Thane C. Heins Ottawa ON thaneh@potentialdifference.ca 613.293.1131

1. The Nature of Sub-Atomic Quantum Photon Energy
Creation around a Current Carrying Conductor
&
Work Performed by Quantized Fluctuating Probability Wave-function Energy
Date 2, 07, 2021
Thane C. Heins
CEO Potential Difference Inc.
Preamble: This paper explores the nature of how and why Electromagnetic (Photon) Energy is
created around all current bearing wires. According to the Work-Energy Principle this created
photon energy is responsible for performing Negative Work internally in all electric generators and
in electric vehicles where the kinetic energy is reduced during battery recharging. In 2007
Potential Difference Inc. discovered that Photon Energy could be used to perform Positive Work in
electric generators and motors and that the kinetic energy of electric generators and motors could
be increased without an external energy source.
The Nature of Matter
All matter is made up of Atoms. Atoms have a positively charged center called the Nucleus.
The Nucleus contains one or more Protons and Neutrons and is orbited by one or more
negatively charged particles called Electrons.
In 1897 the electron was discovered by J. J. Thomson, and it was quickly realized that it is
the particle (charge carrier) that carries electric currents in electric circuits.
The Quantum Nature of Electrons
Electrons are quantum objects. Along with all other quantum objects, an electron is partly a
wave and partly a particle. To be more accurate, an electron is neither literally a traditional
wave nor a traditional particle, but is instead a quantized fluctuating probability wave-
function.

2. Quantum Electromagnetic Field Energy Creation
As the electrons spin and orbit the nucleus of an atom they create an electromagnetic field.
According to the Work-Energy principle this electromagnetic field is a form of energy because
it has the capacity to perform Negative Work and reduce the kinetic energy of electric
generators and electric vehicles when electrons are caused to move in a current carrying
conductor.
The Nature of Electromagnetic Field Energy
Electromagnetic Field Energy can be described in terms of a stream of mass-less particles,
called photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of light.
Electric Current (Quantum Electron Flow) in a Conductor
Electric current is the rate of flow of charged electrons (quantum objects) in a conductor or
the flow of quantized fluctuating probability wave-functions. Electrons are negatively charged
quantum objects and when a number of electron charges moves inside a conductor it is called
electric current.
Depending on the structure of the substance, electrons can be tightly held or loosely held.
When electrons are loosely held by the nucleus, they are able to travel freely within the
physical limits of the body or conductor.
The number of electrons that are able to move governs the ability of a particular substance to
conduct electricity. Some materials allow current to move better than others. Based on the
ability of the material to conduct electricity, materials are classified into conductors and
insulators.
Conductors: allow the free flow of electrons from one charged particle to another. Conductors
allow for charge transfer through the free movement of electrons. The flow of electrons inside
the conducting material or conductor generates an electric current.

3. Electromotive Force Creates Electron Flow (Electric Current)
The force that is required to drive the electrons (quantum charged particles) and to produce
current flow through the conductor is known as voltage or Electromotive Force (EMF).
The motion of free electrons around an atom's nucleus is normally haphazard and random.
Electrons Randomly Rotating and Spinning Around an Atom's Nucleus
If a force acts on electrons to make them move in a particular direction, then the random
motion of the electrons will be eliminated and normalized in one direction. The force that acts
on the electrons to make them move in a certain direction is known as Electromotive Force
(EMF) and its quantity is known as Voltage and is measured in Volts.
Voltage creates pressure on the electrons which channels them to flow in a single direction.
In 1900 the first (classical) model of electrical conduction, the Drude model, was proposed by
Paul Drude, which finally gave a scientific explanation for Ohm's law.
In this model, a solid conductor consists of a stationary lattice of atoms (ions), with
conduction electrons moving randomly in it. A voltage across a conductor causes an electric
field, which accelerates the electrons in the direction of the electric field, causing a drift of
electrons which is the electric current.
Magnetic Field Created
around a Current Carrying
Conductor

4. The Nature of Quantum Photon Energy Created around a Current bearing Wire
Heating Effect of Electric Current
Electric current is the result of the flow of electrons.
The work done in moving the electron stream is known as electrical energy. The electrical
energy can be converted into other forms of energy such as heat energy, light energy, etc.
When an electric current flows through a conductor, heat is generated in the conductor.
Moving electrons collide with and scatter off of the atoms, which randomizes their
motion, thus converting the kinetic energy added to the electron by the field to heat
(thermal energy).
The heating effect (electrical to thermal energy conversion) is given by the following equation
H=I^2RT
The heating effect depends on the following factor:
• The time ‘t‘ for which the current flows. The longer the current flows in a conductor
more heat is generated.
• The electrical resistance of the conductor. Higher the resistance, the higher the heat
produced.
• The amount of current. The larger the amount of current higher the heat produced.

