Rani Lakshmibai was the queen of Jhansi, India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She was born in 1828 and trained in martial arts from a young age. After her husband's death, the British annexed Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse. Rani Lakshmibai rebelled against the British and emerged as a leader of the Indian rebellion. She fought bravely against the British forces but was killed in June 1858 during a battle near Gwalior. She is remembered as one of the leading figures of the rebellion who fought courageously for Indian independence.

1. SOCIAL ASSIGNMENT
FREEDOM FIGHTERS OF INDIA
FROM,
UMAIR YUSUF MOHAMMAD
CLASS: 8TH
SECTION:A
SCHOOL: PSSEMR
dAVANGERE
,

2. BHAGATH SINGH
The great legend BHAGATH SINGH was born on 1907 In the city of
BANGA, PUNJAB, BRITISH INDIA (PREASENT DAY KNOWN AS PUNJAB
PAKISTHAN. He was born to KISHAN SINGH AND VIDYAVATI. At chalk no
He was a patriotic person against his country he loved his 105 GB Bangla
village, Jaron Wala tehsil in the LAYALLPUR DISTRICT of PUNJAB
PROVIENCE of BRITISH INDIA. He Had two uncles and two aunts. His
family was to active in Indian politics they also supported him in
patriotism. His both the uncles were left out from the prison when bhagat
Singh was born. They all were active in Indian independence movement.
His grand father was a follower of swami Dayanand Saraswathi's Hindu
reformist and his both the uncles were the members of the ghadar party.
Led by karat Singh surbahar and har dayal alit Singh was forced into the
the excite because there were to many court cases on him and swaran
singh died due to the release of prison and his ashamedness of going to
prison

3. IN HIS YOUNG AGE
In his young age of twelve he visited the Jallianwalahbagh Massacre this is the place
were the innocent people were killed by the BRITISHERS because of the people of
India were enforcing the BRITISHERS constituency and were daring to fight with the
BRITISHERS which was not profitable or expectable to the BRITISHERS officials and at
the age of fourteen he joined the protesters party of the people who were killed at the
GURUDWARA NANKANA SAHEB
IN HIS MOSTACHE AGE
At the date of 20 February 1921 Singh the follower of the father of the nation
Mahatma Gandhi became dishonest with him because he did not like the non-
violence movement of Mahatma Gandhi after that bhagat Singh led to a great
movement called the non-co-operation movement

4. QUEEN OF JHANSI:RANI LAKSHMI BAI
Early life
Rani Lakshmibai was born on 19 November 1828 in the town of Varanasi into
a Marathi Karhade Brahmin family. She was named Manikarnika Tambe and was
nicknamed Manu. Her father was Moropant Tambe and her mother Bhagirathi Sapre
(Bhagirathi Bai). Her parents came from Maharashtra.[10] Her mother died when she was
four years old. Her father was the Commander of the war of Kalyanpranth. Her father
worked for Peshwa Baji Rao II of Bithoor district ] The Peshwa called her "Chhabili", which
means "playful". She was educated at home, able to read and write, and was more
independent in her childhood than others of her age; her studies included shooting,
horsemanship, fencing[12][13] and mallakhamba with her childhood friends Nana
Sahib and Tatya Tope Rani Lakshmibai contrasted many of the patriarchal cultural
expectations for women in India's society at this time.[16]
Rani Lakshmibai was accustomed to riding on horseback accompanied by a small escort
between the palace and the temple although sometimes she was carried by palanquin.
Her horses included Sarangi, Pavan and Baadal; according to historians she rode Baadal
when escaping from the fort in 1858. The Rani Mahal, the palace of Rani Lakshmibai, has
now been converted into a museum. It houses a collection of archaeological remains of
the period between the 9th and 12th centuries AD.

