Language change in contemporary kannada

• To
•PH.D Open Viva -
Voce Examination

By
PRAKASHNAYAK T
Undertheguidanceof
Dr. METI MALLIKARJUN
Assistant Professor
Dept . of P.GStudies and Researchin Linguistics
Sahyadri ArtsCollege
KuvempuUniversity

Introduction
"The important thing to remember about change is
that, as long as people are using a language, that
language will undergo some change."
(Harriet Joseph Ottenheimer, The Anthropology of
Language: An Introduction to Linguistic
Anthropology, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2009)
"Systematic changes, as the term suggests, affect an
entire system or subsystem of the language... A
conditioned systematic change is brought about by
context or environment, whether linguistic or
extralinguistic. For many speakers of Kannada,

• Every language has a history, and, as in the rest
of human culture, changes are constantly
taking place in the course of the learned
transmission of a language from one
generation to another.
• This is just part of the difference between
human culture and animal behavior. Languages
change in all their aspects, in their
pronunciation, word forms, syntax, and
semantic change.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• Is there a relationship among Dravidian languages?
• Is language change a healthier process?
• Does Kannada loosing its strength by language change?
• Are dialects of Kannada in threat?
• Other languages facing threat by Kannada
• To see the origin of Kannada language.
• To investigate the interaction between ‘treatments’ and
‘gender’ with reference to Developing Teaching Skill.
‘gender’ with reference to Developing Vocabulary.

‘gender’ with reference to Developing Usage of Kannada
Language.
‘gender’ with reference to Developing Attitude towards
Kannada Language.
‘subject background’ with reference to Developing Teaching
Skill.
‘subject background’ with reference to Developing
Vocabulary.
‘subject background’ with reference to Developing Usage of
Speech.
‘subject background’ with reference to Developing Attitude
towards Language Change.

Contents
• Introduction
• Review of Literature
• Methods and Methodology
• Language Borrowing
• Dialectology
• Phonological Change
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Methods and Methodology
• There is no single best method of gathering information through
informants on the pattern of language change, within a speech
community.
• The most appropriate procedure depending on the relationship of the
researcher study on language change in boarder Karnataka and the speech
community who are living in the areas.
• For the illustration and examples, the researcher collected the samples
through a stratified method of sampling.
• The essential methodological procedures, techniques are decided to bring
the research and planned to accomplish the assumptions and hypothesis
of the researcher.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE
• Simple random and Purposive sampling techniques were followed.
The procedure of selection of the sample is as follows.
• i. Members of that group are linked by some defined functioning
of social organization;
• ii. They have the potentiality to communicate with each other
and
• iii. They speak Kannada and at least one other language in a
setup, makes a change in Kannada.
• The language changes would be unavoidable so, they get adjusted
or readjusted in order to cope up with the new societal setup.
• We may talk about this study about a crucial zone where speakers
of a given speech community begin to change the languages to
create dialects within the area through contacts.

• 3.4 Procedure:
• The procedure followed to test the hypotheses by a
researcher involves a number of recorded interviews,
storytelling method by Sony recorder and mobile
recorder, which differentiates social anthropology from
other disciplines with regard to participant observation.
• This method requires investigations to observe at close
and typically the daily activities and interactions of the
people they describe Via-long-term residence in the
language setup and researcher himself a speaker of
Kannada, investigator records his observation and in
analyzing them attempts to discover those categories
of experience, which are relevant to members of the
speakers.

• Target People of the studies
• collected samples from above the age of 35 and
under the age15 years of women, but in field some
time I got a chance converse with below age 35 and
above the age of 15.
• Be that as it may, in India town, ladies are not all
that chatty as a result of uncertainty, because social
backwardness and customary ethos of
presupposition.

