Taryn Borelli final defense presentation of Master's Report research on the social value of artificial floating islands.

1. THE FLOATING GREEN
Taryn Borelli | Master’s Report Thesis | Landscape Architecture
Final Defense| April 11th, 2019
Creating Design Guidelines for Artificial Floating
Islands as Social Green Spaces Along Urban
Waterfronts
Dr. Amir Gohar | Prof. Jessica Canfield | Dr. Stacy Hutchinson

2. Research Question:
“How can artificial floating islands (AFIs) along urban
waterfronts support human social and recreational
activities while maintaining their existing ecological
services and contextual significance?”

3. BACKGROUND

4. Photo by Borelli 2018.
Artificial Floating Island (AFI) - A man-made structure that
floats on the surface of water and is installed with plants,
allowing the roots to be fully submerged in the water.

5. DWELLINGS ON LAKE TITICACA DWELLINGS ON THE MESOPOTAMIAN
MARSHLANDS
Floating Island, Piotr Wojtkowski n.d . CC Public Domain. https://bit.ly/2ReM2J6
BAIRA AGRICULTURE IN BANGLADESH
Inle Lake, Burma – Floating Gardens, Thomas Schoch 2010. Wikimedia Commons https://bit.ly/2UfBxam
HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS

6. GREYMOUTH LANDFILL in SOUTH ISLAND,
NEW ZEALAND
Andrews 2013.
BANGOR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Andrews 2013.
ECOLOGICAL USES
WOLF CREEK in SUMMERLEE, WV
Floating Wetland System Installed Levi Rose 2010. Public https://goo.gl/TPrAL9

7. CHICAGO RIVERWALK
©Christian Phillips Photography. Courtesy of Sasaki
USES IN CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
MERCHANT SQUARE
Recycled Park 2018. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2NCj5W8
RECYCLED PARK

8. METHODS

9. Research Methods:
Precedent Studies
Interviews With Experts
Guideline Development
Projective Design

10. RESEARCH METHODS Borelli 2018.

11. RECYCLED PARK
ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS
0 100 200
1,500 SQFT

12. MERCHANT SQUARE FLOATING PARK
LONDON, ENGLAND
0 100 200
7,858 SQFT

13. “SEEDS OF CHANGE”
BRISTOL, ENGLAND
0 100 200
1,200 SQFT

14. THE JETTY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
©Christian Phillips Photography. Courtesy of Sasaki
0 100 200
2,048 SQFT

15. BAIMA CANAL RESTORER
FUZHOU, CHINA
0 100 200
13,120 SQFT
Courtesy of John Todd Ecological Design

16. INTERVIEWEES
Recycled Park:
RAMON KNOESTER
Founder of the Recycled
Island Foundation
Merchant Square:
BEN DEWHIRST
Landscape Architect at
Garden Club London
“Seeds of Change”:
MARIA THEREZA ALVES
Artist
The Jetty:
STEVEN WALZ
Associate Landscape
Architect at Sasaki
Baima Canal Restorer:
DR. DAVID BENJAMIN
Senior Advisor at John
Todd Ecological Design

17. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Would you like to be affiliated with your answers or remain anonymous?
2. What was the inspiration for the design?
3. What were the driving goals you wished to achieve through this design?
4. Do you feel this design has achieved your goals? How so?
5. Have you conducted post-implementation evaluations? What were the results?
6. What feedback, if any, have you received from visitors to the site?
7. How have people used the site since its implementation?
8. Are there any special events that happen on-site (i.e. educational programs, cultural events, religious events)?
9. What species of plants are maintained on-site?
10. Have you noticed any animals on, or immediately surrounding the site?
11. What are the maintenance procedures for the site?
12. Has maintenance been successful and compliant to recommendations? How so?
13. Who owns the site and who is responsible for the maintenance of the site?
14. Who paid for the fabrication and implementation costs of the design?
15. What local policies and land jurisdictions apply to your site and how have you navigated those?
16. In your opinion, what else could be done to make the design more successful?
17. Is there any other information you wish to provide?

