In contrast to the orient, there is little concern with gardens in early Greek history. The private house seems to have a modest affair, with social places such as the agora and gymnasium, theatre and sacred groves. The living rooms of the house faced into an inner court often paved and decorated with statues and plants in pots. The roman houses basically followed the Greek pattern. Houses were built flush to the street with inward-facing rooms connected by colonnades and openings onto an open square or atrium. Inspired from Persia and Egypt. EXAMPLE: In AD 100 Pliny the younger built a villa , Rome at Laurentinum. Gardens were chiefly planted with fig and mulberry trees. The formal layout included a well stocked kitchen garden cloisters, a summer house, and a terrace with fragmented flowers. The villa, situated on water for a cooler climate, basically for farm house set in fields. Pliny’s Tuscan garden set on hillside and incorporated water features and fountains, topiary and colonnades.

1. ANCIENTGREECEAND
ROME

2. • In contrast to the orient, there is little concern with gardens in early Greek history.
• The private house seems to have a modest affair, with social places such as the agora
and gymnasium, theatre and sacred groves. The living rooms of the house faced into
an inner court often paved and decorated with statues and plants in pots. The roman
houses basically followed the Greek pattern. Houses were built flush to the street with
inward-facing rooms connected by colonnades and openings onto an open square or
atrium.
• Inspired from Persia and Egypt.
• EXAMPLE: In AD 100 Pliny the younger built a villa , Rome at Laurentinum. Gardens
were chiefly planted with fig and mulberry trees. The formal layout included a well
stocked kitchen garden cloisters, a summer house, and a terrace with fragmented
flowers. The villa, situated on water for a cooler climate, basically for farm house set
in fields. Pliny’s Tuscan garden set on hillside and incorporated water features and
fountains, topiary and colonnades.
ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME
http://people.duke.edu/~wj25/UC_Web_Site/pliny/villas/chap3/laurentine-bigelman.html
https://intranet.royalholloway.ac.uk/classics/research/laurentine-shore-project/vicus-augustanus/home.aspx
https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_hist
ory_garden_art_design/pliny_youngers_villas_garden_letters
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/439663982357667853/
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/439663982357667853/
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/gardens-to-visit/secret-garden-gems-italy/villa-gamberaia/
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/485896247291011036/

3. • The gardens were essentially social sanctuaries, enclosed shelters from the fierce sun, wind, dust, and
noise of the streets. Shades were provided by the surrounding portico, with little need for trees. Chiefly
in pots or raised beds, and stone water basins, marble tables, and small statues were frequently used
to embellish the courts.
• The original wealth of Rome came from the surrounding agriculture landscape, many aristocrats built
villas outside Rome.
• EXAMPLE: Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli, large estate many buildings, pools and water basins, terraces and
statues which makes the complex architectural, no overall design concept to fit later. The layout has
wooded park area called Valley of the Tempe, legendary forest at the foot of mount Olympus. landscape
garden appreciated the nature and deliberately included a symbol of wilderness within their estates.
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/290271138462787747/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Maritime-Theatre-from-above_fig3_258628801
https://tourscanner.com/blog/hadrians-villa-tivoli-tours-from-rome/
http://www.athenapub.com/aria1/_Rome/tivoli-hadvilla-plan1.html
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/290271138462787791/

