trials) À√◊Õ 1.2 °“√»÷°…“·∫∫°≈ÿà¡ ÿà¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß-§«∫§ÿ¡∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“楒‡¬’ˬ¡ Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 1 ©∫—∫ (a well-designed, randomized controlled clinical trial) §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 2 À¡“¬∂÷ß À≈—°∞“π∑’ˉ¥â®“° 2.1 °“√∑∫∑«π·∫∫¡’√–∫∫¢Õß°“√»÷°…“§«∫§ÿ¡·μà‰¡à‰¥â ÿà¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß (non-randomized controlled clinical trials) À√◊Õ 2.2 °“√»÷°…“§«∫§ÿ¡·μà‰¡à ÿà¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“楒‡¬’ˬ¡(well-designed, non-randomized controlled clinical trial) À√◊Õ 2.3 À≈—°∞“π®“°√“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“μ“¡·ºπμ‘¥μ“¡‡Àμÿ‰ªÀ“º≈ (cohort) À√◊Õ°“√»÷°…“«‘‡§√“–À姫∫§ÿ¡°√≥’¬âÕπÀ≈—ß (case-control analytic studies) ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫«‘®—¬‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ´÷Ëß¡“®“° ∂“∫—πÀ√◊Õ °≈ÿà¡«‘®—¬¡“°°«à“Àπ÷Ëß·Ààß/°≈ÿà¡ À√◊Õ 2.4 À≈—°∞“π®“°æÀÿ°“≈“πÿ°√¡ (multiple-time series) ´÷Ëß¡’À√◊Õ‰¡à¡’ ¡“μ√°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ À√◊ÕÀ≈—°∞“π∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√«‘®—¬∑“ߧ≈‘π‘°√Ÿª·∫∫
9.
8 Õ◊Ëπ À√◊Õ∑¥≈Õß·∫∫‰¡à¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ´÷Ëß¡’º≈ª√–®—°…å∂÷ߪ√–‚¬™πå À√◊Õ‚∑…®“°°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘¡“μ√°“√∑’ˇ¥àπ™—¥¡“°
‡™àπ º≈¢Õß°“√𔬓 ‡æÁππ‘´‘≈‘π¡“„™â„π√“« æ.». 2480 ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„πÀ≈—°∞“π ª√–‡¿∑π’È §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 3 À¡“¬∂÷ß À≈—°∞“π∑’ˉ¥â®“° 3.1 °“√»÷°…“æ√√≥π“ (descriptive studies) À√◊Õ 3.2 °“√»÷°…“§«∫§ÿ¡∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“ææÕ„™â(fair-designed,controlledclinical trial) §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4 À¡“¬∂÷ß À≈—°∞“π∑’ˉ¥â®“° 4.1 √“¬ß“π¢Õߧ≥–°√√¡°“√ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠ª√–°Õ∫°—∫§«“¡‡ÀÁπæâÕßÀ√◊Õ ©—π∑“¡μ‘ (consensus) ¢Õߧ≥–ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠∫πæ◊Èπ∞“πª√– ∫°“√≥å ∑“ߧ≈‘π‘° À√◊Õ 4.2 √“¬ß“πÕπÿ°√¡ºŸâªÉ«¬®“°°“√»÷°…“„πª√–™“°√μà“ß°≈ÿà¡·≈–§≥– ºŸâ»÷°…“μà“ߧ≥–Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 2 ©∫—∫√“¬ß“π À√◊Õ§«“¡‡ÀÁπ∑’ˉ¡à‰¥âºà“π °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·∫∫¡’√–∫∫ ‡™àπ ‡°√Á¥√“¬ß“πºŸâªÉ«¬‡©æ“–√“¬ (anec- dotal report) §«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠‡©æ“–√“¬®–‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√ æ‘®“√≥“«à“‡ªìπÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ„π°“√®—¥∑”·π«∑“߇«™ªØ‘∫—μ‘π’È
10.
9·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” (Strength of Recommendation) πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++ À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡¡—Ëπ„®¢Õߧ”·π–π”„Àâ∑”Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫ Ÿß ‡æ√“–¡“μ√°“√ ¥—ß°≈à“«¡’ª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“߬‘ËßμàÕºŸâªÉ«¬ ·≈–§ÿâ¡§à“ (cost effective) 秫√∑”é πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” + À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡¡—Ëπ„®¢Õߧ”·π–π”„Àâ∑”Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ¡“μ√°“√¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®¡’ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕºŸâªÉ«¬ ·≈–Õ“®§ÿâ¡§à“„π¿“«–®”‡æ“– çπà“∑”é πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +/- À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡¡—Ëπ„®¬—߉¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ„π°“√„À⧔·π–π” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡“μ√°“√ ¥—ß°≈à“«¬—ß¡’À≈—°∞“π‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ„π°“√ π—∫ πÿπÀ√◊Õ§—¥§â“π«à“Õ“®¡’À√◊ÕÕ“® ‰¡à¡’ª√–‚¬™πμàÕºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–Õ“®‰¡à§ÿâ¡§à“ ·μà‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥Õ—πμ√“¬μàÕºŸâªÉ«¬‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®°√–∑”¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ªí®®—¬Õ◊Ëπ Ê çÕ“®∑”À√◊Õ‰¡à∑”é πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” - À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡¡—Ëπ„®¢Õߧ”·π–π”Àâ“¡∑” Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ¡“μ√°“√¥—ß°≈à“«‰¡à¡’ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–‰¡à§ÿâ¡§à“ À“°‰¡à®”‡ªìπ 牡àπà“∑”é πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” - - À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡¡—Ëπ„®¢Õߧ”·π–π”Àâ“¡∑”Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫ Ÿß ‡æ√“–¡“μ√°“√ ¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®‡°‘¥‚∑…À√◊Õ°àÕ„À⇰‘¥Õ—πμ√“¬μàÕºŸâªÉ«¬ 牡৫√∑”é
11.
10 ·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2559 𑬓¡¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ ‚√§À◊¥‡ªìπ‚√§∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬¢ÕßÕ“°“√ (heterogeneous disease) ¡’≈—°…≥–°“√Õ—°‡ ∫‡√◊ÈÕ√—ߢÕßÀ≈Õ¥≈¡ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’ª√–«—μ‘Õ“°“√∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®‰¥â·°à À“¬„®‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥ ÀÕ∫‡Àπ◊ËÕ¬ ·πàπÀπâ“Õ°·≈–Õ“°“√‰Õ ‚¥¬Õ“°“√ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’°“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉¥âÀ≈“¬√Ÿª·∫∫ „π¥â“π‡«≈“°“√¥”‡π‘π‚√§·≈–√–¥—∫§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß √à«¡°—∫°“√μ√«®æ∫°“√·ª√ª√«π¢Õß°“√Õÿ¥°—ÈπÀ≈Õ¥≈¡„π™à«ß¢“ÕÕ° (variable expiratory airflow limitation) ·≈–Õ“°“√Õ“®°”‡√‘∫ À√◊Õ°≈—∫‡ªìπ´È” Ê ‰¥â1 ≈—°…≥–∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ ‚√§À◊¥æ∫‰¥âª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 7 ¢Õߪ√–™“°√„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬2 ºŸâªÉ«¬¡—°¡’ Õ“°“√·ª√ª√«π (variable symptoms) ‡™àπ À“¬„®‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥ ‡Àπ◊ËÕ¬ßà“¬ ·πàπ Àπâ“Õ°À√◊Õ‰Õ √à«¡°—∫ variable expiratory airflow limitation ‚¥¬∑’ËÕ“°“√ ·≈–°“√Õÿ¥°—ÈπÀ≈Õ¥≈¡ (airflow limitation) “¡“√∂∂Ÿ°°√–μÿâπ‚¥¬°“√ÕÕ° °”≈—ß°“¬ °“√ —¡º— “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâÀ√◊Õ “√∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π ·ª≈ß ¿“æÕ“°“» ·≈–°“√μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ‡ªìπμâπ ‚√§À◊¥¡’≈—°…≥–À≈Õ¥≈¡ ‰«‡°‘π (airway hyperresponsiveness) μàÕ “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ À√◊Õ “√∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥ °“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√Õ—°‡ ∫‡√◊ÈÕ√—ߢÕßÀ≈Õ¥≈¡Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß·¡âºŸâªÉ«¬‰¡à¡’ Õ“°“√ À√◊ÕÕ“®¡’º≈μ√«® ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥∑’˪°μ‘‰¥â ·≈– “¡“√∂°≈—∫¡“§«∫§ÿ¡ Õ“°“√„Àâª°μ‘‰¥â¥â«¬°“√√—°…“∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§À◊¥·≈–°“√Õÿ¥°—Èπ¢Õß À≈Õ¥≈¡Õ“®À“¬‡Õ߉¥âÀ√◊ÕÀ“¬¿“¬À≈—ß„À⬓√—°…“ ·≈–‰¡à¡’Õ“°“√Õ’°‡ªìπ‡«≈“
12.
11·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 π“πÀ≈“¬ —ª¥“ÀåÀ√◊Õ‡ªìπ‡¥◊Õπ ºŸâªÉ«¬∫“ß√“¬¡’Õ“°“√À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π (exa- cerbation) √ÿπ·√ß Õ“®∑”„À⇠’¬™’«‘μ‰¥â ·≈–¡’º≈°√–∑∫μàÕºŸâªÉ«¬·≈– —ߧ¡ °“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥ °“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 1. Õ“°“√∑’ˇ¢â“‰¥â°—∫‚√§À◊¥ 2. ¡’À≈—°∞“π°“√μ√«®æ∫ variable expiratory airflow limitation ∑—Èßπ’ÈÕ“°“√∑“ß√–∫∫À“¬„® ‡™àπ ‰¥â¬‘π‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥ (wheezing) ‰¡à®”‡æ“– °—∫·§à„π‚√§À◊¥‡∑à“π—Èπ ®÷ߧ«√ àßμ√«® ‰ª‚√‡¡μ√’¬å (spirometry) ‡æ◊ËÕ¬◊π¬—π °“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥μ—Èß·μà§√—Èß·√°∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬¡“æ∫·æ∑¬å ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√ àßμ√«®¿“¬ À≈—ߺŸâªÉ«¬‰¥â√—∫°“√√—°…“¥â«¬¬“§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√ (controller) ‰ª·≈â«®–‡°‘¥§«“¡ ¬ÿà߬“°„π°“√·ª≈º≈‰¥â¡“°°«à“ „π°√≥’∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂∑”°“√μ√«® ‰ª‚√‡¡μ√’¬å‰¥â °“√μ√«® peak expiratory flow (PEF) variability ®–™à«¬‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡·¡à𬔠„π°“√«‘π‘®©—¬‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ1 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4) °“√´—°ª√–«—μ‘ ≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√∑“ß√–∫∫À“¬„®∑’ˇ¢â“‰¥â°—∫‚√§À◊¥ ∂⓺ŸâªÉ«¬¡’Õ“°“√¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È¡’‚Õ°“ ‡ªìπ‚√§À◊¥ ‰¥â·°à 1. ¡’Õ“°“√¡“°°«à“Àπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß ‰¥â·°à À“¬„®‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥ ‡Àπ◊ËÕ¬ ‰Õ À√◊Õ·πàπ Àπâ“Õ° 2. Õ“°“√·¬à≈ß™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊πÀ√◊Õ√ÿà߇™â“ 3. Õ“°“√·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß·ª√ª√«πμ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“ 4. Õ“°“√ÀÕ∫À◊¥°√–μÿâπ‚¥¬°“√μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‰¢âÀ«—¥°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬°“√ —¡º— “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æÕ“°“» À—«‡√“– À√◊Õ‚¥π “√∑’Ë ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ‡™à𠧫—π√∂¬πμå §«—π∑ÿ°™π‘¥ À√◊Õ°≈‘Ëπ·√ß Ê
13.