Chapter 2
Review of Literature
• D.N. Shankar Bhat,
• Ashok Kumar,
• Ladefoged,
• Francis Katamba,
• Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle,
• Edward W Stevens,
• Peter Matthews’s,
• Hock, John Clark and
• ColinYallop,
• Bernard Comrie,
• Stefan Muller's,
• David Crysstal,
• Keith Brown,
• William
• Labov,
• Larry Trask,
• D. Gary Miller
• , R. Kager,
• Tarni Prasad,
• Kenstowicz and Charles
• Kisserberth Ranjere,
William Wang,
• Trask, A Weideman and
J.S Kulli.

Findings of the studies
• The Language Borrowing
• Dialectology
• Phonological Change

Chapter 4
Language Borrowing
• The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing” becomes the
venturing stone of the present enthusiasm for such
study” (Hoofer 53).
• If we look at the context of Indian languages, we come to
know that the contacts of different languages over
hundred years showed a unique phenomenon of
borrowing and re-borrowing.
• The introduction of radio and television in India has
initiated and boosted up a different type of social
communication. For which rapid language borrowings has
taken place in India.
• Globalization, especially in terms of business sectors,
becomes instrumental for the introduction of foreign
names and terms to Indian language users.

• For example, we can point to the popularity of the
term "fahrvergnügen", which becomes popular in
Indian language users after the advertisement of
German car brand Volkswagen.
• And another best example is Philips Company
started in Netherland but circulated its electronics
goods throughout the world.The term vanished not
long after the promotion stopped to show up. The
advancement and change of methods for quick
travel, particularly the plane, have added to the
expansion in borrowing.
• Together with rising thriving, fast travel supports
progressively more extensive contact with different
languages and different gatherings of individuals.

• 4.2.1 I) Loan word,
• 4.2.2 II) Loan shift,
• 4.2.3 III) Loan translation,
• 4.2.4 IV) Loan adaptation, and
• 4.2.5 V) Loan blending.
• 4.2.6 VI) Cultural Borrowing
• 4.2.7 VII) Dialectical Borrowing
• 4.2.8 VIII) Core Borrowing
• 4.2.9 IX) Coining

Loan word
• Kannada language gets words from different
languages either specifically or with some
change as indicated by its structure. Examples
from Sanskrit are [sʋəɾɠʰɑ] ‘heaven’,
[pɾʊʈ̪vɪ]’earth’ , [ɾəʈ̪ɾɪ]’night’,
[sənɖ̪ʏɑ]’evening’, [ɑɾʏɑ] ‘brahmin’, [ʋəɪʃʏɑ] ‘a
caste’, [mɑŋlɑ] ‘good’,

• From Portuguese, Kannada has taken [i:sθɾɪ] ‘iron’, [pəɖɾɪ]
‘priest’, [sɑbʊnʊ] ‘soap’, [mẽɟʊ] ‘table’, [bəʈ̞əʈ̞ɪ] ‘pea’, [ʝəŋlʊ]
‘forest’, [fiːrɑŋɪ] ‘British’, [paɠɑrə] ‘salary’, [bɑmbʊ] ‘bomb’,
[pəpɑʏə] ‘papaya’, [ʈ̪əmbəkʊ] ‘tobacco’, [bɪskɪt̞] ‘biscuit’,
[kənd̪lʊ] ‘valley way’, [pɛnnʊ] ‘pen’, [rɑʃɪd̪ɪ] ‘receipts’, [kʊɹt͡ʃɪ]
‘chaire’, [kɔːʈ̪ɪ] ‘monkey’, [t͡ʃɑvɪ] ‘key’, etc.
• From Urdu, Kannada has taken many words (Urdu got born in
North India and it raised in the age of Allavuddin in the part
of South India of Gulbarga District). Words borrowed from
Urdhu are [nɑːʝʊk] ‘careful’, [ʃəɦɝ] ‘city’, [t͡ʃɑːkəɾɪ] ‘service’,
[ɦələd̪ɪ] ‘turmeric’, [ʊmbɝ] ‘age’, [ɠəʝəl] ‘type of songs in hindi
and Kannada’, [mɔːɠəl] ‘moghal’, [ʝəɹʊɾ] ‘urgency’,
[mʊsɑlmɑn] ‘muslim’, [ɠʰʊnɖ̪ɪ] ‘botton’, [kɔːbəɾɪ] ‘coconut’,
[kəbʊʈ̪ɝ] ‘pigeon’, [ʝʊlmɑːnẽ] ‘tax’, [d̪aːkəle] ‘register’, [ɝʝiː]
‘application’, [vəʝə] ‘reason’, [d̪əsʈ̪əɠɪɾɪ] ‘enquiry’, [hɑːʝərʊ]
‘presence’,
• Words from Arabhi are [kɑːɠəʈ̪a] ‘paper, kəʈ̪əl ‘murder’,
[saɪʈ̪ən] ‘ghost’, [ɦəkɪm] ‘magician’, [fəʊʝʊðɝ] ‘soldiers’, [ʝɪlaː],
[ʈ̪əlʊk] ‘taluk’, [mʊnɪʏə] ‘name of a person’, [vɑkɪl] ‘layer’,