5. HISTORY OF JHANSI
Manikarnika was married to the Maharaja of Jhansi, Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, in May 1842
and was afterwards called Lakshmibai (or Laxmibai) in honour of the Hindu goddess Lakshmi
and according to the Maharashtrian tradition of women being given a new name after
marriage. In 1851, she gave birth to a boy, later named Damodar Rao, who died four months
after birth. The Maharaja adopted a child called Anand Rao, the son of Gangadhar Rao's
cousin, who was renamed Damodar Rao, on the day before the Maharaja died. The adoption
was in the presence of the British political officer who was given a letter from the Maharaja
instructing that the child be treated with respect and that the government of Jhansi should be
given to his widow for her lifetime.
After the death of the Maharaja in November 1853, because Damodar Rao (born Anand Rao)
was an adopted son, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie,
applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the
state to its territories. When she was informed of this she cried out "Main apni Jhansi nahi
doongi" (I shall not surrender my Jhansi). In March 1854, Rani Lakshmibai was given an annual
pension of Rs. 60,000 and ordered to leave the palace and the fort..
According to Vishnu Bhatt Godse the Rani would exercise at weightlifting, wrestling and
steeplechasing before breakfast. An intelligent and simply-dressed woman, she ruled in a
business-like manner.

6. THE REBELION OF 1857
• On 19 May 1857 the Indian Rebellion started in Meerut. When news of the fighting reached Jhansi, the Rani asked the
British political officer, Captain Alexander Skene, for permission to raise a body of armed men for her own protection; Skene
agreed to this.[The city was relatively calm in the midst of the regional unrest, but the Rani conducted a Haldi Kumkum
ceremony with pomp in front of all the women of Jhansi to provide assurance to her subjects, in the summer of 1857 and to
convince them that the British were cowards and not to be afraid of them.
• Until this point, Lakshmibai was reluctant to rebel against the British. In June 1857, rebels of the 12th Bengal Native Infantry
seized the Star Fort of Jhansi containing the treasure and magazine,and after persuading the British to lay down their arms
by promising them no harm, broke their word and massacred 40 to 60 European officers of the garrison along with their
wives and children. The Rani's involvement in this massacre is still a subject of debate. An army doctor, Thomas Lowe, wrote
after the rebellion characterising her as the "Jezebel of India ... the young rani upon whose head rested the blood of the
slain".
• Four days after the massacre the sepoys left Jhansi, having obtained a large sum of money from the Rani, and having
threatened to blow up the palace where she lived. Following this, as the only source of authority in the city the Rani felt
obliged to assume the administration and wrote to Major Erskine, commissioner of the Saugor division explaining the
events which had led her to do so.2 July, Erskine wrote in reply, requesting her to "manage the District for the British
Government" until the arrival of a British Superintendent. The Rani's forces defeated an attempt by the mutineers to assert
the claim to the throne of a rival prince Sadashiv Rao (nephew of Maharaja Gangadhar Rao) who was captured and
imprisoned.
• There was then an invasion of Jhansi by the forces of Company allies Orchha and Datia; their intention however was to
divide Jhansi between themselves. The Rani appealed to the British for aid but it was now believed by the governor-general
that she was responsible for the massacre and no reply was received. She set up a foundry to cast cannon to be used on the
walls of the fort and assembled forces including some from former feudatories of Jhansi and elements of the mutineers
which were able to defeat the invaders in August 1857. Her intention at this time was still to hold Jhansi on behalf of the
British.

7. DEATH
• On 17 June in Kotah-ki-Serai near the Phool Bagh of Gwalior, a squadron of the 8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars, under Captain Heneage,
fought the large Indian force commanded by Rani Lakshmibai, who was trying to leave the area. The 8th Hussars charged into the Indian
force, slaughtering 5,000 Indian soldiers, including any Indian "over the age of 16" They took two guns and continued the charge right
through the Phool Bagh encampment. In this engagement, according to an eyewitness account, Rani Lakshmibai put on a sowar's uniform
and attacked one of the hussars; she was unhorsed and also wounded, probably by his sabre. Shortly afterwards, as she sat bleeding by the
roadside, she recognised the soldier and fired at him with a pistol, whereupon he "dispatched the young lady with his carbine". According to
another tradition Rani Lakshmibai, the Queen of Jhansi, dressed as a cavalry leader, was badly wounded; not wishing the British to capture
her body, she told a hermit to burn it. After her death a few local people cremated her body.
• The British captured the city of Gwalior after three days. In the British report of this battle, Hugh Rose commented that Rani Lakshmibai is
"personable, clever and beautiful" and she is "the most dangerous of all Indian leaders". Rose reported that she had been buried "with great
ceremony under a tamarind tree under the Rock of Gwalior, where I saw her bones and ashes".
• Her tomb is in the Phool Bagh area of Gwalior. Twenty years after her death Colonel Malleson wrote in the History of the Indian Mutiny; vol.
3; London, 1878 'Whatever her faults in British eyes may have been, her countrymen will ever remember that she was driven by ill-treatment
into rebellion, and that she lived and died for her country, We cannot forget her contribution for India.'
• Descendant
• According to a memoir purporting to be by Damodar Rao, the young prince was among his mother's troops and household at the battle of
Gwalior. Together with others who had survived the battle (some 60 retainers with 60 camels and 22 horses) he fled from the camp of Rao
Sahib of Bithur and as the village people of Bundelkhand dared not aid them for fear of reprisals from the British, they were forced to live in
the forest and suffer many privations. After two years there were about 12 survivors and these, together with another group of 24 they
encountered, sought the city of Jhalrapatan where there were yet more refugees from Jhansi. Damodar Rao of Jhansi surrendered himself to
a British official and his memoir ends in May 1860. He was then allowed a pension of Rs. 10,000, seven retainers, and was in the
guardianship of Munshi Dharmanarayan.