12 ª√–«—μ‘·≈–ª√–«—쑧√Õ∫§√—« §«√´—°ª√–«—μ‘ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’‚Õ°“ ‡ªìπ‚√§À◊¥ ‰¥â·°à ª√–«—μ‘Õ“°“√√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®™à«ß«—¬‡¥Á°
ª√–«—쑇¬◊ËÕ∫ÿ®¡Ÿ°Õ—°‡ ∫®“° ¿“«–¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ (allergic rhinitis) À√◊Õ¿Ÿ¡‘·æ⺑«Àπ—ß (eczema À√◊Õ atopic der- matitis) ª√–«—μ‘‚√§À◊¥À√◊Õ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ„π§√Õ∫§√—« ·μàÕ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ª√–«—쑇À≈à“π’È ‰¡à®”‡æ“–‡®“–®ß ”À√—∫‚√§À◊¥ ·≈–‰¡àæ∫„πºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°√“¬ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’‡¬◊ËÕ∫ÿ®¡Ÿ° Õ—°‡ ∫®“°¿“«–¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ §«√´—°ª√–«—μ‘∑“ß√–∫∫À“¬„®Õ¬à“ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ‡¡◊ËÕ ß —¬«à“ ¡’Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥√à«¡¥â«¬ °“√μ√«®√à“ß°“¬ °“√μ√«®√à“ß°“¬„πºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥ à«π„À≠à¡—°®–ª°μ‘ °“√μ√«®æ∫ ‘Ëߺ‘¥ ª°μ‘∑’Ëæ∫∫àÕ¬‰¥â·°à ‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥ (wheezing) ™à«ßÀ“¬„®ÕÕ° À√◊ÕÀ“¬„®ÕÕ°·√ß Ê ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—πÕ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ßÕ“®μ√«®‰¡àæ∫‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥‡≈¬°Á‰¥â Õ“®μ√«®æ∫Õ“°“√· ¥ßÕ◊Ëπ Ê ¢Õß√–∫∫À“¬„®≈⡇À≈«‡©’¬∫æ≈—π ‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥ “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫‰¥â„πºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’¿“«–À√◊Õ‚√§Õ◊Ëπ Ê ‰¥â ‡™àπ ‚√§ªÕ¥Õÿ¥°—Èπ‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) °“√Õÿ¥°—Èπ¢Õß∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® à«π∫π (upper airway obstruction) À√◊Õ¡’ ‘Ëß·ª≈°ª≈Õ¡Õÿ¥°—Èπ√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘π À“¬„® °“√μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® tracheobrochomalacia ‰¡à§«√μ√«®æ∫ crackles À√◊Õ‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥™à«ßÀ“¬„®‡¢â“ §«√μ√«®¥Ÿ®¡Ÿ°‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ≈—°…≥–∫«¡·≈– ’ ´’¥¢Õß inferior turbinate ·≈–μ√«®À“¥Ÿ«à“¡’√‘¥ ’¥«ß®¡Ÿ° (nasal polyp) √à«¡ ¥â«¬À√◊Õ‰¡à °“√μ√«® ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥„π°“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚√§À◊¥ 1. °“√∑¥ Õ∫ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥‚¥¬ ‰ª‚√‡¡μ√’¬å ™à«¬∫àß™’È°“√μ’∫¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥≈¡ (airflow limitation) ‚¥¬·π–π”„Àâ∑”„π ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’ª√–«—μ‘·≈–°“√μ√«®√à“ß°“¬∑’Ë ß —¬‚√§À◊¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧ套ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
14.
13·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 1.1 ‡æ◊ËÕ¬◊π¬—π«à“¡’¿“«–À≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫·≈–ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡√ÿπ·√ß‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“ ®“°§à“ FEV1/FVC ∑’Ë¡’§à“πâÕ¬°«à“ 0.75-0.80 1.2 ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‡¡‘π«à“¡’°“√μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡æàπ Ÿ¥™π‘¥ÕÕ° ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á« (bronchodilator reversibility) °àÕπ°“√√—°…“ ·≈–/À√◊Õ ¡’°“√μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ°“√„™â¬“√—°…“‚√§À◊¥À√◊Õ‰¡à (variable airflow limitation) ·≈–°“√μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡®–æ‘®“√≥“®“° §à“ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥ FEV1 ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¡“°°«à“ 200 ¡≈. ·≈–¡“°°«à“ √âÕ¬≈– 12 À≈—ß Ÿ¥¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á« 15 π“∑’ ·≈–/ À√◊Õ À≈—ß°“√‰¥â¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ (controller) √—°…“‚√§À◊¥‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 4 —ª¥“Àå3 2. °“√«—¥ peak expiratory flow (PEF) ‚¥¬°“√μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ¬“¢¬“¬ À≈Õ¥≈¡æàπ Ÿ¥™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á« 2.1 æ‘®“√≥“®“°§à“ PEF ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¡“°°«à“ 60 ≈‘μ√/π“∑’ À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 20 À≈—߉¥â¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡æàπ Ÿ¥™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘σ∑∏‘Ï ‡√Á« ·μà°“√∑¥ Õ∫¥â«¬°“√«—¥§à“ PEF ¡’§«“¡‡∑’ˬßμ√ßπâÕ¬°«à“ ‰ª‚√‡¡μ√’¬å (§ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4, πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +) 2.2 °“√„™â PEF ‡æ◊ËÕμ√«®À“¿“«–À≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫∑’Ë¡’§«“¡º—πº«π ‚¥¬°“√ «—¥ PEF „π™à«ß 1-2 —ª¥“Àå “¡“√∂„™â«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–ª√–‡¡‘π‚√§À◊¥ ‰¥â¥’°«à“ ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥®–¡’§«“¡º—πº«π¢Õß§à“ PEF ¡“°°«à“§πª°μ‘ ‚¥¬«—¥ PEF «—π≈– 2 §√—Èß „π¢≥–¬—߉¡à‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡°“√√—°…“ ª√–™“°√ ª°μ‘ “¡“√∂¡’§à“ PEF º—πº«π‰¥â√–À«à“ß√âÕ¬≈– 5 ∂÷ß 9 ·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬ ‚√§À◊¥®–¡’§à“ PEF º—πº«π¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 10 ´÷Ëß°“√®–«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§ À◊¥‰¥âμâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√´—°ª√–«—μ‘·≈–μ√«®√à“ß°“¬∑’ˇ¢â“‰¥â°—∫‚√§À◊¥√à«¡ °—∫§à“ PEF variability (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) («‘∏’°“√§”π«≥§à“ PEF variability Õà“π„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1)
15.
14 2.3 °“√«—¥§à“ PEF
∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 20 ¿“¬À≈—ß°“√√—°…“¥â«¬ ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 4 —ª¥“Àå (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æ À≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) 3. °“√∑¥ Õ∫§«“¡‰«À≈Õ¥≈¡ (Airway hyperresponsiveness, AHR) ·π–π”„Àâ∑”„πºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’ª√–«—μ‘·≈–°“√μ√«®√à“ß°“¬∑’Ë ß —¬‚√§À◊¥·μà°“√ μ√«®‚¥¬ ‰ª‚√‡¡μ√’¬å‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘ “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â¥â«¬°“√„Àâ Ÿ¥ “√°√–μÿâπ ‰¥â·°à methacholine ‚¥¬‡°≥±å°“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥§«√¡’§à“ PC20 πâÕ¬°«à“ 8 ¡°./¥≈.4 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4) À“°ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’ª√–«—μ‘∑’ˇ¢â“‰¥â°—∫‚√§À◊¥·≈–¡’Õ“°“√√ÿπ·√ߥ—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È Õ“®æ‘®“√≥“ „Àâ°“√√—°…“‰ª°àÕπ‰¥â (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4) 1) ª√–«—μ‘¢ÕßÕ“°“√∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®∑’Ë·ª√ª√«π ·≈–À“¬„®‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥ 2) Õ“°“√ÀÕ∫‡Àπ◊ËÕ¬ ·πàπÀπâ“Õ°·≈–‰Õ ¡—°¡’Õ“°“√¡“°°«à“Àπ÷ËßÕ“°“√ Õ“°“√·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß·ª√‡ª≈’ˬπμ“¡‡«≈“ 3) Õ“°“√‡ªìπ¡“°™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊πÀ√◊Õ√ÿà߇™â“ 4) Õ“°“√°”‡√‘∫‚¥¬°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬ À—«‡√“– °“√ —¡º— “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ Õ“°“»‡¬Áπ À√◊Õ¿“¬À≈—ß°“√μ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® °“√«‘π‘®©—¬ ·≈–°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·¬°‚√§ °“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥·≈–«‘π‘®©—¬·¬°‚√§π—ÈππÕ°®“°μâÕßÕ“»—¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ π—∫ πÿπ ·≈â« §«√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§—¥§â“π¥â«¬‡æ√“–Õ“®∑”„Àâπ÷°∂÷ß‚√§Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë Õ“®¡’∫“ß≈—°…≥–√à«¡°—𠇙àπ °“√¡’¿“«–À≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫®“° “‡ÀμÿÕ◊Ëπ (μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1) (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4)
16.