• From Parsi, [d̪ɝɠə] ‘holy place’, [namɑːʝ] ‘prayer in
Muslim’, [mʊllə] ‘Muslim priest’, [kʰʊnɪ] ‘killer, [ɠəsʈ̪ʊ]
‘round by police’, [ʝəmbɛ] ‘name of music instrument’,
[sɪpɑːʏɪ] ‘soldiers,
• From Hindustani language, Kannada imported
[ʝəmi:nʊ] ‘tilling field’, [sɑla:m] ‘namaskar’, [kat͡ʃɛɾɪ]
‘office’, [t͡ʃʊɴəvɑɴɛ] ‘election’,
• Words from Marathi are [sa:ɠʊ] ‘type of dish’, [pʊ:rɪ]
‘type of dish’, [kʰɪt͡ʃəɖ̪ɪ] ‘type of dish’, [ʃa:mbɔ:rə]
‘sambar’, [bəʝɛ] ‘type of dish’, etc.
• Words imported from English, ˈ[dadi] ‘father’, ʌŋk(ə)
‘maternal/peternal brother’, [ɑːnti:]’ maternal/peternal
sister’, [tiːtʃə] ‘teacher’, [kɒfi] ‘coffee’,

• As observed from the above precedents, loan words
are obtained straight forwardly or by little change in
the sound arrangement of the Kannada. This
method enhanced its vocabulary for the
development of the present Kannada.

ii) Loan Shift
• A loan shift is an adjustment in the
significance of a set up local word to suit
another idea obtained from another language
and is otherwise called semantic extension.
Foreign Language Words To their Native Kannada Words
Waterfall ʝələpa:t̪ə
Aeroplane ʋɪma:nɑ
Radio ɑ:kɑ:ʃəva:ɴɪ
Missile kʃɪpəɴɪ
Foreign Language Words To their Native Kannada Words

Loan Translation
• A foreign words or composite or complex form
is translated directly element- by- element
without affecting the essence of the source
language to the translated language
Sanskrit Kannada Equivalent in English
Hɪmaːlɑʏə manʝʊbɛʈ̞ə name of a mountain
Vɪʃəkənʈ̪ə nənʝʊɠɔɾlə, ɠɔɾləɠɔɾlə name of a god
Bɑləne:ʈ̪ɾə hane:ɠəɴɴəm, neʈ̪ ʈ̪ɪɠəɴɴəm Eyes
ɪkʃʊd
̪ əɖ
̞ ə mat̪ɾəd
̪ and
̞ ʰə sacred stick
Nəʏənəkama:lə kənd
̪ ɑ:vərẽ Eye
Table 9 Sanskrit loan translation words in
Kannada

English Kannada
Machine ʏənʈ̪rə
Invest Hʊɖ
̞ ɪkɛ
Superman d
̪ aɪʈ̪ʏəmɑnəvɑ, ɑʈ̪ɪmənəvɑ
X-ray kʃəkɪranɑ
Table 10 English loan translation words in Kannada

• Language changes by the technique getting in
culture, research and developments. It's an
intriguing part which stunned somebody, who
experiences its advancement since the
commencement of its improvement.
• By this section we come to realize that no language
is created alone on the planet. Every language has
borrowed words to enhance its language
vocabulary.
• Those who are fighting for language superiority
should read and understand the language
development in the human society.