18. Project for Public Space 2018. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2JwyUg0Ehrlich and Mooney 1983
GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
Ehrlich and Mooney 1983.
Three well-known frameworks inform the
framework for AFI design guidelines.

19. GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT

20. PROJECTIVE DESIGN ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

21. FINDINGS

22. PRECEDENT + INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
MATERIALS + METHODS
ECONOMY
ECOLOGICAL USESTYPOLOGY RECREATIONAL USES
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
LIMITATIONSGOVERNANCE
A series of eight matrices synthesize
the information found in the precedent
studies and interviews.

23. PRECEDENT + INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
Each matrix measures the variables of each
precedent and the trends of the variables
across all five precedents.
On a scale
from 1 to 3
On a scale
from 1 to 3

24. TYPOLOGY
RECREATIONAL USES
ECOLOGICAL USES
ECOSYSTEM SERVICESLIMITATIONS
MATERIALS + METHODS
ECONOMIC
GOVERNANCE
PRECEDENT + INTERVIEW ANALYSIS: THE JETTY
Using a threshold of 60% (40% for limitations),
the radial graphs identify which variables are
most influential to a precedent’s success.

25. Typology
Recreational
Uses
Ecological
Uses
Ecosystem
ServicesLimitations
Materials +
Methods
Economic
Governance
BAIMA CANAL RESTORER
Typology
Recreational
Uses
Ecological
Uses
Ecosystem
ServicesLimitations
Materials +
Methods
Economic
Governance
THE JETTY
PRECEDENT + INTERVIEW ANALYSIS - PRECEDENT COMPARISON
Typology
Recreational
Uses
Ecosystem
ServicesLimitations
Economic
Governance
RECYCLED PARK
Ecological
Uses
Materials +
Methods
Typology
Recreational
Uses
Ecosystem
ServicesLimitations
Economic
Governance
MERCHANT SQUARE
Ecological
Uses
Materials +
Methods
Typology
Recreational
Uses
Ecosystem
Services
Limitations
Economic
Governance
“SEEDS OF CHANGE”
Ecological
Uses
Materials +
Methods
Using a threshold of 60%
(40% for limitations), the
radial graphs identify which
variables are most influential
to a precedent’s success.

26. PRECEDENT + INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
40%
12
A threshold of 40% identifies which
variables are most used and valued
amongst all the precedents.

27. PRECEDENT + INTERVIEW ANALYSIS - CHARACTERISTIC COMPARISON
Bar charts compare the popularity of
each variables across all the precedents
for each theme.

28. PRECEDENT + INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
PRECEDENT
COMPARISON
CHARACTERISTIC COMPARISON ADDITIONAL INTERVIEW
INFORMATION
DESIGN GUIDELINES
The radial graphs, bar charts, and
interviews with experts help form the
social AFI design guidelines.

29. GUIDELINES

30. SOCIABILITY:
Sense of ownership of a social AFI. This section of the guidelines
includes community engagement, stewardship of the place,
education, and inclusion of the local culture.
SOCIAL AFI DESIGN GUIDELINES
.
Install educational signage to inform users of the local ecology, the
AFI’s systems, and any other relevant information such as
aquaculture or local history.
Have a separate AFI for wildlife that is still close enough to offer
educational value.
Amia Calva aka Bowfin and Sundfishes, Bemep 2008. Public License https://bit.ly/2He55BW

31. USES + ACTIVITIES:
The active use of a social AFI. This section of the guidelines
includes the day-to-day use of the AFI, as well as special organized
events.
SOCIAL AFI DESIGN GUIDELINES
Provide comfortable and varied seating that can accommodate special
events, as well as a myriad of day-to-day recreational activities.

32. COMFORT + IMAGE:
Physical design and perceived image of a social AFI. This section of
the guidelines includes materials used, maintenance procedures,
and creation of a safety and comfort.
SOCIAL AFI DESIGN GUIDELINES
Materials should be attractive, lightweight, durable, and
low-maintenance.
Prefabricated elements are favorable for a busy site.
Strive to establish post-implementation monitoring.
Provide adequate lighting to promote nightlife usage.

33. ACCESS + LINKAGES:
The accessibility, both physical and visual, of a social AFI. This
section of the guidelines includes site selection and different
strategies for access.
SOCIAL AFI DESIGN GUIDELINES
Access ramps should be adaptable to varying water heights.
The AFI should be placed in a site so that it does not conflict with boat
traffic.
Social AFIs should be situated in an area with relatively high existing foot
traffic.
Social AFIs should be situated in a place with significant scenery, whether
it be naturalized or urban.

34. GOVERNANCE:
The management of a social AFI. This section of the guidelines
includes ownership, programs and initiatives, who’s responsible
for the maintenance, and when the AFI is open to the public.
SOCIAL AFI DESIGN GUIDELINES
Aim to become part of a program or initiative. It is an effective way to
garner support and increase public awareness of the social AFI.
Having a public owner or client usually entails hired maintenance staff
and, sometimes, security.
Allow the social AFI be opened to the public year-round.
The owner or client must be able to provide consistent funding for
ongoing maintenance and monitoring after the social AFI’s
implementation.

35. ECONOMY:
The finances of a place. This section of the guidelines includes who
pays for the fabrication, installation, and maintenance of the AFI
and any additional funding from outside parties.
SOCIAL AFI DESIGN GUIDELINES
Be aware that readily available funding is key to keeping a site
well-maintained, monitored, and accessible to the public.
Work to market the social AFI. High-profile public projects tend to be
better-funded.
Maximize the ecological and educational aspects of the social AFI, as it is
more likely to be better-funded.

36. GUIDELINES AND PROJECTIVE DESIGN ITERATIVE PROCESS
PRIOR PROJECTIVE
DESIGN
DRAFT DESIGN
GUIDELINES
REVISED PROJECTIVE
DESIGN
FINAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
FINAL PROJECTIVE
DESIGN
INFORMS INFORMS INFORMS INFORMS
Design guidelines and projective design
inform each other in an iterative process.

37. PROJECTIVE DESIGN SITE SELECTION
2
1
Schieffer 2016. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2I6YV8R
Recycled Park 2018. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2NCj5W8
Lightelm 2012. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Su0XEYCasanova and Hernández 2014.
3
1
2
3
REALIZED PRECEDENTS
UNREALIZED CONCEPTS BY CASSANOVA & HERNANDEZ
0 500 1000250

38. PROJECTIVE DESIGN SITE SELECTION
Nederlands GraphyArchy 2018. Wikimedia Commons https://bit.ly//2XEN71A
Spoorweghaven, Rotterdam, Joris 1919 2007. Wikimedia Commons https://bit.ly/2ENqEb2
Oude Haven, Frans Berkelaar 2015. Public License https://bit.ly/2HdKwpu
3
A
C
A
B
C
DESIGNED SITE OPTION
UNUSED SITE OPTION
RIJNHAVEN
SPOORWEGHAVEN
OUDE HAVEN
B
0 500 1000250

39. PRELIMINARY PROJECTIVE DESIGN PRIOR GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
Oude Haven, Frans Berkelaar 2015. Public License https://bit.ly/2HdKwpu
C
SITE C - OUDE HAVEN
0 50 10025

40. 0 10 2050
PRELIMINARY PROJECTIVE DESIGN PRIOR GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT SITE C - OUDE HAVEN
Highexistingfoottraffic
Connectiontoadjacentplaza.
Accessramp.
Wildlife
AFI
Wildlife connection
to other harbors and
Nieuwe Maas
Main AFI
1. VIEWS FROM PEDESTRIAN WALK
2. VIEWS FROM OUTDOOR RESTAURANT
3. VISUAL CONNECTION TO WILDLIFE AFI
4. VIEWS TO WITTE HUIS BUILDING +
WILLEMSBRUG
5. VIEWS TO CUBE HOUSES
1
1
2
2
3
4
5

41. 1. INDEPENDANT WILDLIFE FLOATER
2. BENCHES
3. FLOATING TREE WELL
4. AFI PLANTER BED
5. ACCESS RAMP
6. EDUCATIONAL SIGNAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 2050
PRELIMINARY PROJECTIVE DESIGN PRIOR GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
2
4
SITE C - OUDE HAVEN
A
A
AREA = 1,600 SQ.FT.