15·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§—¥§â“π‚√§À◊¥ °≈‰°°“√‡°‘¥ μ—«Õ¬à“ß‚√§ ª√–«—μ‘ Dyspnea on exertion COPD (stable) ‰Õ‡ªìπ‡≈◊Õ¥ Hemoptysis Bronchiectasis Lung cancer TB Localized wheezing Structural airway Bronchiectasis obstruction Lung cancer Bronchostenosis‡™àπendobronchialTB μ√«®√à“ß°“¬ Persistence of central Upper airway Tracheal stenosis wheezing/stridor obstruction Tracheal tumor Bilateral vocal cord paralysis Lung cancer with tracheal invasion Esophageal cancer invaded trachea TB larynx, TB involved trachea Wheezing aggravated Posterior wall of Tracheobronchomalacia by forced expiration airway collapse or cough Sudden onset of wheezing Vocal cord dysfunction that spontaneously resolved abruptly Hoarseness of voice, lump in throat Wheezing with clubbing Bronchiectasis of finger Lung cancer Lung abscess Cervical lymphadenopathy Lung cancer μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 °“√«‘π‘®©—¬·¬°‚√§À◊¥
17.
16 ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§—¥§â“π‚√§À◊¥ °≈‰°°“√‡°‘¥ μ—«Õ¬à“ß‚√§ °“√μ√«®∑“ßÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√ Abnormal
chest film that explain wheezing, cough, dyspnea Spirometry showed COPD irreversible airway Bronchiectasis obstruction Chronic asthma with remodelling Hypoxemia without Pulmonary Heart failure (cardiac wheezing) hypercarbia congestion Pneumonia Atelectasis Pulmonary embolism μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 °“√«‘π‘®©—¬·¬°‚√§À◊¥ (μàÕ) °“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß‚√§À◊¥ (Assessment of asthma control) °“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚√§À◊¥π—Èπ‡πâπ‰ª∑’Ë°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§·≈– °“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß À√◊Õªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߄πÕπ“§μ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°“√√—°…“∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡·°à ºŸâªÉ«¬ ‚¥¬°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ (assessment of asthma control) π—Èπ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§À◊¥‰¡à¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫§à“ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥ (FEV1) ®÷߉¥âμ—¥°“√∑¥ Õ∫ ‰ª‚√‡¡μ√’¬åÕÕ°‰ª®“°°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√ À√◊Õ√–¥—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ ‚¥¬°“√ª√–‡¡‘πÕ“°“√¢Õß‚√§π—Èπ¡’À≈“¬«‘∏’ ‰¥â·°à °“√ª√–‡¡‘π√–¥—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡À√◊Õ√–¥—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ (categorical symptoms control) À√◊Õ°“√„™â§à“§–·ππ∑’Ë¡“®“°·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫ (composite score À√◊Õ numerical symptom control) ‡™àπ asthma control test (ACT)5 À√◊Õ asthma control questionnaire (ACQ)6 ¥—ß„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 2
18.
17·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 °“√ª√–‡¡‘π√–¥—∫Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥ (symptom assessment) ‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ ∑”‰¥â‚¥¬®”·π°ºŸâªÉ«¬‡ªìπ 2 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’˧ÿ¡Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§‰¥â·≈– ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂§ÿ¡Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬§”∂“¡ßà“¬ Ê °—∫Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥„π √Õ∫ 4 —ª¥“Àå∑’˺à“π¡“ (¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, À≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4) °“√ª√–‡¡‘πªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߄πÕπ“§μ (Risk factors assessment) πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√ª√–‡¡‘πÕ“°“√·≈â« §«√¡’°“√ª√–‡¡‘πªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߄π Õπ“§μ¥â«¬‡æ◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“„Àâ°“√√—°…“ (asthma controller medication) ªí®®—¬ ‡ ’ˬ߄πÕπ“§μ‰¥â·°à ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߄π°“√‡°‘¥À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π (risk factors for exacerbation) ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕ°“√‡°‘¥À≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫∂“«√ (risk factors for deve- loping fixed airflow obstruction) ·≈–ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕ°“√‡°‘¥º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß®“° °“√√—°…“ (risk factors of medication side effect)1 (¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 2) À“°¡’ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߇撬ߢâÕ„¥¢âÕÀπ÷Ëß ·¡â«à“®–§ÿ¡Õ“°“√À◊¥‰¥â°Á∂◊Õ«à“¡’§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß μàÕÕ“°“√¢Õß‚√§À◊¥∑’Ë·¬à≈ß„πÕπ“§μ √–¥—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ Õ“°“√§ÿ¡‰¥â Õ“°“√§ÿ¡‰¡à‰¥â („π√Õ∫ 4 —ª¥“Àå∑’˺à“π¡“) ¡’Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°≈“ß«—π „™à ‰¡à‰™à ¡“°°«à“ 2 §√—ÈßμàÕ —ª¥“Àå μ◊Ëπ°≈“ߥ÷°‡π◊ËÕß®“°À◊¥ „™à ‰¡à‰™à „™â¬“∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√À◊¥°”‡√‘∫ „™à ‰¡à‰™à ¡“°°«à“ 2 §√—ÈßμàÕ —ª¥“Àå ¡’¢âÕ®”°—¥„π°“√ÕÕ°·√ß ∑”°‘®°√√¡ „™à ‰¡à‰™à ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‚√§À◊¥ √Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ·ºπº—ß°“√®”·π°√–¥—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ ‰¡à¡’ ¡’¢âÕ„¥¢âÕÀπ÷Ëß
19.
18 ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕÀ◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π (Risk factors of
exacerbation) ë ‰¡à “¡“√∂§ÿ¡Õ“°“√À◊¥‰¥â ë „™â¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á« ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√>200§√—Èß/‡¥◊Õπ ë ‰¥â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥ æàπ Ÿ¥‰¡àæÕ ë §à“ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥ FEV1 μË” (πâÕ¬°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 60 ¢Õß §à“ª°μ‘) ë —¡º— “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ·≈–∫ÿÀ√’Ë ë ‚√§À√◊Õ¿“«–∑“ß®‘쇫™ ë ‚√§√à«¡ ‡™à𠇬◊ËÕ∫ÿ®¡Ÿ°Õ—°‡ ∫ ®“°¿Ÿ¡‘·æâÀ√◊Õ¿“«–Õâ«π ë μ√«®æ∫«à“¡’ eosinophils „π‡ ¡À– ë μ—Èߧ√√¿å ë ‡§¬πÕπ„π‚√ß欓∫“≈¥â«¬ Õ“°“√À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—πÀ√◊Õ ‰¥â√—∫°“√„ à∑àՙ૬À“¬„® ë À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π > 1 §√—Èß „πªïºà“π¡“‹ ªí®®—¬μàÕº≈¢â“߇§’¬ß°“√√—°…“ (Risk factors of medica- tion side effects) ë ∑“ß√–∫∫: ‰¥â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥ Ÿß À√◊Õ‰¥â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å ™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π∫àÕ¬ Ê À√◊Õ ‰¥â¬“∑’Ë¡’º≈‡ªìπ CYP 450 inhibitor ë ‡©æ“–∑’Ë: „™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥ Ÿß À√◊Õ Ÿ¥¬“‰¡à∂Ÿ°‡∑§π‘§ ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕÀ≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫∂“«√ (Risk factors for developing fixed airway obstruction) ë ‰¡à„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å ™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ ë °“√ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë·≈– —¡º— ¡≈æ‘… „π·≈–πÕ°§√—«‡√◊Õπ ë ¡’§à“ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥∑’ËμË” ë ¡’ eosinophils „π‡≈◊Õ¥À√◊Õ „π‡ ¡À– Ÿßº‘¥ª°μ‘ ªí®®—¬∑’Ë¡’º≈μàÕÕπ“§μ (Poor asthma outcome) ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ √Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ªí®®—¬∑’Ë¡’º≈μàÕÕπ“§μ¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ (Poor asthma outcome) ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕÀ◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕÀ≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫∂“«√ ·≈–ªí®®—¬ μàÕº≈¢â“߇§’¬ß°“√√—°…“
20.
19·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 °“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ ªí®®ÿ∫—π‡™◊ËÕ«à“°“√Õ—°‡ ∫‡ªì𠓇Àμÿ¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√„™â¬“‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√ Õ—°‡ ∫®÷߇ªìπ¬“À≈—°„π°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥‡π◊ËÕß®“°¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μÕ√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ (inhaled corticosteroids, ICS) ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß„π°“√≈¥°“√Õ—°‡ ∫·≈–¡’º≈ ¢â“߇§’¬ßμË” ”À√—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«®–„™â‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√À◊¥ °”‡√‘∫‡∑à“π—Èπ ‚¥¬‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß°“√√—°…“§◊Õ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥„À≥â (controlled asthma) ·≈⫪√—∫°“√√—°…“‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–„™â¬“„ÀâπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â πÕ°®“° π’Ȭ—ß¡’°“√√—°…“¥â«¬°“√‰¡à„™â¬“ ‡™àπ °“√øóôπøŸ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥ °“√À¬ÿ¥ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë °“√À≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâÀ√◊Õ “√∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√–§“¬‡§◊Õß (¥—ß¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 3) ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß°“√√—°…“ ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬°“√√—°…“§◊Õ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ (asthma control) ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß °“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√„πªí®®ÿ∫—π (current control) ‰¥â·°à °“√‰¡à¡’Õ“°“√ÀÕ∫∑—Èß °≈“ß«—π·≈–°≈“ߧ◊π ‰¡àμâÕß„™â¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á« ‰¡à¡’‚√§À◊¥ °”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π “¡“√∂∑”°‘®°√√¡μà“ß Ê √«¡∑—Èß “¡“√∂ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬‰¥âμ“¡ ª°μ‘ ¡’ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥ª°μ‘ ·≈–°“√ªÑÕß°—𧫓¡‡ ’ˬß∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕπ“§μ (future risks prevention) ‰¥â·°à °“√°”‡√‘∫¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ °“√‡ ’¬™’«‘μ®“°‚√§À◊¥ °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥®π‡°‘¥°“√Õÿ¥°—Èπ∂“«√ (airway remodeling) ·≈– Õ“°“√¢â“߇§’¬ß®“°°“√√—°…“1 ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥∑ÿ°§π§«√‰¥â√—∫¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§∑’ËμâÕß„™âÕ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ·≈–¬“ ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‡¡◊ËÕ¡’Õ“°“√‚¥¬¡ÿà߇ªÑ“∑’Ë®–§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√„πªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–°“√ªÑÕß°—𠧫“¡‡ ’ˬß∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕπ“§μ®“°°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥‰¡à¥’ (future risks preven- tion) ‚¥¬„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥‡ªìπ¬“À≈—°„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§·≈– „Àâ‡√‘Ë¡„™â∑’Ë¢π“¥μË”°àÕπ „π°√≥’∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ °ÁÕ“®„™â¬“μâ“π≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π‡ªìπ¬“∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑¥·∑π‰¥â ∂â“„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å
21.