Chapter 5
Dialectology
• "Without Language there are no Dialects, and without Dialects there is
no Language" ( Hockett 51-55).
• Dialectology is the study of sounds, words, and grammatical category of
a particular language within a language.
• It began in the nineteenth century were Neo-grammarian is informed
that, progressions would occur inside a dialect, where a dialect is
changed by topographical territory of social act.
• “In common usage, of course, a dialect is a substandard, low-status,
often rustic form of language, generally associated with the peasantry,
the working class, or out cast, and subjugated class where, lacking in
prestige.
• In case of Kannada, all dialects those are talking in all districts are not
singular dialect but rather these are vernaculars of Kannada. However,
these are talked detached piece of Karnataka yet not perceived as
standard Kannada.
• The primary focal point of this part is the importance of dialects in
present situation.

• Dialectology ponders singular dialect obscure to the claim related network
and tells the hereditary connection of its own kind. On the off chance that a
dialect is stood up side of the dialect however, it doesn't perceive either
implication, or the etymologist gave moral incentive to be perceived as a
dialect of a specific dialect. Which, may have or might not have its content
likewise, it takes the examinations for the sake of semantics significance and
says that it has additionally dialect, and couldn't disregard dialects for the
sake of standardness. For example, if we take a gander at Mangalore
Kannada (8 ladies and 4 men), Kolara Kannada (22 men and 6 ladies),
Dharawada Kannada (10 men, 2 children and 5 ladies), Raichur Kannada,
Bellary Kannada (18 men and 10 ladies Informants), Davangere Kannada (2
men and 3 ladies), Shimoga Kannada (22 men 20 ladies), Bijapur Kannada
(12men and 5 females), Gulbarga Kannada (18 males and 11females),
ThirthaHalli Kannada (3 males and 5 females), Belagaum Kannada (8 males,
4children and 3females), and so on. We would found geological impact to
make contrast among Kannadas. On the off chance that we go to consider
Tulu, we can locate a slighter distinction between a similar dialect which
been spoken in Tulu. Kasaragodu Tulu is not the same as Mangalore Tulu,
for example, [ɓeɖɑ] progresses toward becoming [ɓɒɖt͡ʃɪ] and forther, it
turns to become [ɓɒɖɪ], and other example is [d̪ad̪e] move toward
becoming [d̪aɲe] however, the dialect spoken at both the place was Tulu
yet, they changed because of the place of contacts. In the event that we see
Kannada dialect change over a topography we would much cleared by this
subject.

Classical Kannada words Dharwada Kannada Equivalent in English
Kʊd
̪ uɾe Kʊd
̪ ʊɾɪ horse
məne mənɪ house
nɑ̃ɫɪɠe ɲɑ̃ɫɪɠɪ̈ tongue
Table 15 Dharwad /I/ →/e/ - [+vowels] in Classical Kannada

Classical Kannada words Dharawada Kannada Equivalent in English
ɓeɖə ɓʏəɖə Not needed
Peɾəɫe Pʏəɾəɫe guava
ɦe:ɠe ɦʏəɠe how
ɓeʂəɾə ɓʏəʂəɾə Bore
ɓeʂɪɠe ɓɣəʂɪɠe summer
meɫi mʏəɫe above
Table 16 Dharwad dialects /ʏə/ →/e/ in CK

• The above word rundown of vowel sound changes
when the vowel is between the Labio – dental and
retroflex consonants.
• To take a gander at the earth and its lead, the auto
segmental phonology helped us to comprehend
and make rules.

