2. THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• Spans the 18th and 19th centuries
• Agrarian rural societies become
industrial and urban
• Shift toward powered, special
purpose machinery, factories, and
mass production
• Advancements in transportation,
communication and banking
3. Designated shifts for work
and leisure
The birth of the weekend
• First time with a day not
devoted to work or the
Sabbath
LEISURE TIME
4. The 19th century (1800s) saw a
“vast proliferation of visual forms of
pop culture”
• Lantern slides
• Books of photographs
• Illustrated fiction
EARLY VISUAL ENTERTAINMENT
7. STEREOSCOPE
• Usually handheld
• Created a 3D effect by
juxtaposing two images
• Allowed users to view
exotic locales, historical
events, and literary scenes
and characters
8.
9. OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL
ENTERTAINMENT
Circuses
Amusement Parks
Music Halls
Freak Shows
Theatrical Productions
Vaudeville
16. PERCEIVED MOTION
“First, scientists had to realize that the human eye will perceive
motion if a series of slightly different images his place before it in
rapid succession – minimally, around 16 per second.”
Flipbook: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FH97UerMW6I
Phenakistoscope: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4B3FHHt_k8
Zoetrope: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3yarT_h2ws
17. Persistence of Vision
If still images are shown at a fast
enough rate (optimal 24 fps)
then the brain doesn’t have
enough time to “forget” the
previous image and they overlap
and appear as movement.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
18. PHYSIOLOGICAL
Phi Effect
When two key moments of a
motion are shown back to back
the brain fills in the gap, usually
with a blur.
3 Requirements of Cinema
Factory schedule -> leisure time -> need to fill it -> novelties rise
Photography
Physiological effects
Magic lantern
World's earliest surviving camera photograph, 1826 or 1827: View from the Window at Le Gras by Nicéphore Niépce
Several days exposure was necessary to create this image, the images
Till 14:19 stop
Hired by CA Gov Leland Stanford in 1872 to prove that a horses feet leave the ground during a gallop, to win a $25,000 bet.
Using 12 cameras lined up along a track, triggered by string tripwires, Muybridge begins his experiments in “series photography”
Stanford wins his bet, at the cost of $40,000
Eventually, Muybridge expands and experiments with “series photography” and uses 24 and even 40 cameras and a variety of subjects
Limitations – number of sequential exposures is limited
Hand gets tired of pulling the trigger
Looped animation or moving images from a series of stills - vine anyone?
