The document discusses claim-based authentication using standards like OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect. In claim-based authentication, an identity management service (IDP) stores and shares user attributes and claims with a web service (RP). The IDP verifies the user's identity and the web service receives and relies on the user's claims to provide access or make authorization decisions. The document warns that access tokens alone could be modified, so OpenID Connect is recommended as it includes ID tokens that can be verified for more secure authentication.