Classical Kannada words Sanskrit word English equivalent
ɠɔːɖɪ ɠɔːɖɪ Wall
mɔːɾɪ mɔːɾɪ canal
kɔːʃə kɔːʃə cell
d
̪ ɔːʃə ðɔːʃə Error
Table 18 Sanskrit words are not altered in Kannada

• The section additionally utilized social ramifications of
word changes through sound impacts. However,
numerous socio-etymologists ridiculed at dialectology
by saying an old order however, society put a vital job
to change a sound inside boundary. Regardless of
whether genuine or false, the present work plans to
analyze any co-activity inside contrasts and likenesses
between the two fields of research since usually to
discover colloquial changes in most dialect territories
that has outstandingly social ramifications. Dialectology
and sociolinguistics endeavor to contemplate dialect
changes in various networks through delegate
aftereffects of an example of the populace. In spite of
the fact that the aftereffect of changes would vary
based on strategies, yet both would endeavor to
achieve the objective of dialect change.

Relic of Kannada
• In Karnataka, dialectologists separated between
central regions, which give wellsprings of various
critical developments and normally identified with
its monetary conditions.
• Social movement is another significant trademark,
which gives inexhaustible representation to its
impact in dialectology.
• Reason is that, the geological spots are toward
which such advancements and development of the
new point of view throughout everyday life and the
developments of new innovations are likewise
affected and reach out to the regions, which, in any
case, more often than not stretch out over a littler
geographic territory.

Old Kannada Modern Kannada Meaning
nɔ:ɫpɔɖe nɔ:ɖʊ to see
mɑ:ɫɠʊm mɑɖ
̞ ʊ To do
k ɑ:ɫɠʊɾt͡ʃ k ɑ:ɖ
̞ ʊ Wild fire
ɓɪsʊɫ̥pɔɖ
̞ e ɓɪsʊɖ
̞ ʊ through
Table 21 Relics of Kannada languages in Old to Modern Kannada

• In the middle of the vowels and before the
plosive sounds the parallel sound gets erased yet
a few relics even today would be found in
Havyaka and Kundapura Kannada yet point by
point research ought to be expected.
Dravidian Havyaka Kannada Tamil english
kɑlkkʊ kɑl̃nkʊ kɑlɑkkʊ dirty
mɑnkkʊ mɑñkʊ mɑkkʊ sad
ɑnʈ̞ʈ̞ʊ ɑñʈ̞ʊ ɑʈ̞ʈ̞ʊ glue
ɔ:nt̞ɑ ɔ:ñʈɑ ɔ:ʈ̞ʈ̞ɑm run
Dravidian Havyaka Kannada Tamil english
kɑlkkʊ kɑl̃nkʊ kɑlɑkkʊ dirty
mɑnkkʊ mɑñkʊ mɑkkʊ sad
elics of Kannada language inDravidian, Havyaka Kannada and Tamil Kannada (D.N. Shankarabhat’s ‘Kannada nudinadedubanda
130)

• In the event that we choose dialects of some
individual has broken down, and trust can indicate
its properties by reference to the inborn properties
of that person. Its opposite we either determine it
by reference to a network which are living in a zone
of topography.

5.2.3.1 Idiolects
• An idiolect is a dialect of a semantic property where it
is a syntactic, phonological and referential properties of
which can be thoroughly indicated as far as the interior
properties of a solitary individual of a speaker of a
specific dialect.
• "The individual idiolect of a dialect is changed by other
dialect of an equivalent dialect called idiolect. The
inner power of a natural dialect is to prohibit
fundamental reference.
• To highlights of the individual's more extensive
condition and specifically to their phonetic
community."14

• The idiolect and traditional language of Kannada
will be investigated as characteristic framework of a
specific network, utilizing a few standards of dialect
examination.
• Assertion is achieved all the more effortlessly by
speakers whose idiolects are more comparable and
covering.
• Semantic highlights are phonetic, syntactic, down to
earth and linguistic ability.
• Idiolects in such conditions are viewed as in close
to-harmony talk settings in Kannada.

