Chemistry in day today life .pptx

• It is useful for doctors as it provides a whole range of
drugs available for the treatment of a particular type
of problem.
Analgesics have pain killing effect.
• It is based on the action of a drug on a particular
biochemical process.
All antihistamines inhibit the action of the
compound.

• Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as Lipids,
Proteins. These are called target molecules or Drug
Targets.
• Drugs possessing some common structural features may
have the same mechanism of action on targets.
H2N S
• Drugs classified in the way share common structural
features and often have similar pharmacological activity.
–Ex :- Sulphonamides have common structural feature.
O
O
NHR

– Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in
the body are called
– Those proteins which are crucial to communication
system in the body are called
– Those proteins which carry polar molecules across the
membranes are called

of an enzyme is to hold the substrate
for a chemical reaction. Active sites of enzymes hold the
substrate molecule in a suitable position, so that it can
be attacked by the reagent effectively.
of an enzyme is to provide
functional groups that will attack the substrate and carry
out the chemical reaction.

– Drug inhibit the attachment of substrate on active site of
Enzymes in two different ways : -
• Drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment
in the active sites of enzymes. Such drugs are
• Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme’s active site. These bind
to a different site of enzyme which is called This
binding of inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the
active site in such a way that substrate cannot recognize it.

are proteins which are crucial to the
communication system in the body. Majority of these
are embedded in cell membranes in such a way that
their small part possessing the active site projects out
of the surface of the membrane and opens in the
outside region of the cell membrane.

• In the body, message between two neurons and that
between neurons to muscles is communicated through
certain chemicals. These chemicals, known as CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS are received at the binding sites of receptor
proteins. To accommodate a messenger, shape of the
receptor site changes. This brings about the transfer of
message into the cell. Thus, chemical messenger gives
message to the cell without entering the cell.

– Those substances which neutralizes the excess acid and raise the
pH to an appropriate level in stomach are called
– Most commonly used antacids are :-
• Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide etc.
• Cimetidine
• Ranitidine
– Drugs used recently :-
• Omeprazole
• Lansoprazole

– The hypersensitivity of some persons to some drugs,
and is
in the
dust, pollen grains, cat fur etc. is called
due to release of a substance called
body.
– The drugs which interfere with the natural action of
histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites
of receptor where histamine exerts its effects are called
or
– The antihistamines which are widely used are : -
• Bromopheniramine
– (Dimetapp, Dimetane)
• Terfenadine
– (Seldane)

• Drugs which are used for the treatment of stress, fatigue, mild
and severe mental disease are called
• They relive anxiety, stress, irritability by inducing a sense of
well being.
• If a person suffers from , In such cases,
are used.
• The Important antidepressant drugs are :-
– Iproniazid
– Phenelzine

• Analgesic Neurologically active drugs which reduce or abolish
pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental
confusion, incoordination or paralysis or some other
disturbance or disorder of the nervous system are called
• These can be classified in two categories : -
» Non-narcotic analgesics are medications used to control
pain and inflammation.
» Non-Narcotic are used to treat acute or persistent pain
that is mild to moderate. They also may be used in
combination with other medications or therapies to
treat moderate to severe pain.
Aspirin, Motrin or Advil (Ibuprofen), and Aleve or
Naprosyn (Naproxen Sodium).

» Narcotic are medications that mimic the activity of
endorphins, substances produced by the body to control
pain.
» Narcotic are used to treat acute pain related to surgery
and other
medical procedures, as well as for persistent (chronic) and
breakthrough pain that is moderate to severe.
» Morphine and many of its homologous, when administrated in
medical doses, relieve pain and produce sleep. In poisonous
doses, these produce stupor, coma and ultimately death.
» Ex :- Roxanol (morphine), Codeine, Dolophine (methadone),
Heroin etc.
MORPHINE
H3CO O
NCH3
OH
HO O
NCH3
OH
CODIENE
AcO O
NCH3
OAc
HEROIN

– Drugs which are used to cure diseases caused by
microbes or microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi etc. are called .
• These are chemical substances , which in low concentration,
either kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms by
intervening in their metabolic processes.
• The first antibiotic was Penicillin. Its structure is :-

• Types of Antibiotics :
» Penicillin
» Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin)
» Ofloxacin
Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
• The full range of microorganisms attacked by an antibiotic is
called its
• Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram – Positive
and Gram – Negative bacteria are called
Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin etc.
• The antibiotics which are effective mainly against Gram –
Positive or Gram – Negative bacteria are
Penicillin G etc.
• The antibiotics which are effective against a single organism or
disease, they are called

are the chemical substances which prevent
the growth of microorganisms and may even kill them.
They are safe to be applied to living tissues.
–Commonly used antiseptics, Dettol is a mixture of
chloroxylenol and terpineol.
Furacine, Soframicine etc.
are chemical substances which kill
microorganisms but are not safe to be applied to living
tissues.
–These are applied to inanimate objects such as Floors,
Drainage system etc.
1% solution of Phenol work as a Disinfectant, 0.2
– 0.4 ppm in Aq. Solution of Chlorine and low
concentration of Sulphur Dioxide are Disinfectants.