8. DEATH CONTINUES
• Descendant
• According to a memoir purporting to be by Damodar Rao, the young prince was among his
mother's troops and household at the battle of Gwalior. Together with others who had survived
the battle (some 60 retainers with 60 camels and 22 horses) he fled from the camp of Rao Sahib
of Bithur and as the village people of Bundelkhand dared not aid them for fear of reprisals from
the British, they were forced to live in the forest and suffer many privations. After two years
there were about 12 survivors and these, together with another group of 24 they encountered,
sought the city of Jhalrapatan where there were yet more refugees from Jhansi. Damodar Rao
of Jhansi surrendered himself to a British official and his memoir ends in May 1860. He was
then allowed a pension of Rs. 10,000, seven retainers, and was in the guardianship of Munshi
Dharmanarayan.

9. KITTUR RANI CHANNAMA
EARLY LIFE
Kittul Rani Chinampa was born on 23 October 1778, in
Kakati, a small village in the present Belagavi District of
Karnataka, India. She belonged to the Lingayat
community and received training in horse riding, sword
fighting and archery from a young age.
She married Raja Milleara of the Desai family at the age
of 14.

10. FIGHT TO RETRIVE SUPREMACY OF KITTUR FROM
BRITISH
• Chinampa's husband died in 1824, leaving her with a son and a state full of volatility. This was
followed by her son’s death in 1824. Rani Chinampa was left with the state of Kittul and an
uphill task to save it from the British. Following the death of her husband and son, Rani
Chinampa adopted Shivalinga in the year 1824 and made him the heir to the throne. This irked
the East India Company, who ordered Shivalinga’s expulsion, on the pretext of the Doctrine of
Lapse. This doctrine was based on the idea that in case the ruler of an independent state died
childless, the right of ruling the State reverted or ‘lapsed’ to the sovereign. The state of Kittul
came under the administration of Dharwad collectorate in charge of St John Thackeray of which
Mr. Chaplin was the commissioner, both of whom did not recognize the new ruler and regent
and notified Kittul to accruing Chinampa sent a letter to Mountstuart Elphinstone, Lieutenant-
Governor of the Bombay Presidency pleading her cause, but the request was turned down, and
war broke out. The British tried to confiscate the treasure and jewels of Kittul, valued at around
1.5 million rupees. They attacked with a force of 20,797 men and 437 guns, mainly from the
third troop of Madras Native Horse Artillery the British regime.

11. CONTINUES
• In the first round of war, during October 1824, British forces lost heavily and St John Thackeray,
collector and political agent, was killed in the war. Amateur Palapa, a lieutenant of Chinampa,
was mainly responsible for his killing and losses to British forces. Two British officers, Sir Walter
Elliot and Mr. Stevenson were also taken as hostages. Ani Chinampa released them with an
understanding with Chaplin that the war would be terminated but Chaplin continued the war
with more forces. During the second assault, Sub collector of Solapur, Mr. Munro, nephew of
Thomas Munro was killed. Rani Chinampa fought fiercely with the aid of her lieutenant,
Sangallo Aryanna, but was ultimately captured and imprisoned at Bilingual Fort, where she died
on 21 February 1829. Chinampa was also helped by her lieutenant Guru Siddappa in the war
against British.