20 ™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥μË”·≈⫬—ߧ«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‰¡à‰¥âÕ“®æ‘®“√≥“ª√—∫‡ªìπ¢π“¥ Ÿß À√◊Õ „™â¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§μ—«Õ◊Ëπ√à«¡¥â«¬ ‡™àπ
¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ Ÿ¥æàπ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« (long-acting β2-agonist, LABA) ¬“μâ“π≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π ·≈– theophylline ¡“ √à«¡°—∫¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥μË” ‚¥¬·π–π”„Àâ„™â LABA √à«¡ °—∫¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥„πÀ≈Õ¥‡¥’¬«°—π°àÕπ (ICS/LABA) ´÷Ëß„Àâ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“楒∑’Ë ÿ¥ à«π«‘∏’Õ◊Ëπ„Àℙ⇪ìπ∑“߇≈◊Õ° ·≈–„π°√≥’∑’Ë„™â ICS/LABA ∑’Ë¡’ formoterol ‡ªìπ LABA ™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«°Á “¡“√∂„™â‡ªìπ∑—È߬“§«∫§ÿ¡·≈– ¬“∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‰¥â„πÀ≈Õ¥‡¥’¬«‰¥â (Maintenance and Reliever Therapy)7 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) (¥—ßμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2) ¬“„π°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ ·≈–·π«∑“ß„π°“√√—°…“‡æ◊ËÕ§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√ ·≈– ≈¥§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߄πÕπ“§μ (Medications and strategies for symptom control and risk reduction) ¬“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ (Asthma medications) °“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥‡πâπ°“√ª√—∫¬“‡ªìπ√–¥—∫ (stepwise approach) ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ∂÷߇ªÑ“À¡“¬°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â (asthma control) ‚¥¬¬“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√√—°…“‚√§ À◊¥π—Èπ “¡“√∂®”·π°‰¥â‡ªìπ 3 °≈ÿà¡1 §◊Õ 1) ¬“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ (Asthma controller medications) „™â √—°…“°“√Õ—°‡ ∫¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥≈¡ ≈¥°“√°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π ·≈–≈¥°“√‡°‘¥À≈Õ¥≈¡ μ’∫∂“«√ (fixed airflow obstruction) 2) ¬“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√ (Symptoms rescuer À√◊Õ reliever medications) „™â‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“« (as-needed) „π°√≥’¡’Õ“°“√°”‡√‘∫ ·≈– “¡“√∂ „™âªÑÕß°—π¿“«–À≈Õ¥≈¡μ’∫®“°°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬ (exercise-induced broncho- spasm, EIB)
22.
21·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 °“√ª√—∫‡æ‘Ë¡À√◊Õ≈¥√–¥—∫°“√√—°…“ μ“¡√–¥—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ ·≈–¬“∑’Ë „™â„π°“√√—°…“ ∑—Èß∑’ˇªì𬓧«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥·≈–¬“∑’Ë„™â∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√À◊¥ °”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π 3) ¬“∑’Ë„™â‡ √‘¡„π°“√√—°…“ (Add-on therapies) „π°√≥’∑’ˇªìπ‚√§À◊¥ √–¥—∫√ÿπ·√ß (severe asthma) “¡“√∂„™â‡ √‘¡‰¥â À“°‰¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√ ‚√§À◊¥‰¥â¥â«¬¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥º ¡°—∫¬“ Ÿ¥¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’Ë ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« (ICS/LABA) Select one Select one Add one or more Add one or both Low-dose Low-dose ICS Medium- or high- OCS ICS plus LABA dose ICS/LABA (lowest dose) Medium- or LTRA high-dose ICS LTRA Low-dose ICS Sustained-release Anti-IgE plus LTRA theophylline Anti-IL-5† Low dose ICS plus sustained- Tiotropium bromide release theophylline Low dose ICS ”À√—∫ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’ High risk exacerbation Asthma education, environmental control, influenza vaccine and pulmonary rehabilitation As-needed RABA Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Decrease Treatment steps Increase RABA = rapid-acting β2-agonist, ICS = inhaled corticosteroid, ICS/LABA = inhaled cortico- steroid plus long-acting β2-agonist, LTRA = leukotriene receptor antagonist, OCS = oral corticosteroid)
23.
22 ¬“∑’Ë„™â„π‚√§À◊¥·∫à߇ªìπ¬“∑’Ë·π–π” (preferred options)
·≈–¬“∑“ß ‡≈◊Õ°Õ◊Ëπ Ê (alternatives À√◊Õ others) ”À√—∫ ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√„π·μà≈–√–¥—∫ ¡’¬“∑’ˇ≈◊Õ°„™â‡ªìπÕ—π¥—∫·√°·≈–μ—«‡≈◊Õ°Õ◊Ëπ Ê ‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“ß ‡¿ —™«‘∑¬“¢Õ߬“ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ §«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬·≈–√“§“ Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡°àÕπ°“√ª√—∫√–¥—∫¢Õ߬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ μâÕßæ‘®“√≥“ªí®®—¬∑’Ë àߺ≈ „Àâ‰¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â ‡™àπ Õ“°“√¥—ß°≈à“«‰¡à‰¥â‡°‘¥®“°‚√§À◊¥ ºŸâªÉ«¬ „™â¬“‰¡à∂Ÿ°«‘∏’ ºŸâªÉ«¬‰¡à„™â¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§Õ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬‰¡à “¡“√∂ À≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ßªí®®—¬°√–μÿâπ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‚√§À◊¥§«∫§ÿ¡‰¡à‰¥â 1. ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥√–¥—∫ 1 æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√ ‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“« (as-needed inhaled RABA) ”À√—∫¬“∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√À◊¥°≈ÿà¡ Õ◊Ëπ Ê ‡™à𠬓 Ÿ¥æàπÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ïμâ“πμ—«√—∫‚§≈‘‡πÕ√宑° (ipratropium bromide) ¬“ RABA ™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π À√◊Õ¬“ theophylline ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ï —Èπ™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π Õ“®‡≈◊Õ°„™â‰¥â·μàÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘ϙ⓰«à“ à«π¬“√—∫ª√–∑“ππ—Èπ¡’º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß¡“°°«à“ ¬“ Ÿ¥ (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1)8,9 À“°ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’Õ“°“√À◊¥ πâÕ¬°«à“ 2 §√—ÈßμàÕ‡¥◊Õπ À√◊Õ‰¡à¡’Õ“°“√À◊¥°≈“ߥ÷° ·≈–‰¡à¡’ªí®®—¬ªí®®—¬‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk factors) ·π–π”«à“‰¡àμâÕß„™â¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ (controller medications)10,11 ·μàÕ“®æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥μË” (low-dose ICS) „π °√≥’∑’Ë¡’ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬߥ—ß°≈à“« (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) 2. ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥√–¥—∫ 2 æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥„π¢π“¥μË”‡ªìπÕ—π¥—∫·√°√à«¡ °—∫°“√„™â¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“« (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1)10,12 „π°√≥’∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂∑π
24.
23·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß¢Õ߬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ À√◊Õ¡’Õ“°“√‰¡àæ÷ߪ√– ߧ宓° °“√„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å À√◊Õ°√≥’ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“√¢Õß®¡Ÿ°Õ—°‡ ∫ √à«¡¥â«¬ Õ“®æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“μâ“π≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π∑¥·∑π‰¥â (πÈ”Àπ—° §”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1)13,14 ·≈–Õ“®æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“«„πºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“√‰¡à¡“°‰¥â ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“°“√ ‚√§À◊¥‡ªìπμ“¡ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈ ‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“„À⬓§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥∑—π∑’∑’Ë ‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õ“°“√ ·≈–„À⇪ìπ‡«≈“ —Èπ Ê ª√–¡“≥ 4 —ª¥“Àå (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 3) ”À√—∫¬“ theophylline ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«π—Èπ‰¡à·π–π”„Àâ„™â‡æ√“–¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æμË”„π‚√§À◊¥·≈–º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß Ÿß15,16 3. ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥√–¥—∫ 3 æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥μË”√à«¡°—∫¬“ Ÿ¥¢¬“¬ À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« (ICS/LABA) √à«¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ Ÿ¥æàπ ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“«9,17,18 ”À√—∫°“√„™â¬“æàπ Ÿ¥º ¡ √–À«à“ߧÕ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å°—∫ formoterol (ICS/formoterol) Õ—π‰¥â·°à bude- sonide/formoterol À√◊Õ beclomethasone/formoterol ¢π“¥μË” ∫√‘À“√¬“ ∑—Èß„™â§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“« (maintenance and reliever therapy)7,19-23 „Àâº≈„π°“√≈¥°“√°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π¥’°«à“ ICS/LABA „π¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë ∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπª√–®”√à«¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“ Õ“°“√24 ”À√—∫¬“Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë„™â‰¥â§◊Õ¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥ª“π°≈“ß À√◊Õ Ÿß11,25,26 À√◊Õ¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥√à«¡°—∫¬“μâ“π≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π27 À√◊Õ¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥√à«¡°—∫¬“ theophylline ™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π∑’Ë ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«28 ·μàª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“扡॒‡∑à“°—∫¬“æàπ Ÿ¥§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥åº ¡°—∫ ¬“ Ÿ¥¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« (ICS/LABA)29,30 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1)
25.
24 4. ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥√–¥—∫ 4 æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥
2 ™π‘¥¢÷Èπ‰ª√à«¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ æàπ Ÿ¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√ ‚¥¬‡≈◊Õ°„™â¬“ Ÿμ√º ¡√–À«à“ߧÕ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥ª“π°≈“ߺ ¡°—∫¬“ Ÿ¥¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« (medium dose ICS/LABA)17,24 ”À√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√√—°…“¥â«¬¬“„π √–¥—∫ 4 §«√ àß√—°…“μàÕ°—∫ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π∫àÕ¬ Ê §◊Õ¡“°°«à“ 1 §√—Èߢ÷Èπ‰ª „π√Õ∫ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ °“√„™â¬“º ¡√–À«à“ߧÕ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥°≈“ß √à«¡°—∫formoterol∫√‘À“√¬“‚¥¬„™â∑—Èß·∫∫§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“« ‰¥âº≈¥’„π°“√≈¥°“√°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π24 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π √–¥—∫ 1) ”À√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë„™â¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‡ªì𬓧Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ ¢π“¥μË”º ¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« √à«¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ æàπ Ÿ¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‡ªìπ§√—Èߧ√“« Õ“®‡æ‘Ë¡¢π“¥¢Õ߬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å‡ªìπ¢π“¥∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπº ¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«17 (πÈ”Àπ—° §”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 2) ”À√—∫¬“∑“߇≈◊Õ°Õ◊Ëπ Ê „π°“√√—°…“‰¥â·°à °“√‡æ‘Ë¡¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å ™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥‡ªìπ¢π“¥ Ÿß‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 3-6 ‡¥◊Õπ25 „π°√≥’∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂§ÿ¡‚√§‰¥â¥â«¬ °“√„™â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥ª“π°≈“ߺ ¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡ ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« √à«¡°—∫¬“Õ◊Ëπ Ê ‡™à𠬓μâ“πμ—«√—∫≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π„π√Ÿª√—∫ª√–∑“π À√◊Õ¬“ theophylline ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«√Ÿª√—∫ª√–∑“π31 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 2) À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¬“μâ“πμ—«√—∫‚§≈‘π‡πÕ√宑°™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥‰¥â·°à tiotropium bromide ¢π“¥ 5 ·≈– 10 ¡§°. „π°√≥’∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ ICS/LABA ¢π“¥ ŸßÕ¬Ÿà‡¥‘¡·≈â«π—Èπæ∫«à“ ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√‡æ‘Ë¡§à“ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥‰¥â ·≈–™à«¬≈¥Õ“°“√À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π32,33
26.
25·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 ¬“∑’ˇªì𬓧«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‡™à𠬓μâ“π≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π À√◊Õ¬“ theophylline ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«‚¥¬Õ“®„™â√à«¡°—∫¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ º ¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«¢π“¥μË”À√◊Õª“π°≈“ß28,34 (πÈ”Àπ—°§” ·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 2) 5. ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥√–¥—∫ 5 (§«√¥Ÿ·≈„π ∂“π欓∫“≈∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡™’ˬ«™“≠) æ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â¥â«¬¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥ æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥ Ÿßº ¡°—∫¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« (high dose ICS/LABA) Õ“®æ‘®“√≥“„™â¬“‰¥â·°à ¬“μâ“πÕ‘¡¡Ÿ‚π‚°≈∫Ÿ≈‘πÕ’·∫∫©’¥ (anti-IgE treatment À√◊Õ omalizumab)38-42 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) ¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π¢π“¥μË” (Add-on low dose oral corticosteroid)43,44 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 3) À√◊Õ∑”°“√ àÕß°≈âÕßÀ≈Õ¥≈¡ ·≈– bronchial thermoplasty45,46 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 2) ¬“μâ“πÕ‘¡¡Ÿ‚π‚°≈∫Ÿ≈‘πÕ’·∫∫©’¥ (monoclonal anti-IgE À√◊Õ omalizumab) æ‘®“√≥“„™â„π°√≥’∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‰¡à‰¥â·≈–‡ªìπ allergic asthma ‚¥¬°“√∑¥ Õ∫ ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ∑“ߺ‘«Àπ—ß„Àâº≈∫«°μàÕ “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ„πÕ“°“» (aeroallergen) À√◊Õ°“√ μ√«®«—¥√–¥—∫¢Õß specific IgE „π‡≈◊Õ¥∑’Ë®”‡æ“–μàÕ “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ„πÕ“°“» æ∫ «à“ omalizumab ™à«¬≈¥°“√‡°‘¥À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‰¥â35,36 °“√√—°…“¥â«¬¬“ omalizumab π—Èπ§«√æ‘®“√≥“„πºŸâªÉ«¬¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È (¥—ß¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 4) §◊Õ ¡’Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥√ÿπ·√ß ·¡â«à“®–‰¥â√—∫°“√√—°…“¥â«¬¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ ¢π“¥ Ÿßº ¡°—∫¬“ ¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« ·μଗߧߡ’Õ“°“√¢Õß‚√§À◊¥∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡‰¡à‰¥â·≈–¡’°“√ °”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π √à«¡°—∫¡’º≈°“√∑¥ Õ∫∑“ߺ‘«Àπ—ßμàÕ “√°àÕ¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ„πÕ“°“» ‡ªìπ∫«° ¡’√–¥—∫¢Õß total IgE „π‡≈◊Õ¥√–À«à“ß 30-1,500 IU/¡≈.37 μâÕß¡’°“√ ª√–‡¡‘πº≈¿“¬À≈—ß„Àâ°“√√—°…“‰ª·≈â« 16 —ª¥“Àå ·≈–À“°‰¥âº≈¥’ §«√„À⬓
27.
26 μ—«Õ¬à“߬“∑’Ë¡’„™â„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¬“™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ ‰¥â·°à beclomethasone, budesonide,
fluticasone ¬“™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π ‰¥â·°à prednisolone ¬“™π‘¥©’¥‡¢â“°≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕÀ√◊ÕÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥¥” ‰¥â·°à hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone ‰¥â·°à fluticasonse-salmeterol, budeso-nide-formoterol, beclomethasone-formoterol montelukast ‰¥â·°à theophylline ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“«™π‘¥ √—∫ª√–∑“π ·≈– doxophylline omalizumab tiotropium handihaler ·≈– tiotropium soft mist inhaler μ—«Õ¬à“ß ¬“ Ÿ¥™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á« ‰¥â·°à salbutamol ·≈– procaterol ¬“™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π salbutamol, terbutaline, bambuterol ·≈– procaterol ¬“ aminophylline ™π‘¥©’¥·≈–°‘π ‰¥â·°à salbutamol-ipratropium bromide ·≈– fenoterol-ipratropium bromide μ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 ™π‘¥¢Õ߬“„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥·≈–¬“∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥ °≈ÿ࡬“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ (Controller medications) 1. ¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ (ICS) 2. ¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å º ¡°—∫ ¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« ™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ 3. ¬“μâ“π≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π™π‘¥ √—∫ª√–∑“π 4. ¬“ xanthine ∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ϭ“« ™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π 5. Anti-IgE 6. Long-acting anticholinergic °≈ÿ࡬“∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√ (Reliever medications) 1. ¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡ 2. ¬“°≈ÿà¡ xanthine 3. ¬“°√–μÿâπμ—«√—∫∫’μâ“°—∫¬“μâ“𠂧≈‘‡πÕ®‘°∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ï —Èπ
28.
27·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 μàÕ‡π◊ËÕ߇ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 1 ªï38-41 ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¬“ omalizumab ¡’√“§“ Ÿß ·≈–‰¡à‰¥âπ”¡“„™â‡ªì𬓇¥’ˬ« Ê „π°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥®÷ߧ«√„Àâ àߺŸâªÉ«¬¡“∑”°“√ √—°…“°—∫·æ∑¬åºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠35,42 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π 1) ¬“√—∫ª√–∑“π§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å¢π“¥μË” §◊Õ prednisolone ¢π“¥‰¡à‡°‘π 7.5 ¡°. μàÕ«—π À√◊Õ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ ·μàμâÕß√–«—߇√◊ËÕߺ≈¢â“߇§’¬ß∑—Ë«√–∫∫√à“ß°“¬∑’Ë ‡°‘¥®“°¬“43, 44 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π 3) ”À√—∫°“√∑” bronchial thermoplasty π—Èπ¬—ß¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®”°—¥ ®÷ßæ‘®“√≥“„™â„πºŸâªÉ«¬∫“ß√“¬ ·≈–§à“„™â®à“¬ Ÿß¡“°45,46 °“√„™â®”π«π‡¡Á¥‡≈◊Õ¥¢“« eosinophils „π‡ ¡À–„π °“√ª√—∫¬“≈¥°“√Õ—°‡ ∫¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥≈¡ (sputum eosinophil-guided treatment) ™à«¬≈¥°“√‡°‘¥À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π‡∑’¬∫°—∫°“√„™âÕ“°“√ª√—∫¬“47,48 ·π–π”„Àâ∑” „π ∂“π欓∫“≈∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡™’ˬ«™“≠ (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π 1) πÕ°®“°π’È·π–π”„ÀâÀ“ “‡ÀμÿÕ◊Ëπ Ê ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¡à‰¥â ‡™àπ ‚√§√à«¡ (comor- bidities) ∑∫∑«π°“√«‘π‘®©—¬«à“∂Ÿ°μâÕßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ∑∫∑«π«‘∏’°“√„™â¬“¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ ·≈– æ‘®“√≥“∂÷ß‚√§Õ◊Ëπ Ê ‡™àπ tracheobronchomalacia ‡ªìπμâπ °“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â·≈–°“√≈¥¬“√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ (Stepping down asthma treatment when achieved control) ”À√—∫„π°√≥’∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬ “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥‰¥â·≈â« §«√¡’°“√≈¥ √–¥—∫°“√√—°…“À√◊Õ¬“≈ß ‚¥¬°“√μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ°“√√—°…“π—Èπ„π·μà≈–¡‘μ‘¢Õß°“√ · ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß‚√§®–¡’°“√μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ°“√√—°…“¥â«¬¬“‡√Á«™â“·μ°μà“ß°—π‰ª§◊Õ Õ“°“√ÀÕ∫°≈“ߧ◊π (nocturnal symptoms) ®–μÕ∫ πÕ߇√Á«∑’Ë ÿ¥ μ“¡¥â«¬°“√ ‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥ FEV1 ®–¥’¢÷Èπ„π —ª¥“Àå∑’Ë2„π¢≥–∑’˧«“¡‰«¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥≈¡ (airway hyper-responsiveness) ·∑∫®–‰¡à‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇≈¬·≈–„™â‡«≈“π“𠇪ìπªï®÷ß®–ª°μ‘ À√◊ÕÕ“®‰¡à≈¥≈߇≈¬°Á‰¥â49 ®÷ß·π–π”„Àâ≈¥√–¥—∫¢Õß°“√√—°…“≈ß
29.
28 (step down therapy)
„π°√≥’∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬Õ“°“√§ß∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡‰¥âÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 3-12 ‡¥◊Õπ §à“ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥§ß∑’Ë·≈–‰¡à¡’°“√°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ’° °“√≈¥°“√√—°…“ ‡√Á«À√◊ՙ⓷§à‰Àπ¢÷Èπ°—∫§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕߺŸâªÉ«¬„π·μà≈–√“¬ Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë §«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â·≈â« ·μà¡’ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬßμàÕ°“√°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—πμâÕß„Àâ°“√√—°…“π“π °«à“π’È ‰¡à§«√√’∫≈¥√–¥—∫°“√√—°…“ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߉¡à·π–π”„ÀâÀ¬ÿ¥¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥„πºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥∑’ˇªìπºŸâ„À≠à (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æ À≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1)50 °“√·π–π”À√◊Õ„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°àºŸâªÉ«¬ °≈‰°∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥§◊Õ °“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°àºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–°“√Ωñ° ∑—°…–°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„π¥â“πμà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⺟âªÉ«¬ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ·≈μ—«‡Õß„π‡∫◊ÈÕß μâπ‰¥âÕ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡ (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4) ‚¥¬ ‘Ëß∑’Ë §«√ ÕπºŸâªÉ«¬‰¥â·°à 1. §«“¡√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫‚√§À◊¥ “‡Àμÿ °“√¥”‡π‘π‚√§ ·≈–°“√√—°…“ 2. °“√μ‘¥μ“¡°“√¥”‡π‘π‚√§¥â«¬μπ‡Õß ·≈–Ωñ° —߇°μÕ“°“√ 3. °“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘μπ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’Õ“°“√°”‡√‘∫¢Õß‚√§ (written action plan) “¡“√∂ Õà“π‰¥â®“°¿“§ºπ«° 5 4. §«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√¡“μ‘¥μ“¡°“√√—°…“ ·≈–°“√„™â¬“Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ 5. ‡∑§π‘§°“√„™â¬“ Ÿ¥æàπ™π‘¥μà“ß Ê §«“¡√Ÿâ‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‚√§À◊¥∑’˧«√„À⧔·π–π”°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬ 1. °“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°àºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–≠“μ‘ ´÷Ëß ‘Ëß∑’Ë®– Õπ‰¡à®”‡ªìπμâÕ߇À¡◊Õπ °—π ”À√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°§π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–§«“¡‡¢â“„®æ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß·μà≈–§π‰¡à ‡À¡◊Õπ°—π
30.
29·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 2. ‰¡à®”‡ªìπμâÕß Õπ∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß„π§√—È߇¥’¬« ·μ৫√¡’°“√®¥∫—π∑÷° À√◊Õ checklist «à“¡’·ºπ°“√®– Õπ‡√◊ËÕß„¥∫â“ß ·≈–∑∫∑«π‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â Õπ‰ª·≈â« ‚¥¬ ‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë ”§—≠À√◊Õ¡—°¡’°“√º‘¥æ≈“¥∫àÕ¬ Ê ‡™àπ °“√„™â¬“æàπ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°μâÕß „πºŸâ ∑’ˬ—ߧ«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√‰¡à‰¥â 3. ”À√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬‡¥Á°·≈–ºŸâ ŸßÕ“¬ÿ §«√„À⧔·π–π”„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈°—∫ºŸâª°§√Õß À√◊Õ≠“μ‘¥â«¬ 4. √–À«à“ß°“√„À⧔·π–π”°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬ Õ“®®–„™âÕÿª°√≥å‡ √‘¡À√◊Õ¡’§Ÿà¡◊Õ „À⺟âªÉ«¬ ·≈–¡’°“√∂“¡ºŸâªÉ«¬«à“¡’¢âÕ ß —¬À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡¢â“„®À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–‰¥â Õ∏‘∫“¬‡æ‘Ë¡‡μ‘¡ 5. ºŸâ∑’Ë„À⧔·π–π”°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬Õ“®®–‡ªìπ·æ∑¬å 欓∫“≈ ‡¿ —™°√ À√◊Õ ∫ÿ§≈“°√∑“ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢Õ◊Ëπ Ê °Á‰¥â´÷Ëß∑ÿ°§π§«√„À⧔·π–𔉪„π·π«∑“߇¥’¬«°—π °√–∫«π°“√„À⧔·π–π”ºŸâªÉ«¬§«√ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 1. °“√‡ √‘¡ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®°—∫≠“μ‘·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬ «à“∑ÿ°§π¡’ à«π√à«¡„π∑’¡ °“√√—°…“ 2. °“√ ”√«®À√◊Õ —߇°μ«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬μâÕß°“√§”·π–π”¥â“π„¥‡ªìπ摇»…À√◊Õ ‰¡à À√◊Õ¡’æ◊Èπ∞“𧫓¡√Ÿâ §«“¡‡¢â“„®‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ 3. 查§ÿ¬∂÷ߧ«“¡§“¥À«—ß„π°“√√—°…“‚√§¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ ‘Ëß∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬«‘μ°°—ß«≈ À√◊Õªí≠À“∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬ª√– ∫ À√◊Õ§“¥«à“®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬À“·π«∑“ß°“√·°â‰¢ 4. μ—È߇ªÑ“À¡“¬„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“√à«¡°—π√–À«à“ß∑’¡ºŸâ√—°…“°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–≠“μ‘ À—«¢âÕ∑’Ë®–„À⧔·π–𔇰’ˬ«°—∫‚√§À◊¥‰¥â·°à 1. °“√«‘π‘®©—¬‚√§À◊¥ °“√¥”‡π‘π‚√§ ·≈– ‘Ëß°√–μÿâπ 2. ·π«∑“ß°“√√—°…“ ‡™à𠬓∑’Ë„™â‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√·≈–¬“‡æ◊ËÕ§«∫§ÿ¡ Õ“°“√ 3. ™π‘¥¢Õ߬“∑’Ë„™â º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â®“°¬“∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬„™âÕ¬Ÿà
31.
30 4. °“√°”‡√‘∫¢Õß‚√§À◊¥ °“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘μ—«‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√°”‡√‘∫
·≈– °“√ªÑÕß°—π 5. Õ“°“√∑’˧«√®–μâÕß —߇°μ ‡™àπ Õ“°“√∑’Ë∫àß«à“Õ“®®–‡√‘Ë¡¡’°“√°”‡√‘∫ ¢Õß‚√§ 6. Õ“°“√∑’ËμâÕß¡“æ∫·æ∑¬å°àÕππ—¥ 7. ‚√§√à«¡∑’ËÕ“®®–æ∫√à«¡°—∫‚√§À◊¥ ·≈–°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘μ—« °“√ Õπ·ºπ°“√¥Ÿ·≈μπ‡Õß„πºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥ 1. §«√ ÕπºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°§π„Àâ√Ÿâ®—° —߇°μÕ“°“√¢Õßμπ ·≈– Õπ°“√ªØ‘∫—μ‘ μ—«‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’Õ“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß 2. §«√æ‘®“√≥“∂÷ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈μπ‡ÕߢÕߺŸâªÉ«¬·≈–≠“μ‘¥â«¬ ·≈–‡≈◊Õ°§”·π–π”„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡ 3. ‘Ëß∑’˧«√ ÕπÀ√◊Õ·π–π”ºŸâªÉ«¬ ‰¥â·°à - °“√μ‘¥μ“¡Õ“°“√¥â«¬μπ‡Õß∑’Ë∫â“π Õ“°“√∑’Ë∫àß«à“‚√§°”‡√‘∫ À√◊Õ μ‘¥μ“¡§à“ peak expiratory flow - ·ºπ°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥Õ“°“√ „À⥟„π·ºπªØ‘∫—μ‘°“√‡¡◊ËÕ¡’Õ“°“√ À◊¥°”‡√‘∫ (asthma action plan) (¥Ÿ¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 5) 4. §«√·®°§Ÿà¡◊Õ„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈μπ‡Õß„Àâ°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬ 5. ¡’°“√μ√«® Õ∫§«“¡‡¢â“„® ·≈–∑—°…–„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈μπ‡ÕߢÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß °“√ Õπ°“√„™âÕÿª°√≥åæà𬓠1. °“√‡≈◊Õ°„™âÕÿª°√≥å∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ∑”„À⺟âªÉ«¬‰¥â√—∫¬“¥’¢÷Èπ àߺ≈„Àâ°“√ §«∫§ÿ¡‚√§¥’¢÷Èπ 2. §«√‡≈◊Õ°„™âÕÿª°√≥å„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬·μà≈–§π (æ‘®“√≥“∑—Èߧ«“¡ ßà“¬„π°“√„™â ·√ß Ÿ¥ √“§“¬“ ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õ߬“)
32.
31·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 3. ¢âÕ§«√æ‘®“√≥“„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°Õÿª°√≥åæà𬓠3.1 ·√ß Ÿ¥¬“ (peak inspiratory flow rate) ∑’Ë«—¥‰¥â ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’·√ß Ÿ¥πâÕ¬°«à“ 30 ≈‘μ√μàÕπ“∑’ ‰¡à§«√„™â¬“„π°≈ÿà¡ dry powder inhaler (DPI)51 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 2) 3.2 ¬“ pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) μâÕßÕ“»—¬ ∑—°…–„π°“√°¥·≈– Ÿ¥¬“∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—π∂â“„π°√≥’∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â æ‘®“√≥“ „Àâ pMDI √à«¡°—∫°“√„™â°√–∫Õ° (spacer) À√◊Õæ‘®“√≥“‡≈◊Õ°¬“ Ÿ¥™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ 3.3 ¬“ DPI ¡’À≈“¬‡∑§π‘§·μ°μà“ß°—π‰ª„π·μà≈–Õÿª°√≥å ‡™àπ turbu- haler ·≈– accuhaler §«√μ√«® Õ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬ “¡“√∂„™â¬“‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°μâÕßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à 3.4 ‰¡à§«√‡≈◊Õ°„™âÕÿª°√≥åæàπ¬“À≈“¬ Ê ™π‘¥„πºŸâªÉ«¬§π‡¥’¬«°—π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°®–∑”„À⺟âªÉ«¬ —∫ π‰¥â 3.5 §«√¡’°“√μ√«® Õ∫‡∑§π‘§°“√„™âÕÿª°√≥åæà𬓫à“∂Ÿ°μâÕ߇À¡“– ¡ À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡ªìπ√–¬– Ê °“√μ‘¥μ“¡«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬„™â¬“ ¡Ë”‡ ¡ÕÀ√◊Õ‰¡à 1. °“√„™â¬“∑’ˉ¡à ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ àߺ≈∑”„Àâ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‰¡à¥’ ‚¥¬ “‡Àμÿ∑’Ë ºŸâªÉ«¬„™â¬“‰¡à ¡Ë”‡ ¡ÕÕ“®®–¡“®“°À≈“¬ªí®®—¬ ‡™à𠧫“¡‡¢â“„®º‘¥„πÀ≈—°°“√ „™â¬“√—°…“‚√§ ¡’º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß®“°¬“ §«“¡¬“°ßà“¬¢ÕßÕÿª°√≥å √“§“¬“ À√◊Õ À≈ß≈◊¡ ‡ªìπμâπ 2. ‡¡◊ËÕºŸâªÉ«¬¡“μ‘¥μ“¡°“√√—°…“®÷ߧ«√∂“¡∂÷ߪ√‘¡“≥¬“∑’Ë„™â„π·μà≈–«—π «à“‡ªìπ‰ªμ“¡·ºπ°“√√—°…“À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡¡◊ËÕæ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‰¡à‰¥â„™â¬“À√◊Õ„™â¬“‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡ ‰¡à§«√μàÕ«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬ ·μ৫√ Õ∫∂“¡∂÷߇Àμÿº≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ«“ß·ºπ°“√√—°…“ 3. ¥Ÿª√‘¡“≥¬“∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà ‡æ◊ËÕμ√«® Õ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‰¥â„™â¬“μ“¡·ºπ°“√®√‘ß À√◊Õ‰¡à
33.
32 4. ®”π«π§√—ÈߢÕß°“√„™â¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√ ∂â“¡’°“√„™â ¡“°¢÷ÈπÕ“®®–‡ªìπ —≠≠“≥∫Õ°«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õ“°“√°”‡√‘∫
À√◊Õ‡°‘¥®“°ºŸâªÉ«¬„™â ¬“§«∫§ÿ¡Õ“°“√‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡ Guideline Implementation ªí≠À“ ”§—≠∑’Ëæ∫∑—Ë«‚≈°§◊Õ °“√π”‡Õ“·π«∑“ß°“√√—°…“‰ª„™â‡æ√“–®“° °“√»÷°…“„πÀ≈“¬ Ê ª√–‡∑»12 √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬3 æ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥‰¡à‰¥â√—∫ °“√√—°…“μ“¡∑’Ë·π«∑“ß°”Àπ¥‰«â ®÷߇ªìπ∑’Ë¡“¢Õß°“√®—¥μ—Èߧ≈‘π‘°‚√§À◊¥·∫∫ ßà“¬ Ê (Easy Asthma Clinic)13 μ“¡‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π„πªï æ.». 2547 ‚¥¬À—«„® ¢Õß Easy Asthma Clinic §◊Õ °“√∑”·π«∑“ß°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„Àâßà“¬¢÷Èπ °“√ ®—¥√–∫∫∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡∫∑∫“∑¢Õß欓∫“≈·≈–‡¿ —™°√„π°“√√à«¡¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–°“√ æ—≤π“√–∫∫°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·∫∫ÕÕπ‰≈πå ßà“¬μàÕ°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·≈–μ‘¥μ“¡º≈ °“√√—°…“∑”„Àâ‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π‡≈Á°Ê∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ “¡“√∂„Àâ°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥ ‰¥âμ“¡¡“μ√∞“π ¡’°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π¢Õß∑’¡·æ∑¬å 欓∫“≈ ·≈–‡¿ —™°√√¡∑”„Àâ °“√√—°…“¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ Ÿß ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥®–¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘μ∑’Ë¥’¢÷Èπ ‰¡àμâÕß∑ÿ°¢å∑√¡“π °—∫Õ“°“√ÀÕ∫ ·≈–‰¡àμâÕßÀÕ∫√ÿπ·√ß®πμâÕ߇¢â“√—∫°“√√—°…“∑’ËÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘πÀ√◊Õ πÕπ√—∫°“√√—°…“∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈ ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ ¡’∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡“°°«à“ 250,000 √“¬ ´÷Ëß®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¢Õß ª√–‡∑» (√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ‰¥â∑’Ë http://eac2.easyasthma.com/) ¢—ÈπμÕπ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß Easy Asthma Clinic 1. ºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°§π®–μâÕßæ∫°—∫欓∫“≈°àÕπ‡æ◊ËÕ≈ß∑–‡∫’¬π·≈–ª√–‡¡‘π°“√ §«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬‚¥¬„™â·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡Õ¬à“ßßà“¬ Ê (asthma control ques- tionnaires) ‡ √Á®·≈â«°Á„À⺟âªÉ«¬‡ªÉ“æ’§‚ø«å (Peak Expiratory Flow, PEF) ‡æ◊ËÕ «—¥§«“¡‡√Á« Ÿß ÿ¥∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬ “¡“√∂‡ªÉ“‰¥â
34.
33·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡∑’Ë„™â‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (asthma control questionnaires) ®–„™â§”∂“¡ßà“¬ Ê 4 ¢âÕ ‰¥â·°à 1.1 „π™à«ß 4 —ª¥“Àå∑’˺à“π¡“ §ÿ≥¡’Õ“°“√‰Õ À“¬„®‰¡àÕ‘Ë¡ À√◊ÕÀ“¬„® ¡’‡ ’¬ß¥—ßÀ«’¥ „π™à«ß°≈“ß«—π∫â“ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à °’˧√—Èß 1.2 „π™à«ß 4 —ª¥“Àå∑’˺à“π¡“ §ÿ≥μâÕß≈ÿ°¢÷Èπ¡“‰ÕÀ“¬„®Ωó¥·≈–·πàπ Àπâ“Õ° À“¬„®¡’‡ ’¬ßÀ«’¥„π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π∫â“ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à °’˧√—Èß 1.3 „π™à«ß 4 —ª¥“Àå∑’˺à“π¡“ §ÿ≥„™â¬“∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√ÀÕ∫ (¬“¢¬“¬ À≈Õ¥≈¡) ∫â“ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à °’˧√—Èß 1.4 „π™à«ß 2 ‡¥◊Õπ∑’˺à“π¡“ §ÿ≥‡§¬ÀÕ∫¡“°®πμâÕ߉ª√—∫°“√√—°…“∑’Ë ÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘πÀ√◊ÕμâÕ߇¢â“√—∫°“√√—°…“„π‚√ß欓∫“≈∫â“ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à 2. ‡¡◊ËÕ欓∫“≈ª√–‡¡‘π‡ √Á®°Á àߺŸâªÉ«¬‡¢â“æ∫·æ∑¬å ´÷Ëß·æ∑¬å®–„Àâ°“√ √—°…“μ“¡·π«∑“ß°“√√—°…“∑’Ë¥—¥·ª≈ß„Àâßà“¬ Ê °≈à“«§◊Õ ‡√“®–‰¡àμâÕß®”·π° ºŸâªÉ«¬μ“¡§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß´÷Ë߬“°·°à°“√®¥®” ·μà®–ª√–‡¡‘π«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥ ‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à (§”«à“§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‰¥âÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ºŸâªÉ«¬μâÕ߉¡à¡’Õ“°“√∑—Èß°≈“ß«—π ·≈–°≈“ߧ◊π μâÕ߉¡à„™â¬“¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡ μâÕ߉¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√√—°…“∑’ËÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π ·≈– PEF ‡°‘π√âÕ¬≈– 80 ¢Õß§à“¡“μ√∞“π) ∂⓺ŸâªÉ«¬¬—ߧ«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¡à‰¥â ·æ∑¬å°Á®–„À⬓√—°…“‚¥¬„À⬓§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥¢π“¥ª“π°≈“ß (500-1,000 ¡§°.) ‰ª°àÕπ ∂ⓧ√—ÈßμàÕ‰ªºŸâªÉ«¬¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§À◊¥‰¥â°Á„Àâ ‡æ‘Ë¡¬“ ‚¥¬¬“∑’Ë®–„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡°Á¡’‡æ’¬ß¬“ 3 μ—«§◊Õ LABA, theophylline ·≈–¬“μâ“π μ—«√—∫≈‘«‚§‰μ√Õ’π ∂ⓧ«∫§ÿ¡‚√§‰¥â°Á§àÕ¬ Ê ª√—∫≈¥¬“≈ß 3. À≈—ß®“°·æ∑¬å —Ëß°“√√—°…“‡ √Á®®÷ß àߺŸâªÉ«¬æ∫°—∫‡¿ —™°√‡æ◊ËÕ„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫‡√◊ËÕß‚√§À◊¥·≈–°“√√—°…“ Õπ‡√◊ËÕß°“√„™â¬“æàπ Ÿ¥ √«¡∑—Èßμ√«® Õ∫ §«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√„™â¬“¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ 4. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ºŸâªÉ«¬®–∂Ÿ°∫—π∑÷°„π∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√«¡ºà“π‡«Á∫‰´¥åhttp://eac2.easy asthma.com/
35.
34 ·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“ ºŸâªÉ«¬¿“«–À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π„πÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π ¿“«–‚√§À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππ’È “¡“√∂¬◊π¬—π°“√«‘π‘®©—¬‰¥â®“°°“√μ√«® ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡‰«·≈–·¡àπ¬”¡“°°«à“°“√Õ‘ßÕ“°“√·≈–Õ“°“√· ¥ß ‚¥¬®–μ√«®æ∫ expiratory airflow
≈¥≈ß ‡™àπ ®“°°“√«—¥ peak expiratory flow (PEF) À√◊Õ forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ‡ªìπμâπ ¿“«– À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π∑’Ë∑”„À⺟âªÉ«¬μâÕß¡“√—°…“„πÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π®—¥«à“‡ªìπ¿“«–À◊¥ °”‡√‘∫∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°√“¬®÷ß®”‡ªìπμâÕ߉¥â√—∫°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß‚√§ æ√âÕ¡°—∫‡√‘Ë¡μâπ°“√√—°…“∑—π∑’∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√«‘π‘®©—¬ ·≈–¡’°“√μ‘¥μ“¡ª√–‡¡‘πº≈ ¢Õß°“√√—°…“Õ¬à“߇ªìπ√–∫∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥Õ—μ√“‚√§°”‡√‘∫´È” (relapse) °“√πÕπ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ (admission) ·≈–°“√‡ ’¬™’«‘μ (mortality) 1. °“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚√§ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°√“¬μâÕ߉¥â√—∫°“√´—°ª√–«—μ‘·≈–μ√«®√à“ß°“¬Õ¬à“ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥ À“ “‡Àμÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‚√§À◊¥°”‡√‘∫ ª√–‡¡‘π√–¥—∫§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß°“√°”‡√‘∫ (¥—ß· ¥ß „πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 5) (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” +, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 4) ·≈–ªí®®—¬‡ ’Ë¬ß μàÕ°“√‡ ’¬™’«‘μ¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬‡æ√“–¡’º≈μàÕ°“√√—°…“ ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“√‚√§À◊¥°”‡√‘∫ ‡©’¬∫æ≈—π√ÿπ·√ß®πμâÕß√’∫„Àâ°“√™à«¬™’«‘μ·≈–„ à∑àՙ૬À“¬„® ‰¥â·°à Õ“°“√ ´÷¡ ‡¢’¬« À“¬„®·∫∫ air hunger ·≈– —≠≠“≥™’扡à§ß∑’Ë
36.