42. PRELIMINARY PROJECTIVE DESIGN PRIOR GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
0 5 10
SECTION A-A
SITE C - OUDE HAVEN
1. COMPOSITE WOOD DECKING
2. GALVANIZED STEEL FRAME
3. BIOHAVEN FLOATING PLANTING
MATRIX
4. NYLON ROPES FOR BIOFILM
5. FLOATING TREE WELL IN REUSED
BUOY
6. TETHERING SYSTEM
7. PLASTIC BUOYANCY MODULES
8. CONCRETE AND GALVANIZED
STEEL PIER SYSTEM
9. COMPOSITE WOOD SEATING
9
1
2
2 2
3 3
4
7
5
6
8

43. REVISED PROJECTIVE DESIGN AFTER GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
Spoorweghaven, Rotterdam, Joris 1919 2007. Wikimedia Commons https://bit.ly/2ENqEb2
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 80 16040
B

44. REVISED PROJECTIVE DESIGN AFTER GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 15 30
High existing foot traffic
Connectiontoadjacentplaza.
Accessramp.
Wildlife
AFI
Wildlife connection
to other harbors and
Nieuwe Maas
1. VIEWS FROM APARTMENT BUILDINGS
2. VISUAL CONNECTION TO WILDLIFE AFI
3. FRAMED VIEW OF ART AS FOCAL POINT
4. LARGE GATHERING SPACE
5. SMALL SEATING SPACE
6. CHILDREN’S PLAY
7. AFI BUFFER
1
1
6
2 3
4
5
1
1
55
2
2
7
7
7
7

45. 1. INDEPENDANT WILDLIFE FLOATER
2. BENCHES
3. FLOATING TREE WELL
4. AFI PLANTER BED
5. ACCESS RAMP
6. EDUCATIONAL SIGNAGE
7. MOVABLE SEATING
8. ART INSTALLATION
9. CHILDREN’S PLAY
10. STRING LIGHTING
11. CANOPY
1
2
4
6
7
8
REVISED PROJECTIVE DESIGN AFTER GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
5
3
11
9 10
10
0 15 30
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
7
7
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
B
B
AREA = 6,058 SQ.FT.

46. B
B
REVISED PROJECTIVE DESIGN AFTER GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
0 15 30
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
AREA = 6,058 SQ.FT.
Create fish, waterfowl,
pollinator, and other
wildlife habitat.
Have a separate AFI for wildlife that
floats independently from the rest
of the design but is still close
enough to offer educational value.
Attractiveness and unique
features of a social AFI
attracts more users.
Art installations are an
effective way to draw users
and garner public support.
Comfortable and varying
seating is crucial to the
usage of a social AFI.
When choosing materials,
opt for those that are
lightweight, durable, and
low-maintenance.
In some contexts,
overhead structures
should be used for
shelter from the
elements.
Provide adequate
lighting to promote
nightlife usage.
Make access ramps that
are adaptable to varying
water heights.
APPLIED GUIDELINES

47. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
REVISED PROJECTIVE DESIGN AFTER GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
0 7.5 15
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
1. COMPOSITE WOOD DECKING
2. GALVANIZED STEEL FRAME
3. BIOHAVEN FLOATING PLANTING
MATRIX
4. NYLON ROPES FOR BIOFILM
5. FLOATING TREE WELL IN REUSED
BUOY
6. TETHERING SYSTEM
7. PLASTIC BUOYANCY MODULES
8. CONCRETE AND GALVANIZED
STEEL PIER SYSTEM
9. ARTIFICIAL TURF
10. FOAM MATRIX FOR PLAY MOUNDS
11. GALVANIZED STEEL BUMPERS
12. LIGHTWEIGHT CANVAS CANOPY
9
1
2 2 2 2 2
22
3 3 3
44
5 5
77
6 6
8 8 8 8
10
11 11
12

48. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
REVISED PROJECTIVE DESIGN AFTER GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT
0 7.5 15
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
Create fish, waterfowl,
pollinator, and other
wildlife habitat.
Have a separate AFI for wildlife that
floats independently from the rest
of the design but is still close
enough to offer educational value.
Strategies constructed underneath
the social AFI base can provide
extra habitat and add to the
ecological value of the design.
Comfortable and varying seating is
crucial to the usage of a social AFI.
When choosing materials, opt for
those that are lightweight, durable,
and low-maintenance..
Appropriate buoyant materials
include plastic buoyancy modules.
In some contexts, overhead
structures should be used for
shelter from the elements.
Provide adequate lighting to
promote nightlife usage.
APPLIED GUIDELINES

49. FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN
Spoorweghaven, Rotterdam, Joris 1919 2007. Wikimedia Commons https://bit.ly/2ENqEb2B
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 80 16040

50. FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 15 30
High existing foot traffic
Connectiontoadjacentplaza.
Accessramp.
Wildlife
AFI
Wildlife connection
to other harbors and
Nieuwe Maas
1. VIEWS FROM APARTMENT BUILDINGS
2. VISUAL CONNECTION TO WILDLIFE AFI
3. ART INSTALLATION
4. LARGE GATHERING SPACE
5. VISUAL CONNECTION TO ART
6. CHILDREN’S PLAY
7. AFI BUFFER
1
1
6
3
4
5
1
1
2
2
7
7
7
7
3
5

51. FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN
1. INDEPENDANT WILDLIFE FLOATER
2. BENCHES
3. FLOATING TREE WELL
4. AFI PLANTER BED
5. ACCESS RAMP
6. EDUCATIONAL SIGNAGE
7. MOVABLE SEATING
8. ART INSTALLATION
9. CHILDREN’S PLAY
10. STRING LIGHTING
1
5
2
3
4
C
C
2
2
3 3
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
7
8
8
9 10
10
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 15 30
D
D
AREA = 5,715 SQ.FT.

52. C
C
D
D
FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN
4
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 15 30
AREA = 5,715 SQ.FT.
Integrate native plants
and wildlife habitat
wherever possible.
Position wildlife AFI
close enough for the
users to observe wildlife,
but far enough away to
provide more comfort to
both the wildlife and
users.
Install
educational
signage..
Integrate unique
features such as art.
Provide comfortable and
varied seating.
The social AFI must be large
enough to accommodate
different recreational uses.
Materials should be
attractive, lightweight,
durable, and
low-maintenance.
Provide adequate
lighting.
Social AFIs must be close
the water’s edge to
maintain accessibility.
Make access ramps that
are adaptable to varying
water heights.
APPLIED GUIDELINES

53. FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN
0 6 123
SECTION C-C
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
1. COMPOSITE WOOD DECKING
2. GALVANIZED STEEL FRAME
3. BIOHAVEN FLOATING PLANTING
MATRIX
4. NYLON ROPES FOR BIOFILM
5. FLOATING TREE WELL IN REUSED
BUOY
6. TETHERING SYSTEM
7. MARINTEK PONTOON SYSTEM
8. MARINTEK PIER SYSTEM
9. ARTIFICIAL TURF
10. FOAM MATRIX FOR PLAY MOUNDS
11. PLASTIC BUMPERS
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
44
5 56 6
8 8 88
7 7
910
111111

54. FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN
0 6 123
SECTION C-C
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
Integrate native plants and wildlife
habitat wherever possible.
Maximize the space under the
AFI with man-made strategies.
Integrate unique
features such as art.
Provide comfortable and
varied seating.
Materials should be attractive,
lightweight, durable, and
low-maintenance.
Use buoyancy materials
such as a pontoon system.
Provide adequate lighting to
promote nightlife usage.
Tether the AFI to multiple
vertical piers inserted into the
bottom of the water body.
APPLIED GUIDELINES

55. FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN
SECTION D-D
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 6 123
1. COMPOSITE WOOD DECKING
2. GALVANIZED STEEL FRAME
3. BIOHAVEN FLOATING PLANTING
MATRIX
4. NYLON ROPES FOR BIOFILM
5. FLOATING TREE WELL IN REUSED BUOY
6. TETHERING SYSTEM
7. MARINTEK PONTOON SYSTEM
8. MARINTEK PIER SYSTEM
9. PLASTIC BUMPERS
1
2 2 2 3
4
5 5 5
56
7
8 8 8
9

56. FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN
SECTION D-D
SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
0 6 123
Integrate native plants and wildlife
habitat wherever possible.
Maximize the space under the AFI
with man-made strategies.
Install
educational
signage.
Integrate unique
features such as art.
Materials should be attractive,
lightweight, durable, and
low-maintenance. Use additional buoyancy materials
such as a pontoon system.
Provide adequate lighting to
promote nightlife usage.
Social AFIs must be close the water’s
edge to maintain accessibility.
Make access ramps that are
adaptable to varying water heights.
Position wildlife AFI
close enough for the
users to observe wildlife,
but far enough away to
provide more comfort to
both the wildlife and
users.
APPLIED GUIDELINES

57. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR FINAL PROJECTIVE DESIGN SITE B - SPOORWEGHAVEN
● A public owner or client usually entails hired maintenance staff.
● Strive to establish post-implementation monitoring.
● The owner or client must be able to provide consistent funding for ongoing maintenance
and monitoring after the social AFI’s implementation.
● Readily available funding is key to keeping a site well-maintained, monitored, and
accessible to the public.
● Maximize the ecological and educational aspects of the social AFI, as it is more likely to be
better-funded.
● Integrate native plants and wildlife habitat wherever possible.
● Aim to become part of a program or initiative.
● Allow the social AFI be opened to the public year-round.
Iris “pseudocarus (Yellow Flag Iris) Limonilum vulargare (Sea Lavendar) Sagittaria sagittifolia (Arrowhead)
Typhia latfolia (Broadleaf Cattail) Carex acutiformis (Sedge) Ulmus (Elm)
● City of Rotterdam will own the site and fund its
design, construction, and ongoing maintenance
through the The Department of Traffic and Spatial
Development of the Public Housing Department.
● The Division will hire an expert to assess the
condition of the AFI once a month for a year after
implementation, once every other month for the
next two years, and then biannually after the third
year of implementation.
● The Division will also hire a maintenance staff to
maintain the AFI as outlined by the Public Green
Management approach of Rotterdam.
● Open to the public year-round.
(Pichard 2007) (Bendel 2010)
GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMY PLANT PALETTE
APPLIED GUIDELINES

58. CONCLUSION

59. “ ”
RESEARCH SUMMARY
Looked at artificial floating islands (AFIs) through a social/recreational
lense.
Compiled knowledge from many successful precedents into one set of
design guidelines.
Developed framework can be applied to other types of sustainable green
spaces design and can be added to and adapted in the future.
Developed a more quantitative method of synthesizing information about
multiple precedents that can be adapted even further to apply to the rest of
the design realm.
Time constraints and not being able to schedule interviews led to the
removal of 2 precedents
How can artificial floating islands (AFIs) along urban waterfronts
support human social and recreational activities while maintaining
their existing ecological services and contextual appropriateness?
DEVELOPED FRAMEWORK
MATRICES
RADIAL GRAPHS BAR CHARTS SENGKANG FLOATING WETLAND
SPRUCE STREET HARBOR PARK

60. FUTURE RESEARCH
● Focus on construction materials and methods for AFIs.
● “Provisioning” ecosystem services for AFIs in an urban context: provision of food, raw
materials, medicinal resources, and fresh water.
● Construction and post-implementation evaluation of AFI designs as public green space.
● How AFIs perform socially in different contexts.
● To what extent humans can occupy AFIs without disrupting the ecological goals of AFIs.

61. THE FLOATING GREEN
Creating Design Guidelines for Artificial Floating
Islands as Social Green Spaces Along Urban
Waterfronts