2. What is Object Design?
Object design is the process of adding details to the
requirements analysis and making implementation
decisions
The object designer must choose among different ways to
implement the analysis model with the goal to minimize
execution time, memory and other measures of cost.
Requirements Analysis: Use cases, functional and
dynamic model deliver operations for object model
Object Design:
- Iterates on the models, in particular the object model
and refine the models;
- Serves as the basis of implementation
3. Object design….
Object design includes four groups of activities
Service specification:-specify the subsystem services
(identified during system design) in terms of class
interfaces, including operations, arguments, type
signatures, and exceptions. interface specification
Component selection/Reuse:- use and adapt the off-the-
shelf components class libraries and additional
components for basic data structures and services.
Restructuring:- manipulate the system model to increase
code reuse or meet other design goals.
Optimization. address performance requirements of the
system model.
4. 1. Reuse: Identification of existing solutions
Use of inheritance
Off-the-shelf components and additional solution objects
Design patterns
2. Interface specification
Describes precisely each class interface
3. Object model restructuring
Transforms the object design model to improve its
understandability and extensibility
4. Object model optimization
Transforms the object design model to address performance
criteria such as response time or memory utilization.
7. Specifying Interfaces/service specification
During Requirements analysis :-
The analysts Identifying attributes and operations without
specifying their types or their parameters.
Object design: Three activities
Add visibility information
Add type signature information
Add contracts
Visibility Information
Private
Protected
Public
8. The three levels of visibility:
Private (Class implementor):
A private attribute can be accessed only by the class in which it
is defined.
A private operation can be invoked only by the class in which it
is defined.
Private attributes and operations cannot be accessed by
subclasses or other classes.
Protected (Class extender):
A protected attribute or operation can be accessed by the class
in which it is defined and on any descendent of the class.
Public (Class user):
A public attribute or operation can be accessed by any class.
10. Carefully define the public interface for classes as well
as subsystems (façade)
Always apply the “Need to know” principle.
Only if somebody needs to access the information,
make it publicly possible, but then only through well
defined channels, so you always know the access.
The fewer an operation knows
the less likely it will be affected by any changes
the easier the class can be changed
Trade-off: Information hiding vs efficiency
Accessing a private attribute might be too slow (for
example in real-time systems or games)
11. Add Type Signature Information
Add contracts
Contracts on a class enable caller and callee to share the same
assumptions about the class.
Contracts include three types of constraints:
Invariant:
Precondition:
Postcondition:
Type signature
12. Examples of Object Design Activities
Identification of existing components
Full definition of associations
Full definition of classes:
System Design => Service,
Object Design => API
Specifying the contract for each component
Choosing algorithms and data structures
Identifying possibilities of reuse
Detection of solution-domain classes
Optimization
Increase of inheritance
Decision on control
(Re-)Packaging
13. The use of inheritance
Inheritance is used to achieve two different goals
Description of Taxonomies
Interface Specification
Identification of taxonomies
Used during requirements analysis.
Activity: identify application domain objects that are hierarchically
related
Goal: make the analysis model more understandable
Service specification
Used during object design
Activity:
Goal: increase reusability, enhance modifiability and extensibility
Inheritance is found either by specialization or generalization
14. Application Domain vs Solution Domain Objects
Incident
Report
Requirements Analysis
(Language of Application
Domain)
Incident
Report
Object Design
(Language of Solution Domain)
Text box Menu Scrollbar
16. Problem with implementation inheritance:
Some of the inherited operations might exhibit unwanted behavior.
What happens if the Stack user calls Remove() instead of Pop()?
Example: I have a List
class, I need a Stack
class. How about
subclassing the Stack
class from the List class
and providing three
methods, Push() and
Pop(), Top()?
Add ()
Remove()
List
Push ()
Pop()
Stack
Top()
“Already
implemented”
Implementation Inheritance
A very similar class is already implemented that does almost
the same as the desired class implementation.
17. Implementation Inheritance vs Interface Inheritance
Implementation inheritance
Also called class inheritance
Goal: Extend an applications’ functionality by reusing functionality
in parent class
Inherit from an existing class with some or all operations already
implemented
Interface inheritance
Also called subtyping
Inherit from an abstract class with all operations specified, but not
yet implemented
18. Client Receiver Delegate
Delegates to
calls
Delegation as alternative to Implementation Inheritance
In Delegation two objects are involved in handling a request
A receiving object delegates operations to its delegate.
The developer can make sure that the receiving object does not
allow the client to misuse the delegate object
19. Delegation instead of Implementation Inheritance
Inheritance: Extending a Base class by a new operation or
overwriting an operation.
Delegation: Catching an operation and sending it to another
object.
Which of the following models is better for implementing a
stack?