12. CONTINUES AGAIN
• Sangallo Aryanna, the army chief of Kittul Kingdom, continued the guerrilla war to 1829, in vain,
until his capture. He wanted to install the adopted boy Shivalinga as the ruler of Kittul, and
Sangallo Aryanna gave a valiant fight using Guerrilla war fare for the first time. Britishers could
not catch Aryanna in straight fights. Finally Aryanna's own uncle helped Britishers to capture
him and he was caught and hanged. Shivalinga was arrested by the British. Chinampa's legacy
and first victory are still commemorated in Kittul, during the Kittul Utseya that is held between
22nd–24th of October every year. The three-day festivities include sports, cultural programs,
and lectures by notable historians on the kingdom of Rani Chinampa.

13. SANGULI RAYANNA
Sangallo Aryanna (15 August 1796– 26 January
1831)[citation needed] was an Indian Military
Shetland (Saini) and warrior in the Kittul prince
state of the Karnataka. He was the Shetland of
the Kingdom of Kittul ruled at the time by Rani
Chinampa and fought the British East India
Company till his death. His life was the subject of
the 2012 Kannada film Sangallo Aryanna.

14. ACTIVITIES
• Sangallo Aryanna participated in the 1824 rebellion and was arrested by the British, who
released him later. He belongs to Kurumba Gowda community . He continued to fight the
British and wanted to install the adopted son of King Milleara and Rani Chinampa, namely
Shivalinga as the ruler of Kittul. He mobilized local people and started a guerilla type war
against the British. He and his guerrilla army moved from place to place, burnt government
offices, waylaid British troops and plundered treasuries. Most of his land was confiscated and
what remained of it was heavily taxed. He taxed the landlords and built up an army from the
masses. The British troops could not defeat him in open battle. Hence, by treachery, he was
caught in April 1830 and tried by the British; and sentenced to death. Shivalinga, the boy who
was supposed to be the new ruler, was also arrested by the British.

15. CONTINUES
• Aryanna was executed by hanging unto death from a Banyan tree about 4 kilometres from
Bandaged in Belagavi district on 26 January 1831.
• Aryanna was helped by Calavera, a Sidi warrior, in his revolt against the British in 1829–
30.buried near Bandaged. Legend says that a close associate Sangallo Bicaudate Bicaudate of
Aryanna planted a (banayan) sapling on his grave.The tree is fully grown and stands to this day.
An Ashoka Stambha was installed near the tree. A small temple in the name of Sangallo
Aryanna was constructed at Sangallo village, in which stands a statue of Aryanna flanked by
two wooden weights used for body building. Two wooden weights are original, those are was
used by Aryanna himself for body building. A community hall built in commemoration of
Aryanna at Sangallo serves the villagers of Sangallo.[citation needed] Karnataka Government
recently established Krantiveer Sangallo Aryanna authority it's work progress of Krantiveer
Sangallo Aryanna Saini school,"Shouryabhoomi" Krantiveer Sangallo Aryanna rock garden and
in "Veetabhoomi" Krantiveer Sangallo Aryanna musium.

16. RANIABAKKA
EARLY LIFE
The Chowtas followed the system of matrilineal inheritance (Aliyasantana) of
Digambara Jain Bunt community by which Tirumala Raya, Abbakka's uncle, crowned
her the queen of Ullal. He also forged a matrimonial alliance for Abbakka with
Lakshmappa Arasa Bangaraja II, king of Banga principality in Mangalore.This alliance
was to later prove a source of worry for the Portuguese. Tirumala Raya also trained
Abbakka in the different aspects of warfare and military strategy. The marriage,
however, was short-lived and Abbakka returned to Ullal. Her husband thus longed for
revenge against Abbakka and was to later join the Portuguese in their fight against
Abbakka.

17. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• After overrunning Goa and taking control of it, the Portuguese turned their attention
southwards and along the coast. They first attacked the South Kanara coast in 1525 and
destroyed the Mangalore port. Ullal was a prosperous port and a hub of the spice trade to
Arabia and other countries in the west. Being the profitable trading center that it was, the
Portuguese, the Dutch and the British vied with one another for control of the region as well as
the trade routes. They, however, had not been able to make much headway as the resistance
from the local chieftains was very strong. The local rulers even forged alliances cutting across
castAbbakka's administration was well represented by Jains, Hindus as well as Muslims.
Historical research also reveals that during her rule in the 16th century, Beary men had served
as seamen in the naval force. Rani Abbakka had personally supervised the construction of dam
at Malali; she had appointed Bearys for boulder work. Her army too consisted of people of all
sects and castes. She even forged alliances with the Zamorin of Calicut. Together, they kept the
Portuguese at bay. The marital ties with the neighbouring Banga dynasty added further
strength to the alliance of the local rulers. She also gained support from powerful king
Venkatappanayaka of Bidnur and ignored the threat of Portuguese forcese and religious lines.

18. BATTLE AGAINST PORTUGESE
• The Portuguese, clearly upset by Abbakka's tactics, demanded that she pay them tribute but
Abbakka refused to yield. In 1555, the Portuguese sent Admiral Dom Álvaro da Silveira to fight
her after she refused to pay them tribute. In the battle that followed, Rani Abbakka once again
managed to hold her own and repulsed the attack successfully.In 1557, the Portuguese
plundered Mangalore and laid waste to it. In 1568, they turned their attention to Ullal but
Abbakka Rani resisted them yet again. João Peixoto, a Portuguese general and a fleet of
soldiers were sent by the Portuguese Viceroy António Noronha. They managed to capture the
city of Ullal and also entered the royal court. Abbakka Rani, however, escaped and took refuge
in a mosque. The same night, she gathered around 200 of her soldiers and mounted an attack
on the Portuguese. In the battle that ensued, General Peixoto was killed,seventy Portuguese
soldiers were taken prisoners and many of the Portuguese retreated. In further attacks,
Abbakka Rani and her supporters killed Admiral Mascarenhas and the Portuguese were also
forced to vacate the Mangalore fort.

19. CONTINUES
• The Portuguese not only regained the Mangalore fort but also captured Kundapur (Basrur).
Despite these gains, Abbakka Rani continued to remain a source of threat. With the help of the
queen's estranged husband, they mounted attacks on Ullal. Furious battles followed but
Abbakka Rani held her own. In 1570, she formed an alliance with the Bijapur Sultan of Ahmed
Nagar and the Zamorine of Calicut, who were also opposing the Portuguese. Kutty Pokar
Markar, the Zamorine's general fought on behalf of Abbakka and destroyed the Portuguese
fort at Mangalore but while returning he was killed by the Portuguese. Following these losses
and her husband's treachery, Abbakka lost the war, was arrested and jailed. However, even in
prison she revolted and died fighting.

20. FOLKLORE AND LEGEND
• According to traditional accounts, she was an immensely popular queen and this is also
attested by the fact that she is even today a part of folklore. The queen's story has been retold
from generation to generation through folk songs and Yakshagana, a popular folk theatre in
Coastal Karnataka. In Daiva Kola, a local ritual dance, the persona in trance recounts the great
deeds of Abbakka Mahadevi. Abbakka is portrayed as dark and good looking, always dressed in
simple clothes like a commoner. She is portrayed as a caring queen who worked late into the
night dispensing justice. Legends also claim that Abbakka was the last known person to have
used the Agnivana (fire-arrow) in her fight against the Portuguese. Some accounts also claim
that she had two equally valiant daughters who fought alongside her in her wars against the
Portuguese.

21. SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
BIOGRAPHY
Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack,
Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and
Janakinath Bose, an advocate belonging to a Bengali Kayastha
family.He was the ninth in a family of 14 children. His family was well
to do.
He was admitted to the Protestant European School (presently
Stewart High School) in Cuttack, like his brothers and sisters, in
January 1902. He continued his studies at this school which was run
by the Baptist Mission up to 1909 and then shifted to the
Ravenshaw Collegiate School. After securing the second position in
the matriculation examination in 1913, he was admitted to the
Presidency College where he studied briefly. He was influenced by
the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna after reading
their works at the age of 16. He felt that his religion was more
important than his studies.

22. CONTINUES
• In those days, the British in Calcutta often made offensive remarks to the Indians in public
places and insulted them openly. This behavior of the British as well as the outbreak of World
War I began to influence his thinking.
• His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor
Oaten (who had manhandled some Indian students for the latter's anti-India comments. He
was expelled although he appealed that he only witnessed the assault and did not actually
participate in it.He later joined the Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta and
passed his B.A. in 1918 in philosophy.