5. Cost of Moving Electrons - Work Performed in Heating the Conductor
100% of the energy conversion in a current carrying conductor can be attributed to electrical
energy being converted and dissipated as heat energy while electrons are forced to migrate
down a wire by an electromotive force.
The total energy cost is zero because energy can only be converted from on form to another.
Cost of Creating Electromagnetic Photon Energy Field around an Electron and a
Conductor
Part of the atomic structure of the atom and all matter which has existed since the Big Bang
and which creates Electromagnetic Field Energy includes electrons which perpetually spin and
rotate around the nucleus of atoms.
Electromagnetic Field or Photon Energy is created as a result of electron flow which is
simultaneously externalized around the current bearing conductor.
Forms of Work Performed by Created Quantum Photon Energy Fields in Electric
Generators and Motors
When electric current flows in the windings of a conventional electric generator the
Electromagnetic Field Energy created performs Negative Work and reduces the kinetic energy
of the generator and prime mover – according to the Work-Energy Principle. In an electric
motor this created Electromagnetic Field Energy performs Positive Work.
In electric vehicles this Negative Work is referred colloquially as electric vehicle regenerative
braking.
The classical engineering term for the Negative Work performed by created Electromagnetic
Field Energy is Generator Armature Reaction.

6. In 2007 it was discovered that when the flow of electrons down a current bearing wire was
delayed in the Time Domain, the created quantum photon energy field (created
Electromagnetic Field Energy) would also be delayed.
In conventional electric generator operation when generating electric output power, Generator
Armature Reaction; the externalized Electromagnetic Field Energy performs Negative Work
(according to Lenz's Law) which reduces the kinetic energy of the prime mover/generator
system – thus requiring additional input energy to be supplied to the prime mover in order
that additional mechanical input power can be supplied to the generator
In ReGenX Generator operation when generating electric output power, the Time Delayed
externalized Electromagnetic Field Energy performs Positive Work (according to Heins' Law)
which increases the kinetic energy of the prime mover/generator system – thus requiring
zero additional input energy to be supplied to the prime mover because zero additional
mechanical input power is required by the generator.
In the Heins' Motor Positive Work (motor system kinetic energy increase) is performed with
internally created quantum photon energy and without the need for externally supplied
electrical energy.
VIDEO PRESENTATIONS

7. Video Presentations
1) What is Generator Armature Reaction in Electricity Generation
(aka Negative Work performed by created Electromagnetic Field Energy during electricity
generation: https://youtu.be/j1tZDSZtXq0
2) How Positive Work can be performed by created Electromagnetic Field Energy during
Electricity Generation: https://youtu.be/j1tZDSZtXq0
3) How Positive Work can be Performed by Created Electromagnetic Field Energy during
Electricity Generation in an Electric Vehicle:
https://youtu.be/3O-uFXiObBc
4) How Positive Work can be performed by created Electromagnetic Field Energy in an electric
motor with zero externally supplied electric energy: https://youtu.be/scPg1U0qATM
Conclusions
Ever since the original discovery of Electromagnetism in 1820 the true nature of the
Electromagnetic Field Energy created around current bearing wires has not been fully
understood even though it has been successfully exploited in the operation of the machinery
of our modern societies.
In 2007 Potential Difference Inc. discovered that created Electromagnetic Field Energy could
be used to perform Positive Work in electric generators and in electric motors; that their
kinetic energy could be increased without requiring and externally supplied input energy.
Because the kinetic energy of these generator and motor innovations could be increased
without any external input energy - a source of internally created energy would have to be
identified.
Application of the Work-Energy Principle to the ReGenX Generator's performance identified
created Electromagnetic Field Energy as the source of the internally created energy which
contributed to the kinetic energy increase (acceleration) of Potential Difference Inc's
generator and motor innovations.
Moreover it also identified the source of energy which contributed to the deceleration or
Negative Work (kinetic energy decrease) which was being performed in all conventional
electric generators.
Furthermore the scientific community's assertion since 1834 (Lenz's Law) that Negative Work
can be performed by electric generators without energy while violating the Work-Energy
Principle was proven false.
In order to force electric generator performance into compliance with the theory of
conservation of energy (“energy cannot be created”) said generators must be provided with
the ability to perform work without energy and violate the Work-Energy Principle.
Potential Difference Inc's work exposes this false premise.
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO, Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Email: thaneh@potentialdifference.ca

8. Addendum
Work-Energy Principle:
Expanded Lenz's Law with Inclusion of the Work-Energy Principle
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law,
the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose created magnetic
field energy performs Negative Work and opposes (reduces the kinetic energy) of the change
that produces it. The induced magnetic field energy inside any loop of wire always acts to
keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant.