Chemical Safety.pdf

CHEMICAL
SAFETY
SHAIKH TARIQ
(M. Sc. Chemistry,
M. Sc. Environmental Studies)

Served as an HSE Professional at:
Years of HSE
Experience as
an HSE Professional
and Trainer

Contents
Module 1
● Facts
● Historical Events
● Legal Requirements
● Hazards
Module 2
● Exposure Routes
● Hazard Communication including Chemical and Physical
Properties
Module 3
● Storage
● Chemical Risk Assessment
● Applying Hierarchy of Controls for Risk Control
3

Rate your Current Chemical
Safety Knowledge on a Scale of
1 to 10
● 1 representing having no special
knowledge and 10 representing being a
master at chemical safety
4

7
2,200,000
Deaths due to Accidents and Ill Health at
Workplace

“
8
Twice the number of
occupational health cases
than injuries
2X

“
9
30%
In UK 30% of all Ill Health Cases
are linked to Occupational
Exposure (either caused or
exacerbated)

“
“What is there that is not poison?
All things are poison and nothing (is)
without poison. Solely the dose
determines that a thing is not a poison.”
Paracelsus (1493–1541)
(Father of Toxicology)

BHOPAL INCIDENT
• December 3, 1984, Union Carbide plant,
Bhopal, India
• Leakage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) and
other toxins from the plant at night
• Gas flooded the city of Bhopal causing a
major catastrophe with thousands dead
and still dying from the after-effects

Bhopal Incident
• Official deaths 3500
• Unsafe use , handling and storage of
toxic chemicals
• Poor design and lack of maintenance
systems

15
IMPERIAL SUGAR
EXPLOSION 2008

Local Laws
● Factories Act 1934
● Sindh Factories Act 2014
● Sindh Factories Rules 1975
● Sindh OSH Act 2017
● Sindh OSH Rules 2019
● SEPA 2014
● SEQS
● Hazardous Substance Rules 2014
19

20
Sindh OSH Act 2017
d) make arrangements to control and prevent physical, chemical,
biological, radiological, ergonomic, psychosocial or any other hazards
that affect the safety and health of workers and other persons at
workplace;

21
Sindh OSH Rules 2019
General duties of supplier as regards articles and substances for use at work
under section 9. A supplier in addition to his duties as mentioned in section 9
shall -
(a) supply plant at workplace, site or equipment, in a safe condition;
(b) supply chemical and biological substances that are safe when instructions
are followed correctly;
(c) provide MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) of chemicals and biological
substances supplied;
(d) provide written instructions about how to use equipment safely.

Factories Act 1934
(Sindh Factories Rules 1975 & Manual of Factories Law revised
1993)
Dust & Fumes:
Chapter III
● Effective means to be taken to prevent the accumulation of dust and
fumes or other impurities during any manufacturing process, which
may be injurious or offensive to workers.

Manual of Factories Law (revised 1993)
Protection Against Dangerous Fumes:
● No person shall enter or be permitted to enter to any chamber, tank, pipe, or
other confined spaces in which dangerous fumes are likely to be present to such
an extent as to involve risk of person being overcome
Explosive or Inflammable Dust, Gas etc.:
● If during the manufacturing process dust, gas, fumes or vapors are produced to
such an extent as to be likely to explode an ignition, accumulation of dust, gas,
fumes or vapor shall be removed or prevented.