23. THE INC: INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• He started the newspaper Swaraj and took charge of publicity for the Bengal Provincial
Congress Committee. His mentor was Chittaranjan Das who was a spokesman for aggressive
nationalism in Bengal. In the year 1923, Bose was elected the President of All India Youth
Congress and also the Secretary of Bengal State Congress. He was also the editor of the
newspaper "Forward", founded by Chittaranjan Das.Bose worked as the CEO of the Calcutta
Municipal Corporation for Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924. In a
roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was arrested and sent to prison in Mandalay, where he
contracted tuberculosis.
• In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of the Congress party
and worked with Jawaharlal Nehru for independence. In late December 1928, Bose organised
the Annual Meeting of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta. His most memorable role was
as General Officer Commanding (GOC) Congress Volunteer Corps.Author Nirad Chaudhuri
wrote about the meeting:

24. CONTINUES
• Bose organized a volunteer corps in uniform, its officers were even provided with steel-cut
epaulettes ... his uniform was made by a firm of British tailors in Calcutta, Harman's. A telegram
addressed to him as GOC was delivered to the British General in Fort William and was the
subject of a good deal of malicious gossip in the (British Indian) press. Mahatma Gandhi as a
sincere pacifist vowed to non-violence, did not like the strutting, clicking of boots, and saluting,
and he afterward described the Calcutta session of the Congress as a Bertram Mills circus,
which caused a great deal of indignation among the Bengalis.
• A little later, Bose was again arrested and jailed for civil disobedience; this time he emerged to
become Mayor of Calcutta in 1930.

26. NAZI GERMAN
• Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Germany, via Afghanistan
and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext,
avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his
escape, he dressed as a Pathan (brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to
avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Road house
in Calcutta on the night of 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew Sisir Kumar Bose, later
reaching Gomoh Railway Station in the then state of Bihar, India. He journeyed to Peshawar
with the help of the Abwehr, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and Bhagat
Ram Talwar. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26
January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through British India's North West
frontier with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a
Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route
to the Soviet Union, and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not
speak one word of Pashto, it would make him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for
the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard
grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide Bhagat Ram Talwar, unknown to him, was a
Soviet agent.

27. DEATH
• In the consensus of scholarly opinion, Subhas Chandra Bose's death occurred from
third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed
in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan). However, many among his supporters,
especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either
the fact or the circumstances of his death.Conspiracy theories appeared within hours
of his death and have thereofter had a long shelf life, keeping alive various martial
myths about Bose.

28. CONTINUES
• In Taihoku, at around 2:30 pm as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken
by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring.The
mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane. It was the portside engine, or a part of it,
and the propeller. The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and
exploding into flames. Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-General Tsunamasa Shidei, the Vice
Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the
Soviet army in Manchuria, were instantly killed. Bose's assistant Habibur Rahman was stunned, passing
out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline.When Rahman
came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage. They
then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front.The ground staff, now approaching the
plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch. The human
torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited. Rahman and a few
others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly
burned. According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the
other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku." The airport personnel called Dr.
Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3 pm. Bose was conscious and
mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter.Bose was naked, except
for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr.Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree

29. CONTINUES
• burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that he would
live. Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. According to
historian Leonard A. Gordon, who interviewed all the hospital personnel later,
• A disinfectant, Rivamol, was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied
and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of Vita
Camphor and two of Digitamine for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30
minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was also given Ringer
solution intravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo
Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were also assisting. Bose still had a
clear head which Dr.Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe injuries.
• Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma. A few hours later, between 9 and 10 pm
(local time) on Saturday 18 August 1945, Bose died aged 48.

30. DEATH
• Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945. On 23
August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea. On 7
September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the
following morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama
Murti. On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes
were turned over to the priest of the Renkōji Temple of Nichiren Buddhism in Tokyo. There they have
remained ever since.
• Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the
young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, both men and women, who comprised the bulk of the
civilians who had enlisted in the INA.The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis,
faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British. In India the Indian
National Congress's official line was succinctly expressed in a letter Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma)
Gandhi wrote to Rajkumari Amrit Kaur. Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a
patriot, though misguided."Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarrelling with Gandhi and
for collaborating with what they considered was Japanese fascism. The Indian soldiers in the British
Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during the Second World War, were
conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more
sympathetic. The British Raj, though never seriously threatened by the INA, tried 300 INA officers for
treason in the INA trials, but eventually backtracked.