35·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 ª√–«—μ‘∑’ˇªìπªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬߢÕß°“√°”‡√‘∫√ÿπ·√ß·≈–Õ“®‡ ’ˬßμàÕ°“√‡ ’¬™’«‘μ ‰¥â·°à ¡’ª√–«—μ‘À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π®πμâÕß„ à∑àՙ૬À“¬„®·≈–‡§√◊ËÕߙ૬À“¬„® ‡§¬¡“√—°…“∑’ËÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π·≈–μâÕßπÕπ√—°…“μ—«„π‚√ß欓∫“≈¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“ 1 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ „™âÀ√◊Õ‡æ‘ËßÀ¬ÿ¥¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥√—∫ª√–∑“π „™â¬“¢¬“¬ À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«¡“°°«à“ 1 À≈Õ¥μàÕ‡¥◊Õπ ¡’Õ“°“√∑“ß®‘쇫™ À√◊Õ¡’ªí≠À“∑“ß®‘μ —ß§¡ √«¡∂÷ߺŸâªÉ«¬∑’ËμâÕß„™â¬“πÕπÀ≈—∫ ¡’ª√–«—μ‘°“√√—°…“ ‰¡àμàÕ‡π◊ËÕßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√√—°…“ ·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§À◊¥∑’Ë¡’°“√·æâÕ“À“√ √à«¡¥â«¬ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π √ÿπ·√ßπâÕ¬∂÷ߪ“π°≈“ß √ÿπ·√ß¡“° (mild to moderate) (severe) §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°μ—« ¥’ °√–«π°√–«“¬ —∫ π À√◊ÕÀ¡¥ μ‘ §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√查 查‰¥â‡μÁ¡ª√–‚¬§ 查‰¡à‡μÁ¡ª√–‚¬§ ÿ¥ª√–‚¬§ Õ—μ√“°“√‡μâπ¢Õß™’æ®√ 100-120 > 120 (§√—Èß/π“∑’) Õ—μ√“°“√À“¬„® (§√—Èß/π“∑’) < 30 > 30 °“√„™â°≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¬„® ”√Õß ‰¡à„™â „™â Oxygen saturation 90-95% < 90% À√◊Õ¡’¿“«–‡¢’¬« (room air) (cyanosis) §à“ PEF > 50% (predicted < 50% (predicted or best) or best) μ“√“ß∑’Ë 5 °“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß¿“«–À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π‚¥¬°“√μ√«®√à“ß°“¬ ·≈–°“√ ◊∫§âπ‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ
37.
36 2. °“√„ÀâÕÕ°´‘‡®π §«√„ÀâÕÕ°´‘‡®π‡¡◊ËÕ√–¥—∫§«“¡Õ‘Ë¡μ—«¢ÕßÕÕ°´‘‡®π∑’Ë«—¥®“°ª≈“¬π‘È« (SpO2) ·√°√—∫πâÕ¬°«à“√âÕ¬≈–
93 ·≈–§«√μ‘¥μ“¡ SpO2 Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕ߇æ◊ËÕ√—°…“ √–¥—∫¢Õß SpO2 „Àâ¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 9352-54 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æ À≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 2) 3. °“√„À⬓ Ÿ¥æàπ¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á« (Inhaled rapid-acting βββββ2-agonist, RABA) À≈—°°“√„À⬓ Ÿ¥ RABA „πºŸâªÉ«¬À◊¥°”‡√‘∫©—∫æ≈—π∑’ËÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π§◊Õ ®– μâÕß∑”°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√μÕ∫ πÕßÀ≈—ß Ÿ¥æà𬓠15-20 π“∑’‡ ¡Õ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡°≥±å ™’È·π–«à“®–μâÕßæàπ¬“´È”Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß μâÕß√—∫‰«â„π‚√ß欓∫“≈ À√◊Õ “¡“√∂ ®”Àπà“¬°≈—∫∫â“π‰¥â À≈—°°“√„Àâ RABA ¡’¥—ßπ’È 3.1 ‡√‘Ë¡„Àâ RABA ‡™àπ salbutamol 2.5-5 ¡°. ‚¥¬«‘∏’ nebulization À√◊Õ salbutamol 400-1,000 ¡§°. (4-10 puffs) ºà“π‡§√◊ËÕß pMDI ∑’ËμàÕ°—∫ spacer ®“°π—Èπª√–‡¡‘π°“√μÕ∫ πÕß∑’Ë 15-20 π“∑’À≈—ß°“√æà𬓠À“°¬—߉¡à¥’¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ ¥’¢÷Èπ·μଗ߉¡à∂÷߇°≥±å°“√®”Àπà“¬°≈—∫∫â“π “¡“√∂„Àâ´È”∑ÿ° 20 π“∑’„π™—Ë«‚¡ß ·√°55 √«¡®”π«π 3 §√—Èß (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) 3.2 À“°ºŸâªÉ«¬μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ RABA ‰¡à¥’æÕÀ≈—ß°“√„À⬓ 3 §√—Èß À√◊Õ ºŸâªÉ«¬ÀÕ∫√ÿπ·√ß¡“°(severe) μ—Èß·μà·√° Õ“®æ‘®“√≥“„À⬓¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡ RABA º ¡°—∫¬“μâ“πμ—«√—∫‚§≈‘π‡πÕ√宑°™π‘¥ÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘χ√Á«·∑π ‡æ√“–¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈«à“Õ“®™à«¬ ‡æ‘Ë¡ ¡√√∂¿“æªÕ¥‰¥â¥’°«à“°“√æàπ RABA ‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬« (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æÀ≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) 4. °“√„Àâ systemic corticosteroids æ‘®“√≥“„Àâ systemic corticosteroid „πºŸâªÉ«¬À◊¥°”‡√‘∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π∑ÿ°√“¬
38.
37·π«∑“ß°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“‚√§À◊¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ”À√—∫ºŸâ„À≠à æ.».
2560 ∑’Ëμ√«®æ∫Õ“°“√· ¥ß∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß¡“° (μ“√“ß∑’Ë 5) À√◊Õ¡’ª√–«—μ‘∑’ˇªìπªí®®—¬‡ ’Ë¬ß μàÕ°“√°”‡√‘∫√ÿπ·√ß ‚¥¬‡√‘Ë¡„Àâ∑—π∑’æ√âÕ¡°—∫°“√„À⬓¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥≈¡™π‘¥æàπ Ÿ¥ §√—Èß·√°·≈–„ÀâμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß®πºŸâªÉ«¬®”Àπà“¬°≈—∫∫â“π √Ÿª·∫∫¬“∑’Ë„™âÕ“®‡ªìπ™π‘¥ ©’¥∑“ßÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥¥” ‡™àπ dexamethasone 4-5 ¡°. À√◊Õ hydrocortisone 100 ¡°. ∑ÿ° 6-8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß „πºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë°”‡√‘∫‰¡à√ÿπ·√ß¡“°Õ“®„Àâ prednisolone √—∫ ª√–∑“π«—π≈– 30-50 ¡°. (0.5-1 ¡°./°°./«—π) ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’ˉ¥â¬“§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å ™π‘¥©’¥À√◊Õ√—∫ª√–∑“π∑’ËÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π∑ÿ°√“¬®”‡ªìπμâÕ߉¥âprednisolone√—∫ª√–∑“π μàÕ‡π◊ËÕ߇¡◊ËÕ®”Àπà“¬°≈—∫∫â“πÕ’° 5-7 «—π56-58 (πÈ”Àπ—°§”·π–π” ++, §ÿ≥¿“æ À≈—°∞“π√–¥—∫ 1) ‡«≈“¢Õß°“√‡√‘Ë¡„À⬓§Õ√åμ‘‚§ ‡μ’¬√Õ¬¥å™π‘¥©’¥À√◊Õ√—∫ª√–∑“π ∑’ËÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π·≈–μàÕ‡π◊ËÕß∑’Ë∫â“𠇪ìπªí®®—¬ ”§—≠μàÕ°“√≈¥°“√πÕπ‚√ß欓∫“≈ ·≈–°“√°”‡√‘∫´È” (relapse)59,60 5. °“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√√—°…“·≈–‡°≥±å°“√®”Àπà“¬ÕÕ°®“°ÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë√—°…“„πÀâÕß©ÿ°‡©‘π∑ÿ°√“¬®”‡ªìπμâÕ߉¥â√—∫°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√√—∫√Ÿâ —≠≠“≥™’æ ·≈–§«“¡Õ‘Ë¡μ—«¢ÕßÕÕ°´‘‡®π„π‡≈◊Õ¥ (SpO2) μ—Èß·μà·√°√—∫·≈– Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß À“°æ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬´÷¡ —≠≠“≥™’扡à§ß∑’Ë ·≈–/À√◊Õ SpO2 ≈¥≈ß §«√„Àâ°“√√—°…“Õ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡·≈–∑—π∑à«ß∑’ à«πºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡‘‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà„π¿“«–¥—ß°≈à“« §«√‰¥â¬“ RABA ™π‘¥ Ÿ¥æàπμàÕ°—∫°√–∫Õ° spacer À√◊Õ‡§√◊ËÕßæàπ≈–ÕÕßΩÕ¬ ·≈–ª√–‡¡‘πº≈μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ°“√√—°…“Õ¬à“߇ªìπ¢—ÈπμÕπ °“√μ√«®∑’ˇªìπªí®®—¬ ”§—≠·≈–¡’§«“¡·¡à𬔠Ÿß ÿ¥„π°“√§“¥§–‡πº≈ μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ°“√√—°…“§◊Õ °“√«—¥ peak expiratory flow (PEF)61-63 ∑’Ë· ¥ß§à“ „π√Ÿª¢Õß√âÕ¬≈–¢Õß§à“ª°μ‘ (% predicted) À√◊Õ§à“∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬¢≥–∑’Ë ‰¡à¡’Õ“°“√°”‡√‘∫ % personal best) ‚¥¬§«√«—¥§à“ PEF μ—Èß·μà°àÕπæàπ RABA §√—Èß·√° ·≈– 15-20 π“∑’À≈—ßæà𬓠‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡°≥±å™à«¬·π–«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬§«√®–‰¥â
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