The document provides an introduction to nanomedicine, including a brief history and properties of nanoscale materials. It discusses that nanomedicine involves applying nanotechnology to medical applications like diagnostics and therapeutics. Specifically, it describes how nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia cancer treatment, and tissue regeneration. The document concludes that while nanotechnology poses some risks, the field shows great promise for advancing medicine and has grown significantly in recent decades.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
NANOMEDICINE
Introduction to Nanotechnology, History of
Nanomedicine and
Properties of Nanoscale materials

2. Introduction
• Nanomedicine are essentially important milestone of nanoscience
and nanotechnology.
• Nanotechnology is a broad interdisciplinary area of research that has
been growing exponentially over a couple of decades.
• The concepts that sowed seeds for this flourishing new branch of
science and technology were first discussed by Richard Feynman on
Dec 29 1959 in his talk named as “There’s a plenty of room at the
bottom”.
• His speech described the possibility of synthesis of nanoscale
materials by direct manipulation of atoms. Feynman suggested that
it should be possible to make nanoscale machines that "arrange the
atoms the way we want", and do chemical synthesis by mechanical
manipulation.

3. • He was particularly interested in possibilities of denser computer
circuits and microscopes that are capable of visualizing much
smaller things than a scanning electron microscope could do.
• These ideas were later utilized for the construction of scanning
tunneling microscope, atomic force microscope and storage systems
such as Millipede, created by researchers at IBM.
• He also presented the possibility of “Swallowing the doctor". This
concept involved building a tiny, swallowable surgical robot.
• The term Nanotechnology was first coined by Norio Taniguchi in
1974.
• The Nanotechnology Research and Development Act was passed by
the US government in 2003 called researchers for a study of the
technical feasibility of molecular manufacturing of nanoparticles
signed into law by President Bush on December 3, 2003.

5. What are Nanomaterials ?
• Nanoscale materials are defined as the substances which are
smaller than 100nm. And the typical size of a nanomaterial is 10
to 100nm.
• One nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter i.e. 1mm=1*10˄6
nm.
• Nanomaterials have gained interest due to their unique optical,
magnetic and electrical properties at this scale.

6. Nanomedicine
• Nanomedicine are the biomedical application nanotechnology.
• The European Science Foundation (ESF) has defined nanomedicine as
“The science and technology of diagnosing, treating and preventing
diseases and traumatic injuries of relieving pain and improving
human health using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of
human body”.
• The major aim of nanomedicine is comprehensive monitoring,
control, construction, repair, defense, and improvement of all
human biological systems working from the molecular level using
engineered devices and nanostructures ultimately to achieve health
benefits.

7. Timeline of Nanomedicine
• The origin of nanomedicine takes back to the Ayurvedic medicine
where a metallic preparation called Bhasma was prepared and
consumed.
• Bhasmas contained metal particles that are processed by the Puta
system of Ayurveda such as exposing to heat, decoction etc. These
products are considered to be the first nanomedicine.
• The platform for modern nanomedicine was laid down by ESF in 2003
by launching Forward look of Nanomedicine which summarized the
recommendations for preparing medicines at nanoscale.
• In 2004 High level group European Technology Platform for
Nanomedicine was launched.

8. • The National Cancer Institute (NCI) launched the Cancer
Nanotechnology Plan as a strategy to initiate the clinical oncological
research through directed application of nanotechnology in 2004.
• In 2005, the Strategic Research Agenda for Nanomedicine was
released as a first step towards research on nanomedicine.
• In 2007, European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine was
established in Basel, Switzerland..
• The first modern nanomedicine was launched in June 2010 for the
treatment of Breast cancer which was manufactured in the name of
Abraxane.

9. • Abraxane is a protein bound Paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is a mitotic
inhibitor, in Abraxane the drug is supplemented with albumin that
acts a delivery vehicle.
• In 2013 FDA widened the use of Abraxane to treat Pancreatic
adenocarcinoma. By 2014 the sales of Abraxane was $848million
over the globe.
• Currently there are more than 38 nanomedicine in the market with
estimated sales of about $6.8billion.
• The field of nanomedicine is growing rapidly at a rate of about 25%
per annum with a huge amount of $3.8billion being invested in R&D
sector in nanomedicine as of 2015.