+Add()
+Remove()
List
Stack
+Push()
+Pop()
+Top()
+Push()
+Pop()
+Top()
Stack
Add()
Remove()
List
20. Component Selection
Select existing
off-the-shelf class libraries
frameworks or
components
Adjust the class libraries, framework or components
Change the API if you have the source code.
Use the adapter or bridge pattern if you don’t have access
Architecture Driven Design
21. Components and Frameworks
Components
Self-contained instances of classes
Plugged together to form complete applications.
Blackbox that defines a cohesive set of operations,
Can be used based on the syntax and semantics of the interface.
Components can even be reused on the binary code level.
The advantage is that applications do not always have to be recompiled
when components change.
Frameworks:
Often used to develop components
Components are often plugged into blackbox frameworks.
22. Design patterns
Good designers know not to solve every problem from
first principles. They reuse solutions.
Practitioners do not do a good job of recording experience
in software design for others to use.
A Design Pattern systematically names ,explains, and
evaluates an important and recurring design.
set of well-engineered design patterns that practitioners
can apply when crafting their applications.
23. Becoming a Master Designer
First, One Must Learn the Rules:
Algorithms
Data Structures
Languages
Later, One Must Learn the Principles:
Structured Programming
Modular Programming
OO Programming
Finally
Design patterns must be understood, memorized, and applied.
Design patterns helps keep system models simple.
24. Patterns solve software structural problems
like:
Abstraction,
Encapsulation
Information hiding
Separation of concerns
Coupling and cohesion
Separation of interface and implementation
Single point of reference
Divide and conquer
26. Finding Objects
The hardest problems in object-oriented system development
are:
Identifying objects
Decomposing the system into objects
Requirements Analysis focuses on application domain:
Object identification
System Design addresses both, application and implementation
domain:
Subsystem Identification
Object Design focuses on implementation domain:
Additional solution objects
27. Techniques for Finding Objects
Requirements Analysis
Start with Use Cases. Identify participating objects
Textual analysis of flow of events (find nouns, verbs, ...)
Extract application domain objects by interviewing client
(application domain knowledge)
Find objects by using general knowledge
Extract objects from Use Case scenarios (dynamic model)
System Design
Subsystem decomposition
Try to identify layers and partitions
Object Design
Find additional objects by applying implementation domain
knowledge
28. Another Source for Finding Objects : Design Patterns
Types of design pattern
Composite Pattern:
Models trees with dynamic width and dynamic depth
Facade Pattern:
Interface to a subsystem
closed vs open architecture
Adapter Pattern:
Interface to reality
Bridge Pattern:
Interface to reality and prepare for future
29. Composite Pattern
Models tree structures that represent part-whole hierarchies with
arbitrary depth and width.
The Composite Pattern lets client treat individual objects and
compositions of these objects uniformly
Client Component
Leaf
Operation()
Composite
Operation()
AddComponent
RemoveComponent()
GetChild()
Children
30. Example: Graphic application
Client Graphic
Circle
Draw()
Picture
Draw()
Add(Graphic g)
RemoveGraphic)
GetChild(int)
Children
Line
Draw()
• The Graphic Class represents
both primitives (Line, Circle) and
their containers (Picture)
31. Adapter Pattern
“Convert the interface of a class into another interface clients
expect.”
The adapter pattern lets classes work together that couldn’t
otherwise because of incompatible interfaces
Used to provide a new interface to existing legacy components
(Interface engineering, reengineering).
Two adapter patterns:
Class adapter:
Uses multiple inheritance to adapt one interface to another
Object adapter:
Uses single inheritance and delegation
33. A Bridge pattern
The bridge pattern can be used to provide multiple
implementations under the same interface
Decouples an abstraction from its implementation so that
the two can vary independently
This allows to bind one from many different
implementations of an interface to a client dynamically
Example use of the Bridge Pattern:
Support multiple Database Vendors
34. Adapter vs Bridge
Similarities:
Both are used to hide the details of the underlying implementation.
Difference:
The adapter pattern is geared towards making unrelated components
work together
Applied to systems after they’re designed (reengineering, interface
engineering).
“Inheritance followed by delegation”
A bridge, on the other hand, is used up-front in a design to let
abstractions and implementations vary independently.
Green field engineering of an “extensible system”
New “beasts” can be added to the “object zoo”, even if these are not
known at analysis or system design time.
“Delegation followed by inheritance”
35. Facade Pattern
Provides a unified interface to a set of objects in a subsystem.
A facade defines a higher-level interface that makes the subsystem
easier to use (i.e. it abstracts out the gory details)
Facades allow us to provide a closed architecture
36. Design Example
Subsystem 1 can look into the Subsystem 2
(vehicle subsystem) and call on any
component or class operation at will.
Why is this good?
Efficiency
Why is this bad?
Can’t expect the caller to understand
how the subsystem works or the
complex relationships within the
subsystem.
Subsystem 2
Subsystem 1
AIM
Card
SA/RT
Seat