SEPA 2014 Section 13
Handling of Waste & Other Hazardous Substances
● No person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat, dispose off or
import any hazardous substances except under:
○ license issued by the Agency
○ in accordance with the provisions of any other law , rule, notification
for the time being in force, or of any international treaty, protocol,
code, standard, agreement or other instrument to which the
government is a party
Environmental Protection Order
● The Federal or a Provincial Agency by order may ask to take measure in
controlling discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air, pollutants,
noise, disposal of waste, or the handling of hazardous substances

● Hospital Waste Management Rules 2005
● BioSafety Rules 2005
● Hazardous Substance Rules 2014 (SEPA)
● Solid Waste Management Guidelines 2005 (Draft)
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
● ILO Convention No. 155 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
● Chemicals Convention 1990 (No.170)
● ILO Code of Practice (1993) An ILO contribution to the International Programme on
Chemical Safety of UNEP, the ILO and the WHO (IPCS)

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS / STANDARDS
● COSHH – Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 (UK)
● EU- REACH Regulations 2007 (Registration , Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals)
● UNECE - GHS (Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labeling of Chemicals)
● UNEP- Basel Convention 1992 on the control of transboundary movement of hazardous
wastes and their disposal
● Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 2005 (and associated Regulations) (USA)
● Safety, Health & Welfare at Work (Chemical Agents) Regulations, 2001 (USA)
● OSHA Occupational Health & Safety Standards [29 CFR] (Code of Federal Regulations 1910 Subparts
G,H & I)

28
HAZARDS – GHS (Globally Harmonized System)

Globally Harmonised System
(GHS) Overview
● Consistent global approach for hazard
assessment & communication
● Target audiences include
○ workers (on site & in transport/distribution
chain)
○ consumers
○ emergency responders
● Applies to all chemicals

Oxidizers
Flammables
Self Reactive
Pyrophoric (Spontaneously Combustible)
Self-Heating
Emits Flammable Gas
Organic Peroxides
Explosives
Self Reactive
Organic Peroxides

!
Carcinogen
Respiratory Sensitizer
Reproductive Toxicity
Target Organ Toxicity
Mutagenicity
Aspiration Toxicity
Irritant
Dermal Sensitizer
Acute toxicity (harmful)
Narcotic Effects
Respiratory Tract
Irritation
Acute Toxicity (severe)

Gases (Under Pressure)
Corrosives
Environmental Toxicity

Sources
● Dust particle size .4 to 10 micro m
● Gas
● Vapour
● Mist
● Fume <1 micro m
● Smoke
35

36
Exposure Routes
● Inhalation
● Absorption – Skin Exposure
● Digestion
● Injection

Body Systems Affected by
Inhalation
● Respiratory
● Nervous System
● Cardiovascular
37

Inhalable:
● 10 – 100 micro m blocked by
a variety of filters from nasal
hair to bronchi
● >30 micro m airway
between entry and larynx
Respirable:
● <10 micro m can travel upto
alveoli
38

Respiratory System
● Thin sharp-edged particles puncture alveoli
walls causing fibrosis / silicosis etc.
● Chemicals that cause it are silica dust,
asbestos, coal etc.
● Study: Asbestos, uses and risks
42

Nervous System
● Neurotoxins can alter the
mental ability (such as
memory loss, anxiety),
epilepsy.
● Neurotoxins:
Organic solvents (such as
trichloroethylene etc.)
Heavy metals (such as
mercury and lead)
43

● Mad Hatters – Mercury
to polish hats
● Roman mental issue –
Lead
● Study: Minamata disease
44

Cardiovascular
System
● Function of Cardio
system
● Oxygen absorption
affected
● Bone marrow
● Carbon monoxide
● Benzene
45

Urinary System
● Kidney is usually the
most affected part in the
Urinary System
● Inadequate function of
kidneys can lead to a
whole lot of problems
46

Hazard Communication
● MSDS / SDS
● Hazard Label

Introduction to MSDS / SDS
• Internationally recognized document
• Provides authentic information
• Legal requirement in some of the countries
• Helpful in determining hazards

MSDS - A Basic Guide For Users
MSDS has 16 sections
SECTION 1 – Chemical Product & Company Identification
SECTION 2 – Composition/Information On Ingredients
SECTION 3 – Hazards Identification
SECTION 4 – First Aid Measures
SECTION 5 – Fire Fighting Measures
SECTION 6 – Accidental Release Measures
SECTION 7 – Handling And Storage
SECTION 8 – Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
SECTION 9 – Physical And Chemical Properties
SECTION 10 – Stability And Reactivity
SECTION 11 – Toxicological Information
SECTION 12 – Ecological Information
SECTION 13 – Disposal Considerations
SECTION 14 – Transport Information
SECTION 15 – Regulatory Information
SECTION 16 – Other Information
52

Product Identifier:
a. Chemical class
i. Synonym:
b. Name of supplier, address and emergency telephone number.
c. Name of manufacturer, address and emergency telephone
number.
d. Product use.
e. Date of MSDS preparation:
f. Name and telephone number of party responsible for MSDS
preparation
53
SECTION 1
CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION

CAS Registry Number
Chemical Abstract Service
WHMIS
Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System

SECTION 2
COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
f) Ingredient concentration in units of wt./wt., vol./vol.
or wt./vol. expressed as: i) actual concentration, or
ii) a range as specified in the Controlled Product
Regulations.
g) LD50s and/or LC50s for ingredients. (lethal dose)
h) Exposure limits for ingredients:
56

NFPA Diamond
HEALTH HAZARD
4 - Deadly
3 - Extreme
2 - Hazardous
1 - Slightly Hazardous
0 - Normal Material
SPECIFIC HAZARD
Oxidizer OXY
Acid ACID
Alkali ALK
Corrosive COR
Use No Water W
Radiation Hazard
FIRE HAZARD
Flash Points
4 - Below 73°F
3 - Below 100°F
2 - Below 200°F
1 - Above 200°F
0 - Will not burn
REACTIVITY
4 - May detonate
3 - Shock and heat may
detonate
2 - Violent Chemical change
1 - Unstable if heated
0 - Stable
SECTION 3
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

60
Hazardous Material Information System
Chemical Name and CAS
Health
Flammability
Reactivity
Protective Equipment
HMIS

SECTION 4
FIRST AID MEASURES
If accidental overexposure is suspected
● Eyes:
● Skin:
● Inhalation:
● Ingestion:
● Note to physician:
● Medical conditions likely to be aggravated by
exposure:
62

SECTION 5
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
1. Flash point and method:
2. Upper and lower flammable (explosive) limits in air:
3. Auto-ignition temperature:
4. Hazardous combustion products:
5. Conditions under which flammability could occur:
6. Extinguishing media:
7. Sensitivity to explosion by mechanical impact:
8. Sensitivity to explosion by static discharge:
9. Fire fighting procedures
64

“The temperature at which a particular organic
compound gives off sufficient vapour to ignite
in air”

SECTION 7
HANDLING AND STORAGE
● Handling practices and equipment
● Appropriate storage practices /
requirements
● "store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area
away from heat and ignition sources" is
commonly used to describe storage
conditions for materials which can burn.
70

SECTION 8
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL
PROTECTION
Exposure Limits (mg /m3 or mcg/m3 )
ACGIH , NIOSH, OSHA limits or corporate EHS limits
a. Applicable control measures, including engineering controls
b. Personal protective equipment for each exposure route
(1) Engineering Controls
● Engineering control systems reduce potential hazards either by
isolating the person from the hazard or by removing the hazard
from the work environment.
● Engineering control systems are important because they are built
into the work process to reduce the hazards automatically.
71

SECTION 8
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL
PROTECTION
(2) Personal Protective Equipment
General guidance on the need for and selection
of personal protective equipment such as ,
- Protective clothing
- Eye protection
- Respiratory protection
73

PPEs
● Special focus on type of gloves
and respirators mentioned in the
MSDS
● Difference in goggles and safety
glasses?

SECTION 10
STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
a. Chemical stability:
b. Conditions to avoid:
c. Incompatibility with other materials:
d. Hazardous decomposition products:
e. Hazardous polymerization:
76

SECTION 11
TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
a. Effects of short-term exposure:
b. Effects of long-term exposure:
c. Irritancy:
d. Sensitization:
e. Carcinogenicity:
f. Reproductive toxicity:
g. Teratogenicity:
h. Mutagenicity:
i. Name of toxicologically synergistic products:
77

What we have to do now?
• Keep MSDS of EVERY chemical used in the area
(regardless of hazardous or non-hazardous)
• Keep MSDS files in a readily accessible place
• Keep the latest version of the MSDS (Usually 3
years old at most)
• Make every effort possible to obtain MSDS
from manufacturer
• Arrange MSDS file in the simplest possible
manner like in alphabetical order

• Explosives
• Flammable Gases
• Flammable Aerosols
• Oxidizing Gases
• Gases Under Pressure
• Flammable Liquids
• Flammable Solids
• Self-Reactive Substances
• Pyrophoric Liquids
• Pyrophoric Solids
• Self-Heating Substances
• Substances which, in contact
with water emit flammable
gases
• Oxidizing Liquids
• Oxidizing Solids
• Organic Peroxides
• Corrosive to Metals
Physical Hazard

Health Hazard
• Acute Toxicity
• Skin Corrosion/Irritation
• Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation
• Respiratory or Skin Sensitization
• Germ Cell Mutagenicity
• Carcinogenicity
• Reproductive Toxicology
• Target Organ Systemic Toxicity - Single Exposure
• Target Organ Systemic Toxicity - Repeated Exposure
• Aspiration Toxicity

Environmental Hazard
• Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment
• Acute aquatic toxicity
• Chronic aquatic toxicity
• Bioaccumulation potential
• Rapid degradability

These Labels quickly tell you:
WHO supplied it.
WHAT the chemical name is.
WHERE it is to be used.
WHY it is hazardous.
HOW to dispose off it & protect yourself
85

OSHA Label Elements for:
PPT-016-04 13
Pyrophoric Gases:
- Signal Word: Danger
- Hazard Statement: “Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air”
Simple Asphyxiants:
- Signal Word: Warning
- Hazard Statement: “May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation”
Combustible Dusts:
- Signal Word: Warning
- Hazard Statement: “May form combustible dust concentrations in the air”

Labeling
35
NFPA 704 Rating System

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS
● Limit quantity
● Segregate – away from populated areas
● Provide secondary containment
● Segregate chemicals as required according to compatibility
● Regularly check on condition
91

Limit Quantity
● Inventory Management
● FIFO
● Just in time
92

Storage Areas and Quantities
93

94
Segregate
Away from the
Building
Main Building
Flammable
Material
20
feet
(A single electrostatic
charge can ignite the
flammable material)

95
Secondary Containment
• Rule is to have 110% Capacity Secondary Containment
Capacity of the
bottle is 1 L
This should be
1.1 L

Bulk Chemical Storage
• Three Options
- 110% of the largest
container
- 25% of the total volume of
all containers
- 110% of total of all the
containers
97

CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY
● Chemicals are to be stored according to compatibility.
● This is essential for storage of chemicals in the
laboratory
● Chemical Compatibility Charts are available for guidance
101

103
Chemical Compatibility Chart
● Refer Chemical Compatibility Charts of:
○ Merck,
○ Sigma Aldrich,
○ Fischer etc.

106
“A risk assessment is simply a careful
examination of what, in your work,
could cause harm to people, so that you
can weigh up whether you have taken
enough precautions or should do more
to prevent harm”

107
Hazard v Risk
● Hazard:
- the potential of a chemical to cause harm
- relates to intrinsic properties of the chemical
- will always be the same
● Risk:
- the likelihood of harm occurring under the actual circumstances of
exposure
- function of hazard and exposure

112
Risk Assessment
● Systematic approach for managing health risks from chemicals
● Identifies priorities for:
○ Control measures:
➢ engineering
➢ procedures
➢ PPE
- maintenance, examination and testing
- monitoring:
➢ air sampling
➢ medical surveillance
- Training

113
Make a list of
tasks that you
are responsible
for
Identify the
hazards in those
tasks
Assess the risk
in those
hazards
Evaluate the
risks
Record this
process
Review this
process
1 2 3
4
5
6

114
Objectives
● Prevent exposure
● Minimise risk
● Achieved by applying the hierarchy of controls

115
Step-by-Step Guide to Risk Assessment
▪ Define the assessment unit
▪ Gather information on substances
▪ Observe operations
▪ Identify sources of exposure:
➢ look for evidence of exposure
▪ Check existing controls
▪ Identify ways to reduce unnecessary risks
▪ Record the assessment
▪ Deliver the desired improvements

116
● The organisation:
- working environment
● The person:
- behaviour
- suitability
- competence
● The job:
- premises
- plant
- substances in use
- procedures in use
Factors to be Considered
The
organisation
The
person
The job

117
Gather Substance Information
● Substance inventory, e.g.:
- Actives
- Excipients
- Solvents
- Inks
- adhesives
● Hazard information:
- MSDS
- exposure limits (time base or notations)
- key health effects and routes of exposure
- physicochemical properties

118
Observe Operations and Discuss with Personnel
● Operating conditions:
- all or only some processes running
- overtime being worked
● Who is exposed?
- workers, supervisors, maintenance personnel, visitors,
contractors?
- male or female?
- vulnerable individuals
o pregnant women?
o people with pre-existing medical conditions?
o young people?

119
Observe Operations and Discuss with
Personnel
● Pattern of exposure:
- continuous, intermittent, frequent or occasional
- exposure at certain times
- short periods or >8 hours
● Working practices:
- position of operator
- poor positioning of LEV
- PPE procedures - putting on, using, removing etc
- washing and changing facilities and usage
- “short cuts”

120
Identify Sources of Exposure -
Inhalation
● Production, e.g.:
➢ dust from powder handling
➢ vapours from solvent evaporation
● Maintenance, e.g.:
➢ dust from grinding, sawing, drilling
➢ fumes from welding
● Laboratories, e.g.:
➢ solvents
➢ formaldehyde

121
Identify Sources of Exposure –
Skin Absorption & Ingestion
● Skin absorption:
➢ contact with contaminated surfaces or PPE
➢ poor decontamination procedures
● Ingestion:
➢ contact with skin and clothing
➢ eating, drinking and smoking permitted in workplace
➢ poor personal hygiene

122
Look for Evidence of Exposure
● Previous records of exposure
● Deposits of settled dust:
➢ amount
➢ date of last cleaning
● Odour:
➢ many solvents can be detected by smell below their Exposure
Limits (PELs):
➢ some exceptions
➢ compare odour thresholds and Exposure Limits (PELs)
➢ unreliable indicator
● Signs of spillage:
➢ stains on floors or protective clothing

123
Check Local Exhaust Ventilation
● Is it close to the source of contaminants?
● Does it capture the contaminants?
● Is the system in good condition? e.g.:
➢ connections
➢ ductwork
➢ filters
● Is it performing to specification?
● Does it break down?
● Has the operator been trained in the correct use of the LEV
system?

124
Personal Protective Equipment
● Have operators been trained in the correct use and
maintenance of the PPE?
● Is the PPE worn properly?
● Is it worn at all times during exposure?
● Is contamination avoided during removal?
● Is the PPE decontaminated properly?
● Is the PPE stored correctly?
● Is worn or damaged PPE replaced when necessary?
● Is RPE worn:
➢ suitable for intended use?
➢ fit testing carried out?
➢ frequently examined and tested?

125
Information, Instruction and Training
● Information on:
➢ hazards of the substances
➢ the risks present
➢ health and hygiene data
● Instructions on:
➢ the precautions to be taken:
o use of engineering controls
o PPE
● Training:
➢ on the job with an assessment of the persons ability to work
safely
➢ specific skills and knowledge for those with programme
responsibilities

127
Eliminate and Replace
IPA Coating
replaced with
Water coater

134
Main PPEs for Chemicals
● Respiratory
● Foot
● Eye
● Hand

135
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)
● Last resort
● In some cases, in combination with other controls
● Occasionally only control, e.g.:
➢ maintenance activities
● Wide range of devices
● No form of RPE provides 100% protection

136
Assessment of RPE Requirements
● Is the atmosphere fit to breathe?
● Is the contamination dust, gas or vapour?
● What is the exposure limit?
● What is the atmospheric contamination?
● What is the minimum time a filter cartridge (if used) will be
required to remain functional?

137
Use of RPE
● According to manufacturer’s instructions
● After adequate training
● Examined before:
➢ not worn if damaged or defective
● Fit testing
● Medical examinations
● Approved protection against the hazard:
➢ NIOSH
➢ CEN
● Cartridge working life needs to be established:
➢ changing schedule required
➢ maybe change once a shift
● Be aware of warning properties

138
Types of RPE
Two major classes:
○ equipment that:
➢ takes contaminated air from the work room
➢ filters or cleans it before it is inhaled
○ equipment that delivers uncontaminated air from an
independent source to the wearer
● Disposable filtering face piece respirators
● Half face respirators
● Full face mask respirators
● Powered respirators with face masks
● Powered hoods and blouses
● Compressed air-line breathing apparatus with full face mask
● Compressed air-line equipment with full suit

142
A - Organic Gases
B - Inorganic Gases
E - Acid Gases
K - Ammonia
Hg - Mercury

143
How to Select RPE
● Flow chart:
➢ does include escape or fire fighting
● For selection, the following are needed:
➢ MSDS for each substance
➢ an estimate of typical exposure

144
Foot Protection
● Chemical Safety Shoes
○ Oil resistant
○ Acid and Alkali resistant
○ Anti-Static
○ Heat resistant
○ S1, S2, S3 classifications

146
Eye Protection
● Flying particles
● Dangerous substances
● Contact with objects
● Sharp or pointed tools
● Welding hazards
● Laser hazards

147
● Safety glasses
● Goggles:
o impact
o chemicals
o molten metal
o fumes and dusts
o vapours and gases
● Face shields

148
Welding Gloves Welding
EN 12477:
2001
Z1949.1:2005
Chemical Gloves
Handling of Chemicals
or powders
EN 374-1:2003 ANSI/ISEA 105-2011
Cut Resistant Gloves
Working with sharp or
glass objects
EN 388:2003
ANSI/ISEA 105-2011
Electrical Gloves For electrical jobs EN 60903:2003 ANSI/ISEA 105-2011

149
Chemical-resistant Gloves
● Penetration:
o imperfections in gloves
● Permeation:
o diffusion of chemicals through the gloves
● Degradation:
o stiffening
o brittle
o softer or weaker

150
Body Protection
● In circumstances requiring complete
protection:
❖ high toxicity
❖ spills
● Similar considerations to hand
protection
● Additional factors:
❖ zips
❖ seams
❖ mobility

151
Effective RPE
● RPE needs to be:
➢ properly fitted and tested
➢ worn correctly at all times
➢ properly:
o maintained
o inspected
o cleaned
o stored
● Supplied air needs to satisfy specific standards
● Adequate training must be given

Contents
Module 1
● Facts
● Historical Events
● Legal Requirements
● Hazards
Module 2
● Exposure Routes
● Hazard Communication including Chemical and Physical
Properties
Module 3
● Storage
● Chemical Risk Assessment
● Applying Hierarchy of Controls for Risk Control
152

Chemical Safety.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Chemical Safety.pdf

Similar to Chemical Safety.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chemical Safety.pdf