11. Properties of nanoparticles
• Optical Properties
• The reason for a material to appear colored is because of the Surface
Plasmon (SP). SP can be defined as the natural oscillation of electron
cloud inside an atom. An atom absorbs a photon which has a
frequency/wavelength similar to it’s SP and appears colorful.
• SP depends upon the dielectric properties of an atom and in case of
nanoparticles SP is dependent on the shape.
• The SP of a spherical nanoparticle is about 0.58 times of SP of the
parent atom. So if the SP of an atom lies in the visible region of the
Electromagnetic spectrum, the SP of it’s spherical nanostructure will be
on UV region. For example SP of a Gold atom is 520nm (visible region)
whereas SP of Au/Np is about 302nm (UV region).

12. Mathematical Formula to determine SP
Frequency

13. • Non-linear optical properties
• Suppose if we have a suspension of nanoparticles and an
electromagnetic energy is applied, the local electric field is highly
enhanced near SP resonance.
• So the variations in the optical properties due to non-linear electric
field can be given by an equation
where D = Electric displacement
E = Electric field
ε = Linear electric susceptibility
x = non-linear electric susceptibility
This non-linear susceptibility (x) is called Kerr’s Susceptibility. And this
equation is called Kerr’s Susceptibility equation of nanoparticles. If
electric field is near to SP resonance then one can expect huge
enhancement of Kerr’s susceptibility.

14. Electrical Properties
• In small nanoparticles, the electric energy level is not as continuous
as in bulk materials but it is discrete because of the confinement of
electric wave function to the physical dimension of the particle. This
phenomenon is known as quantum confinement.
• The change in the electrical levels depends upon the size of the
particle. 30% change for 1nm particle and 15% for 10nm particle for
an example.

16. • Electronic band theory

18. • Conductivity of a bulk material is independent of dimensions like
diameter, area of cross section (CSA) and mechanical twist of a
conducting wire.
• The major changes in the conductivity at nanoscale are
• In case of carbon nanotubes the conductivity varies in accordance
with change in CSA.
• The conductivity of these carbon nanotubes changes when
twisted.
• Conductivity of multi-walled tubes is different than single-walled
tubes.
• Carbon nanotubes are semiconductors although Graphite (raw
material for these tubes) is an excellent conductor.

19. Magnetic Properties
• Each nanomaterial is considered to be a tiny magnet. Interaction
between neighboring nanoparticles is determined by Spin exchange
interaction which is also called as Heisenberg Exchange.
• The magnetic property of a nanoparticle is determined by Magnetic
Force Microscopy.

21. • General Hysteresis Plot between magnetic field and magnetization

22. • Behavior pattern of nanoparticles that posses different magnetic
properties

23. Applications of nanomaterials in the field of
medicine
• Diagnostics
• Detection of cardiac diseases via DNA coated gold nanoparticles
combined with a biosensor chip to read the protein values.
• Visualization of small tumors by MRI using magnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles.
• Therapeutics
• Passive drug delivery via hallow structures like liposomes.
• Injection of nanocapsules enclosed with monoclonal antibodies
that release the content on contact with a diseased cell – active
drug delivery.

24. • Thermotherapy
• Nanoparticles accumulating in the blood vessels of tumors that
are activated with light, sound or magnetic waves. These activated
particles generate heat and destroy tumors. This process is called
thermotherapy.
• Tissue Regeneration
• Insertion of nanofibers and nanopeptides to provide a matrix
within which cells grow and a tissue is regenerated.

25. Conclusion
• The impact of nanotechnology extends it’s applications to fields such
as medicine, ecology, communication and computation.
• The major benefits of nanotechnology include nanomedicine, highly
efficient water purification systems and improving manufacturing
method. These structures of reduced size allows the automation of
tasks which were previously inaccessible due to physical
restrictions.
• The potential risks include environmental safety, health issues,
replacement of conventional industries and less requirement of
manpower leading to unemployment.
• Apart from the risks, the field of nanotechnology is growing
consistently for the past couple of decades and the total income from
nanomedicine is expected to reach $1trillion by 2020.

26. A presentation done by
Tamilselvan.D
BMS14330
IV year M.Sc Biomedical Science