– Chemical substances which are used to check pregnancy
in women are called or
or
– These control the female menstrual cycle and ovulation.
– Some of the commonly used pills contain a mixture of
Norethindrone (progesterone derivative) and Novestrol or
Ethinlestradiol (An Estrogen).
– All such drugs are expected to have side effects and hence
should be used under proper medical advice.
Ethinlestradiol

r =
..to be Learnt !!
1. RADIUS of various orbits (Shell)
n2
h2
42
mkZe2
Bohr’s Model
Atomic Structure Lecture- 3
The formula is applicable for hydrogen and hydrogen like species
i.e. species containing single electron.

..to be Learnt !!
1. Speed of electron in various orbits (Shell)
v =
Bohr’s Model
The formula is applicable for hydrogen and hydrogen like species
i.e. species containing single electron.

Energy of an electron :
Bohr’s model

To be remembered
(i) K.E. =
on increasing r, k.E. decreases.
(ii) P.E. =
on increasing r, P.E. increases.
(ii) T.E. =
on increasing r, total TE increases.
kZe2
2r
1
r
i.e. k.E 
–kZe2
2r
–1
r
i.e. P.E 
–kZe2
2r
1
r
i.e. E  –
Bohr’s model

1. What is the energy of the electron in He+ in ground state ?
Bohr’s model

2. Calculate the energy associated with the second orbit of He+. What is
the radius of this orbit ?
Bohr’s model

3. Calculate the energy associated with the first ,second third and fourth
bohr orbit of H.
Bohr’s model

Energy difference between two energy levels
For H:
E2 – E1 = – 3.4 + 13.6 = 10.2 eV
E3 – E2 = – 1.51 + 3.4 = 1.89 eV
E4 – E3 = – 0.85 + 1.51 = 0.66 eV
E5 – E4 = – 0.54 + 0.85 = 0.16 eV
i.e. (E2 – E1) > (E3 – E2) > (E4 – E3) > (E5 – E4)…..
n2 n1 2 2
n n
E – E  –13.6  Z2  1
–
1 
 
 2 1 
Bohr’s model

SUCCESSES OF BOHR’S MODEL
1. Bohr’s model could explain the stability of an atom.
2. Bohr’s theory helped in calculating energy of an electron in a particular
orbit of hydrogen.
3. Bohr’s model could explain the atomic spectrum of hydrogen.
4. Bohr’s model also accounts for the existence of so many lines in
hydrogen spectrum.
Bohr’s model

4. The energy associated with the first orbit of hydrogen atom is
–2.18 × 10–18 J/atom. What is the energy associated with the fifth
orbit ?
Bohr’s model

4th POSTULATE
 If the e– remains in the stationary state then it does not lose
energy. Such a state is called ground state (lowest energy state)
Bohr’s model

5th POSTULATE
 Each stationary orbit is associated with definite amount of E
therefore these orbits are also called as energy levels and are
numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…… or K, L, M, N, O…… from the nucleus
outwards.
E1 < E2 < E3 < E4 < E5…….
(E2 – E1) > (E3 – E2) > (E4 – E3) > (E5 – E4)……
Bohr’s model

6th POSTULATE
 The emission or absorption of energy in the form of radiation
can occur only when e– jumps from one stationary state to another.
 E is absorbed when e– jumps from inner to outer orbit and
emitted when e– moves from outer to inner orbit.
Bohr’s model

QUANTISATION OF ENERGY AND BOHR’S MODEL
Quantization means that a quantity cannot vary continuously to have any
arbitrary values but can change only discontinuously to have some specific
values.
(a) Quantized Energy (b) Continuous change of energy
Bohr’s model

E absorbed
Ground State Exited State
E released
1st excited state = 2nd orbit
2nd excited state = 3rd orbit & so on.
IONIZATION ENERGY : Energy req. to librate an e– from ground state of an isolated
atom.
Bohr’s Model

5. Find radius ratio of 1st & 3rd Bohr orbit of He.
Can u Crack it!

6. Find velocity of e– on 3rd energy level of He.
Can u Crack it!

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Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength () of 580
nm. Calculate the frequency and wave number of this light.
Can u Crack it!

5. The frequency of strong yellow line in the spectrum of sodium is
5.09 × 1014 sec–1.
Calculate the wavelength of the light in nanometer.
Can u Crack it!

6. The wavelength of a spectral line of cesium is 460 nm.
Calculate the frequency of the line.
Can u Crack it!

7. A certain radio station broadcasts on a frequency of 980 kHz
(kilohertz). What is the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
broadcast by the ratio station ?
Can u Crack it!

8. Calculate the wave number of radiation having a frequency of
4×1011 kHz.
Can u Crack it!

9. The wavelength of blue light is 480 nm. Calcualte the frequency
and wave number of this light.
Can u Crack it!

10. Calculate (i) wave number and (ii) frequency of yellow radiation having
wavelength 5800 Å.
Can u Crack it!

11. Calculate the compare the energies of two radiations, one with a
wavelength of 400 nm and the other with 800 nm.
Can u Crack it!

12. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength () of 580 nm.
Calculate frequency (v) and wave number ( v ) of the yellow light.
Can u Crack it!

13. The wave number of a beam of light is 400 cm–1. What is the wavelength
of the light in nanometers ? Also find out frequency of the light.
Can u Crack it!

Chemistry in day today life .pptx

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