This document discusses various topics related to ophthalmology including: 1. It defines different types of refraction including emmetropia, hypermetropia, and myopia. 2. It describes the causes and components of hypermetropia and myopia. 3. It outlines age-related changes in visual acuity and visual development from infancy through adolescence. 4. It discusses heterophoria, heterotropia, and the different types of strabismus including concomitant and paralytic strabismus.

1. National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya
Department of Ophthalmology
2020

4. Central fovea
Macula lutea
Optic disc
Vein
Artery

11. Convex lenses Concave lenses
+ -
collect refracted light scatter refracted light

16. 1
D
F


21. Emmetropia is the most appropriate type of clinical refraction (55% of people). After
40 years, due to age-related weakening of accommodation (presbyopia), correction
with glasses is necessary for visual work at close range.
Hypermetropia (farsightedness) (15% of people) - the
posterior focus is located behind the retina (weak type of
clinical refraction).
Myopia (nearsightedness) (20-60% of people) - the
posterior focus is located in front of the retina (strong
type of clinical refraction).

22. In hypermetropia, the main focus is located behind the retina
Refractive
(Weak refractive property of the optical
system of the eye)
Axial
(Reduction of anteroposterior eye size)
Combined
(Combination of refractive and axial
components)

24. In myopia, the main focus is in front of the retina.
Refractive
(Strong refractive property of the optical
system of the eye)
Axial
(Increase in anteroposterior eye size)
Combined
(Combination of refractive and axial
components)

29. Complications: chorioretinal dystrophy, hemorrhages in the retina (Fuchs spots in the
macular area), hemophthalmus, retinal detachment, muscular asthenopia, divergent
strabismus.

41. Дб = Дд
А - 30
_______
+
10
Дд
Дб
А
- lens power for close range work in diopters
- the strength of the lens for distance in diopters
- age in years

42. Age visual function
5th month of intrauterine life light perception
End of 1st - beginning of 2nd month of life observation reflex
2 month of life fixation reflex
2-3 month of life danger reflex
2-4th month of life convergence
5-6 months of life fusion
6-8 month of life distinction of geometric shapes
1-2 years Vision up to 0.3 - 0.5
2-3 years and later full vision
2-3 month of life
6-7 month of life
1-1.5 years
color perception:
а) emergence
б) clear
в) full
Поле зрения:
а) tubular
б) 1/3 - ½ full
в) full
Newborn
6-8 month of life
2-3 years and later
Full binocular vision 7-15 years old

43. Age Average visual acuity
1 week 0,002 - 0,02
1 month 0,008 - 0,03
3 months 0,05 - 0,1
6 months 0,1 - 0,3
1 year 0,3 - 0,6
2 years 0,4 - 0,7
3 years 0,6 - 0,9
4 years 0,7 - 1,0
5 years 0,8 - 1,0
7 years 0,9 - 1,5
8 - 15 years 0,9 - 1,5

50. Heterophoria turns into heterotropy when:
insufficient muscle strength, maintaining the correct position of
the eyes.
 The stimulus to the fusion reflex is weakened
(monocular blurred image).
Disrupted neurogenic mechanisms that coordinate
binocularity.

59. converging (esotropia),
divergent (exotropia),
vertical.

61. related to:
low visual acuity of one of the eyes
Refractive anomalies
anisometropia;
violation of the relationship between accommodation
and convergence;
congenital or acquired fusion weakness.
•Three cardinal signs:
preservation of the full range of movements of the eyeball;
•Absence of diplopia;
•equality of the primary (angle of deviation of the eye, squints) and secondary (angle of deviation of the healthy eye)
angles of strabismus.

66. before operation After operation

72. Sign Concomitant strabismus Paralytic strabismus
Start childhood any age
eye mobility
Free in all directions of
vision
Limited in the area
of ​​action of the affected
muscle
Angle of strabismus
Same in all directions of
vision
More in the area of ​​the
affected muscle
Primary and secondary
angles of strabismus
The secondary angle is
equal to the primary
The secondary angle is less
than the original
Double vision Not
Yes, one of the first
symptoms of the disease
Forced head position Not Turning or tilting the head
False localization of
objects
Not
Yes, especially at the onset
of the disease