4. ISLAM

5. • The Islam underlay as the powerful and expensive Islamic empire 17th century centered in Damascus and Baghdad.
Extended to Northern India, North Africa, Sicily and southern Spain, largely known in 18th century.
• The origin of the basic form in Persia and the middle east, the strength of the Islamic prototype lay in religious
connotations and traditions combined development of art and definition of pleasure and uses of garden
immense wealth and power.
• The concept of Islamic garden based on the image of paradise, the well watered land of milk and honey
described in the Koran.
ISLAM
• Water was the essential ingredient for the garden practical and symbolic purposes. In
Persia, the garden by quanat from aquifers located at the base of snow covered
mountain ranges. Water flowed by gravity in undergrounded pipes and flooded the
channels and tanks, served as irrigation system in spaces between trees and plants. The
water then flows out of the garden for agriculture and domestic needs of community
or village.
• The system was entirely gravity fed and the gardens, ideally and conceptually flat,
made on slight slope. The water channels were contrived to quarter the garden into
four major rectangular portions, symbolize the cosmos and the four rivers of life.
https://www.beautifulmosque.com/Grande-Mosquee-de-Paris-France https://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/gardening/article-5251711/Paradise-Islamic-gardens.html http://gardenart2015.blogspot.com/2015/02/religious-meaning-in-roman-medieval-and.html https://yourgardenpartner.wordpress.com/2011/06/18/paradise-indeed-%E2%80%93-the-outside-
room-for-people-and-birds-the-gardens-of-the-real-alcazar-seville-part-1/
https://irantravelo.com/tours/classic-tour/group-tour/
https://igopersia.com/blog/tag/tepe-sialk-kashan/

6. • The organization was axial and geometric, but the growth of plants was profuse and natural, an
attractive contrast. They were planted in a row parallel to the water channels. Fruit trees include local,
pomegranates, dates and plums and imports such as peaches and oranges from the china
• Plants include symbolism – the cypress, symbol of death contrasting with the almond, for life and
hope. flowers abounded roses. We can find animals such as gazelles and exotic birds.
• At the center of the garden, meeting of the water channels and a large geometric pool, typical raised
pavilion, house or even a palace, open form of architecture provides free flow of air and an intimate
relation ship with indoors and out.
• The whole garden is surrounded by protective walls with small towers or pavilions at the corners and
gates on each side.
• The paradise garden of Islam was essentially an oasis, a secluded retreat protected from desert winds
and dust. Trees provide fruits and shade from the hot sun. Flowers provide colour and scent. Water
helps to cool the air. The whole was pervaded with supportive symbolism of the religious and
philosophical basis of life.
• The pleasure gardens were favourite resorts of the ruling classes and royal families who used them as
settings for indulgence in poetry and music, horticultural pursuits, and for festivals and receptions.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/gardening/article-5251711/Paradise-Islamic-gardens.html https://jannaschreier.com/2016/03/27/le-jardin-secret-marrakech/a-
birds-eye-view-of-the-islamic-garden-from-one-of-the-terraces/
https://indiagardening.com/a-little-more-than-gardening/how-to-elements-of-design-islamic-garden/ https://www.hisour.com/islamic-garden-32262/
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/343821752774537025/

7. SPAIN

8. • The Moslem expansion into Egypt and North Africa reached southern Spain in 18th
century AD, independent colonial settlement lasted by the Christians till end of 15th
century Known as moors, introduced irrigation and improved agriculture.
Remnants of the roman empire adoption of internal courtyards as a typical form
of gardens within the fortified palaces of the rulers.
• The Spanish version of the Islamic garden, combination of small roman courtyards
and the concept of space division and symbolism. The comparison of the Persian
palaces and the court of the Lyons at Granda illustrates the similarities in
architecture use of water, open pavilions for free flow of air. Water is used
symbolically and a cooling agent.
SPAIN
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_Partal_y_jardines,_la_Alhambra_de_Granada_08.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_Partal_y_jardines,_la_Alhambra_de_Granada_16.JPG
https://www.getyourguide.com/activity/granada-l207/from-granada-alhambra-and-
generalife-morning-tour-t67566?utm_force=0
https://www.headout.com/alhambra-tours/all-alhambra-skip-the-line-guided-tour-
with-nasrid-palaces-e-10048/
https://www.getyourguide.com/activity/granada-l207/alhambra-premium-small-group-
tour-with-official-guide-t160953?utm_force=0
http://funkystockphotos.com/pictures-photos-images-info/photos-of-alhambra-
palace-granada-alhambra-pictures-images/
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525811