Places in Karnataka age Changes English
Home With colleague With friends With officer Home
Nayana (Nanjanagudu) 42 əɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ ɦɑɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ, əɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ əɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ, ɑ̃ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ, ɦəɭɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ ɦɑɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩ɪ Village Nayana
(Nanjanagudu)
Kavana(Gulbarga) 42 ɦəɭɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ ɦəɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ əɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ, ɑ̃ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ,
ɦəɭɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
e, ɦəɭɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ
ɦɑɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩ɪ Village Kavana(Gulbarga)
Nayana (Nanjanagudu) 42 ɑ:lʊ ɦɑ:lʊ ɦɑ:lʊ, ɑ:lʊ,
ɦɑ:ɬ̪ʊ
ɦɑ:lʊ Cry Nayana
(Nanjanagudu)
Kavana(Gulbarga) 42 ɦəɭɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ ɦəɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ əɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ, ɑ̃ɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ,
ɦəɭɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
e, ɦəɭɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɪ
ɦɑɭ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
ɭ̩̩̩̩̩ɪ Village Kavana(Gulbarga)
Nayana (Nanjanagudu) 42 ɑ:lʊ ɦɑ:lʊ ɦɑ:lʊ, ɑ:lʊ,
ɦɑ:ɬ̪ʊ
ɦɑ:lʊ Cry Nayana
(Nanjanagudu)
Table 20 Idiolects particular persons within the family from Gulbarga and Nanjanagudu

• Natural capacity of an individual was to be in a
method for saver to investigate the idiolect.
• In the event that we would be viewed as just
dialect contacts in the border of Kannada we can
discover the idiolect.

Chapter 6
Phonological Change
• Language change is a highly influential where sound gets new
flavor due to the time constraints.
• Technology, research, innovations, geography, business,
context and time are major influential factors in changing the
constraints of phonology.
• Phonological sounds in the border area got influenced due to
the neighbor contacts.
• The investigation of the nature and types of changes that
occur in the production of sound by a language is highly
developed area in the study of languages.
• The term sound change refers to the broadest sense in the
alternation of phones of segments and supra segmental
features that result from the operation of phonological
process.

• In a grammatical setup, the morphemes of a morph
also undergo changes due to the time period and the
geographical area.
• Sound change is used generally to refer only to those
phonetic changes that affect all occurrences of a given
area under specifiable phonetic conditions.
• A phonetic change of Kannada is due to the speaker
active participating in the process of speech
community.
• To break complex words in to simpler form the sound
would be articulated according to system of Kannada.
• The simpler form of complex words also made a
change. So, language of phones may change in the
production of the words.
• It is important to look at the descendent of Kannada
sound.

• The migration took place between their own
mother tongue due to the imbalance of
environment in Karnataka, the proposal also implies
that phonological representations are substance
free” (Odden and Blaho 88), since the phonetic
implementation of particular phonological features
are language specific, and learned. If the role of
phonological features are not to define the
phonetics of a segment then, implementation rules
does, then their purpose is strictly formal. For
examples we take the word /ɑɠəɪt̪ə/ and find out
their sound changes due to contacts of geographical
phenomenon. Here we looked employed (38) and
unemployed (33) informants to look at the changes
of sounds among speakers.

Fig. 6.1(a): TextGrid of əɠəɪʈ̪ə
Fig. 6.1(b): Spectrum of əɠəɪʈ̪ə

Fig.
6.1
(c):
Praat
picture
of
əɠəɪʈ
̪
ə
Fig. 6.1 (d):: Pitch of əɠəɪʈ̪ə

• During the articulation of three syllables of
above examples are change as [əɠʊʈ̪ə]→
[əɠʊʈ̪ʈ̪e] → [əɠəʈ̪ʈ̪ə] → [əɠəɪʈ̪e] according to
the geographical area of language where the
distance made difference between two sounds
which are related semantically.

