2.  Sexual-Economic Relationships stem from a
multitude of factors. Little research has been done
to bridge the social and academic gaps of
sexuality; which consequently also leaves gaps in
social and political domains. (Kempadoo, 195)
 These factors contribute to the high rates of Sex
Tourism and Prostitution in China, Pornography
and Human Trafficking.

3. Oppressive
Laws and
Policies
Conservative
Moralities
Negative
Beliefs
Stigma and
Prejudice
Violence

4.  Sex Tourism implies travel to a country with the
intent to engage in sexual activity.
“Governments have adopted tourism as a way of
diversifying their economics, overcoming economic
crises and acquiring foreign currency .” (Pereira &
Kandaswamy, 186)

5. The deterioration of women’s rights under new
economic order has further limited the capacity
of women to enjoy equal access to:
 Education
 Employment
 Welfare/ Social
 Political Advancement
(Jayagupta, 227)

6.  The eroding of women’s economic reform
rights under economic reform coupled with
the weakening of legal and political
protection, women have played a significant
role in the boom of the sex trade industry in
China.
 It is estimated that China has about 4 million
prostitutes that are working in the sex
industry as an attempt to escape poverty.
(Xin, 1429-1431)

7.  Unemployment has effected Chinese society
and the influx of labor from rural areas to
cities.
 The sexual revolution in China that promised
economic prosperity gas brought change to
people’s sex life’s and attitude towards sex.
 The rediscovery of sexual freedom during
the period of economic reform has continued
the growth of the commercial sex industry.
(So-kum Tang, 199-204)

8. “For political reasons, economic reasons,
bodies have been fragmented and divided
into their component parts: hearts, breasts,
eyes, hair, lips, penises and vaginas.
Fragmented, dehumanized bodies are more
easily commodified, and hence more easily
transformed.” (Esterik, 124)
 Women began to see that they were able to
gain a big cash out of selling their bodies.
(Xin, 1432)

9.  Fueled by the economic disparity, high
unemployment and the search for cheap labor,
human trafficking has expanded significantly in
recent decades. (Jayagupta, 228)
 In 2005 The U.S. State Department estimated
that some 600,00-800,00 people were trafficked
across borders each year. And of that number
80% were women and girls. (Pereira &
Kandaswamy, 182)

10. Many people who are trafficked into commercial
sex work often become dependable on employers.
Factors listed below explain some reasons why
sex trafficking happens and continues:
 Debt bondage
 Under control of a criminal network
 Don’t know legal rights
 No access for redress
 Lack of valid travel documents
(Jayagupta, 229)

11. Commercial
sexual
exploitation
43%
Mixed
25%
Other
economic
exploitation
32%
 According to the
International Labour
Organization most
trafficking is for sexual
exploitation.
 There are about 127
countries that people are
trafficked to and from.
 China has high levels of
both origin and destination.
Country of
Origin
Country of
Destination
(Pereira & Kandaswamy,
181)

12. “ Like other forms if production, the production
of pornography is shifting towards countries
with low labor costs and little state regulation
because these economic conditions favor
producers.”
 Sarikakis and Shaukat point out the
increased interlinking of pornography,
prostitution, and trafficking creates a
complex system of exploitation that feeds to
the global sex industry. (Pereira &
Kandaswamy, 178)

13.  China’s economic conditions are constantly being
reinforced by oppressive laws and policies that deny
women equal access to resources like education and
employment, leaving them without money, knowledge and
power to better their lives. Violence against women still
exists in China and because of the high rates of sex
tourism and trafficking; women’s bodies continue to be
exploited for money. As these examples have illustrated,
changes in the global economy can have detrimental
effects on all the factors that influence sexual-economic
relationships.
 A proposed strategy for promoting sexual freedom goes as
follows; there should be a development of sexual
education that empowers women and girls and efforts
should be made to include sexual human rights
frameworks into social justice. (Pereira & Kandaswamy,
188)

14.  Catherine So-kum Tang, Day Wong, Fanny M.C Cheung, Antoinette
Lee. “Exploring how Chinese define violence against women: A focus
group study in Hong Kong Women's Studies International Forum.”
Volume 23, Issue 2, March–April 2000, Pages 197–209. Women's
Studies International. Web. 20 May 2013
 Esterik, Penny Van . "Global Politics of the Body." Women worldwide:
transnational feminist perspectives on women. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2011. 124. Print.
 Jayagupta, Ratchada. "The Thai Government’S Repatriation And
Reintegration Programmes: Responding To Trafficked Female
Commercial Sex Workers From The Greater Mekong
Subregion." International Migration 47.2 (2009): 227-253. Women's
Studies International. Web. 28 May 2013.
 Kempadoo, Kamala. "Toward a Vision of Sexual and Economic Justice
." Women worldwide: transnational feminist perspectives on women.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 195-196. Print.
 Pereiera, Charmaine, and Priya Kandaswamy. "Sexualities
Worldwide." Women worldwide: transnational feminist perspectives on
women. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 178-186. Print.
 Xin, Pen. "Prostitution and Economic Modernization In
China." Violence Against Women 5.12 (1999): 1411-1434.Women's
Studies International. Web. 1 June 2013.