9. • The Alhambra, fortified palace built on high ground stages between 1350 and 1500, series
of chambers and enclosed courtyards without any connecting organization.
1. The form of the complex response to climate.
2. The outside is hostile, hot and dusty. The inside is shaded, cool, and protected by thick
walls.
3. The entire structure is high ground, the windows provide the view of the landscape also
permit breezes to blow in.
4. Room associated with pools of water provide a primitive but successful air conditioning
system.
5. Channels of water ran not only in the courtyards but also into and through the buildings,
lowering temperatures and providing the cooling sound of running water.
6. The Spanish version of the Islamic garden differs from the Persian in that the former
encloses the garden in courtyards surrounded by buildings whereas the latter is a walled
garden within which the palace is located.
https://www.history.com/topics/landmarks/alhambra https://makespain.com/listing/la-alhambra-granada/
https://www.getyourguide.com/activity/granada-l207/from-granada-alhambra-and-generalife-morning-tour-t67566?utm_force=0
https://www.gvam.es/en/proyecto/la-alhambra-generalife/
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-colonial-americas/ap-art-islamic-world-medieval/a/the-alhambra

10. THE
MOGHAL GARDEN

11. • The Islamic garden in India commonly referred to as the Moghul garden after the Moghul emperors of
Turkish origin. Attracted by riches and wealth of the Hindu temples, the moslems followed the
Mongols, creating a military presence in India sacking the cities and temples and subjects to heat,
humidity and winds.
• They discovered Kashmir, summer palace were built.
• In addition to Hindu traditions, they established irrigation practices in agriculture and gardens with
temples, growing flowers played important role in religion.
• The Hindu garden was informal and profuse as a concept influenced development of the Chinese
prototype where Buddhism was introduced.
• The Moghul, were avid garden makers, with difference evolved out of the regional conditions.
• EXAMPLE: the narrow rills of water expanded into larger expanses which help to modify heat, pavilion
set on an island in a broad lake.
• The Moghul garden was a dwelling place as a enclosed, protected setting for life, in general and
pleasure, in particular.
• Horticulture was an obsession at the gardens were filled with all kinds of trees especially fruit and
flowering, brimming raised channels to provide water.
• The Moghul garden in Kashmir reflected the different geography in the plants that were grown and
typically linear on sloping sites with more water in the form of cascades and fountains.
• The Islamic garden theme in India was the tomb garden of the Moghuls, worship of ancestors, was
Moghuls concept not Persian. Which was used for pleasure until the death of the individual. Thus was
enjoyed by the living and the dead.
THE MOGHUL GARDENs
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/srinagar/shalimar-bagh/ps51718736.cms
https://www.slideshare.net/sajdazubda/shalimar-bagh-kashmir
https://www.tripoto.com/trip/eleven-quintessential-mughal-gardens-of-india-5a8edaf7525e8
https://landscapelover.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/lutyens-mughal-gardens/

12. MEXICO
AND CALIFORNIA

13. • The courtyard or patio closely linked to the living rooms and corridors of the house
is the distinguishing characteristic of the Spanish garden.
• California in the late 18th century and the series of missions built by Junipero serra
and his monks between 1769 and 1821 incorporated courtyards with central
fountain or well, diagonal paths, and plantings of imported fruit trees, herbs, and
flowers, surrounded by arcades. Domestic home steads, too adopt similar
arrangements, well suited to the California climate and style of life derived from
Spanish patterns.
• In suitable climates, a house type with a private family patio and direct indoor/
outdoor connections remains a valid form in the second half of 20th century
regardless of all social and material advances.
MEXICO AND CALIFORNIA
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/532058143447039714/
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/459367230740504260/ https://jackrandallphotography.com/locations-2/mission-san-juan-capistrano/