• 6.i Assimilation
• “The procedure of absorption can be outlined by
the historical backdrop of the word assimilation.
• It is for the most part separated in to two
classifications: 1) Complete assimilation, and 2)
Partial assimilation or we have 1) Anticipatory, and
2) Perseverant assimilation.

Tamilu Kannada English
ət͡ʃt͡ʃən→ əjjə̃ Grand father
ʈ̪ʊːkkəm→ ʈ̪ʊːka Weight
Phɔːkkan→ Phɔːkka Wonderer
nɔːʈ̞ ʈ̞ əm→ nɔː ʈ̞ə View
e:ɾɾəm→ eːt̞ə Irrigation
ʊkkəɭ̩̩̩̩̩əm→ ʊkkəɖ
̞ ə alone
Table 25shows assimilation in Kannada languages
The table demonstrates that absorption happens because of the impact of the
preceded sound or following sound. The table additionally demonstrates that nasal
sounds get changed in to nature of assimilation. Along these lines, assimilation can be
classified based on progressive and regressive assimilation.

Outcome Of The Studies
• “Language alters as the needs of its users alter” (Aichison,
145-148). Language is a flowing river; it changes its mode
whenever context demands.
• Speech language is different from written language.
• The historical dimension, which has been added to
sociolinguistics since the seminal work of Romaine (1982), is a
good instance of the expansion of an established approach,
which is also being employed in the study of Kannada. When
such approaches are assimilated there is a greater
opportunity for cross-fertilization of the methods.
Consequently, there is a higher possibility of accounting for
the observed changes in Kannada in terms which are
analytically adequate.
• It tries to achieve a reasonable coverage of the aspects of
language change in Kannada focusing on borrowing,
phonemic innovation and coinage.

• Loans were incorporated almost without their being
noticed, along with the concomitant cultural changes
and innovations.
• Deliberate action directly related to a language does
occur.
• The creation of pidgins involves some degree of
linguistic conciousness on the part of their first users.
• More deliberate, however, have been various attempts
at preserving the purity of a language, at least for some
uses, or at arresting the processes of change.
• The care bestowed on the preservation of the Sanskrit
used in religious ritual in ancient India and efforts to
free Modern Greek from much of its
Sanskrit vocabulary have already been noticed.

• With the picture painted above of the tendency for languages to
fragment first into dialects and then into separate languages, it
might be thought that dialects are relatively late in appearance in
the history of a language family.
• This impression is reinforced by the fact that most nonstandard
dialects are unrepresented as such in writing, and so
comparatively little is known about dialectal differences within
most languages as one goes back in time. In this respect the very
detailed knowledge of the Ancient Kannada situation is quite
untypical.
• In fact, dialect divisions must have been a feature of
linguistic communities as early as there is any knowledge of them.
Dialect splitting is fostered by isolation and loss of contact
between groups within a speech community, and the sparse
populations of earlier days, often nomadic and spread over large
areas relative to their numbers, will have encouraged this process.
• It is simply the case that all but literate dialects have been lost in
the past, and an artificial homoginity is attributed to most ancient
languages and to the so-called reconstructed parent languages of
families.

• Present-day conditions tend toward the amalgamation
of dialects and the disappearance of those spoken by
relatively few people.
• Urbanization, mass travel, universal
education, broadcasting, ease of communication,
and socio mobility are among the forces that foster
rather large regional and social dialects, with special
occupational types of language within them, in place of
the small, strictly localized dialects of earlier times.
• This is one reason for the urgency with which dialect
studies are being pursued in many Western
industrialized countries, such as Karnataka and parts of
the Karnataka States.
• If work is not done soon, many dialects may perish
unrecorded.

Language change in contemporary kannada

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