14. MEDIEVAL EUROPE

15. • The Medieval period of European history time between disintegration of the roman empire and the
emergence of modern Europe in 15th century.
• The sense of community isolation within a hostile landscape is evoked in Hesse's novel “Narcissus and gold
mund”
• Space which was available was used functionally for growing food or medicinal herbs.
• Gardens devoted within the walls of the castles and baronial strongholds, monasteries more extensive
areas were planted with fruits , vines, vegetables and altar flowers. The most important elements were
physical garden planted with sixteen different herbs which were basis of drugs and medical sciences.
• The herbs were concocted into lotions and preparations to treat various illnesses.
• Medieval gardens attached to castles a country houses became large, as well as utility.
• Carl Theodore Sorensen, the danish landscape historian, suggests the greater sense of craftmanship,
capable of solving practical problems, like aesthetics and ornamentation.
• The arrangement of art as well as craft.
MEDIEVAL EUROPE

16. ITALY

17. ITALY
• The theory proposed that the garden be strongly linked to the house by loggias and other architectural extensions into the landscape.
• The villas should be located on a hillside. Terraces and stairways to overcome the uneven terrain difficulties and an avenue or axis
linked up all elements and spaces of the plan.
• The gardens of early renaissance were designed as intellectual retreats where scholars and artists could work and debate in the
coolness of the countryside away from heat and frustrations of cities in summer.
• The Villa medici, designed by Michelozzo for Cosimo de’ Medici, in 1450 of Alberti's principles.
1. Site hill outside Florence
2. Several terraces were required to fit the villa into the land.
3. The entrance driveway followed the contours along the hillside arriving the top of the terrace Infront of the villa
4. Behind the house and cut-off from the rest of the garden is the Giardino Segreto or secrete garden.
• Bramante’s plan for belvedere garden of the Vatican introduced architectural steps as major garden design features to link terraces.
https://ebcevents.com/blog/2019/01/30/wedding-locations-in-rome/

18. • Villa d Este designed by Pirro Ligorio in 1575, great example for stairways and waterworks, characterized that of a prototypical
Italian garden. Dense shade as a contrast to the bright Mediterranean sunlight was provided by arrangement of avenues of tall
cypress, pleached alleys, and Arbors. Sculptures and architectural features were placed contrast will natural forms and
textures.
1. The steep slopes, terraces and flat areas were carved out,
2. supported retaining walls,
3. connected with variety of stairs, flight of steps and ramps.
4. Water diverted from river at ahigh point was directed to gardens in the form of cascades, fountains, jets and reflecting pools.
5. The presence of water desired coolness.
6. Linear patterns and axially organized layouts
7. House and garden were designed in one process as a unity .
8. The entrance at lower level and the visitor progressed through the garden with various sculpture and fountains.
https://www.viator.com/tours/Rome/Tivoli-Day-Trip-from-Rome-with-Lunch-Including-Hadrians-Villa-and-Villa-dEste/d511-21468P4
https://www.tripsavvy.com/villa-deste-tivoli-italy-visitors-guide-1507244

19. • Villa Lante, built earlier than D’este is less baroque, on a smaller scale and more intimate, design
was directly related to an existing village.
• Avenue runs between its marketplace and the front gate. The villa itself is two houses ,or one
house split into two by the garden ‘sylvia Crowe, the progression of water from a rustic quality at
the top gradually increasing and channelized from jets and waterfalls reach the bottom
architectural water parterre.
• The garden is a progression of events with changing views, symbolical meanings and increasing
enclosures.
• A stone dinning table in the upper garden utilized the water in the centre for cooling wine and
floating dishes back and forth.
• Surrounded by town and landscape beyond the wall also become progressively more visible.
• Both the gardens are an inspired combination of site and concept. The quality of the site is a strong
architectural composition.
• Intensive contrast between nature and manmade forms.
https://www.wantedinrome.com/yellowpage/villa-lante-in-bagnaia.html