Causes of urbanization ,its effect and Remediation of its outcomes

1. URBANIZATION
Presented by:
Samra Mujeeb (SP19-BES-013)
Mubasher Ishaq (SP19-BES-015)
Farwa Musharaf (SP19-BES-002)
M. Uzman Zahid (SP19-BES-023)

2. URBANIZATION
• Urbanization refers to general increase in population and the amount of
industrialization of a settlement. It includes increase in the number and
extent of cities. It symbolizes the movement of people from rural to
urban areas. Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent
and density of urban areas.
• Due to uncontrolled urbanization, environmental degradation has been
occurring very rapidly and causing many problems like land insecurity,
worsening water quality, excessive air pollution, noise and the problems
of waste disposal.

3.  POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF
URBANIZATION
• It is clear that the world is becoming more and more urban. It has been
predicted that by the year 2050, 70% of the human population on Earth
will live in cities. There are many environmental problems that are
associated with so much urbanization on the landscape. These are
issues that humanity is going to have to find solutions to if we are to
both dwell in cities, yet have a livable planet for future generations.

4. HEAVY NATURAL RESOURCE USE
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• The human population that lives in urban areas around the world
consumes a lot of resources and energy to keep everything up and
running. This means that cities exhibit a net drain on natural resources
and ecosystems, and also produce a very large carbon footprint. In
addition, most resources must ultimately be transported large distances
to reach consumers in cities, requiring lots of energy.

5. THE LOSS OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
( P OT E N T I A L C O N TA M I N A N T S O F U R B A N I Z AT I O N )
• Like the loss of valuable farmland, as urban areas continue to grow and
sprawl across the landscape, this development process often leads to the
development of previously pristine ecosystems.

6. POLLUTION
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• Cities can be large sources of air pollution, water pollution, land
pollution, and soil pollution, waste that is littering the landscape, and are
also often associated with challenging issues of sanitation that can lead
to the pollution of land and water.

7. WASTE
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• Cities are a large source of waste. This waste must be managed
somehow, and can end up polluting the landscape and waterways.
Industrial and toxic waste that is produced in cities can lead to large
amounts of pollution of the urban landscape, causing many
environmental and human health issues.

8. URBAN RUNOFF
( P OT E N T I A L C O N TA M I N A N T S O F U R B A N I Z AT I O N )
• Cities contain large amounts of impervious surfaces that do not allow
water to infiltrate the ground. Much of the rainwater that does fall on the
urban landscape quickly runs off into rivers and streams, bringing all of
the pollutants and chemicals that were present on these surfaces with
them into waterways.

9. LIGHT POLLUTION
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• With increased urbanization, there is a lot more light that shines at night.
There are studies that indicate that all of the human-produced light at
night is disrupting the natural biological rhythms of organisms that have
evolved within a dependable natural night and daylight cycle. This can
impact not only diurnal species, but also nocturnal species that greatly
depend on it being naturally dark at night time.

10. NOISE POLLUTION
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• With increased global urbanization, there is also an increased level of
noise, both in volume and in consistency that humans and other
organisms are constantly exposed to. Because wildlife are highly
dependent on sound, they can become disoriented and their behavior
and communication abilities can be hampered due to the excessive
noise levels that they are exposed to in and around urban areas.

11. FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT AND
ISOLATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANT
POPULATIONS
(POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF URBANIZATION )
• As urban development continues across the landscape, wildlife habitat is
becoming increasingly fragmented and wildlife and plant populations
are becoming increasingly isolated from one another. This habitat
fragmentation impacts these organisms’ capacity to reproduce, and
reduces the genetic diversity that is present within the remaining
populations. It also reduces the suitable habitat that is needed for their
survival.

12. AN INCREASE IN HUMAN-WILDLIFE
CONFLICTS
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• As human development fragments habitat, and leaves wildlife with no
place to go, there has been an increase in human-wildlife conflict.
Wildlife are hit by vehicles, birds and insects hit windows on cars and
buildings and are killed, and sometimes wildlife come into human
communities looking for food and other resources that they need to
survive.
• Sometimes, wildlife may be killed if they exhibit aggression or prey on
pets or livestock. Sadly, only a few select hardy species can ultimately
adapt and survive in an urban area and in such constant proximity to
humans.

13. FERAL ANIMALS AND PETS
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• Wherever humans have dwelled, they have always brought along their
animals, both for companionship and for helping with labor. In urban
areas, the keeping of animals has resulted in the fertilization of many
different animals like cats that compete and prey on local wildlife, and
pets that do the same thing as well.

14. LOSS OF CONNECTEDNESS TO NATURE
(POTENTIAL CO NTAMINANTS O F URBANIZATION )
• More people are living in urban areas than ever before, many of them
have begun to lose the intimate connection that they once had to the
land they depend on, how all living things are connected, and how
nature actually works. This global disconnection from nature has led to
many unsustainable public policies and a lack of concern about nature
by the public.
• People will not protect that which they do not understand or do not care
about, if we really want to have stewards of our planet, we must help
others to reconnect with nature so that they can learn to value and
protect it.

15.  IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
1. IMPACTS ON THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE CLIMATE
2. IMPACTS ON THE LITHOSPHERE AND LAND RESOURCES
3. IMPACTS ON THE HYDROSPHERE AND WATER RESOURCES
4. IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE

16. IMPACTS ON THE ATMOSPHERE AND
THE CLIMATE
The creation of heat island
• Materials like concrete, asphalt, bricks etc absorb and reflect energy
differently than vegetation and soil. Cities remain warm in the night
when the countryside has already cooled.

17. Changes in Air Quality:
• Human activities release a wide range of emissions into the environment
including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, lead, and many other pollutants.
Changes in Patterns of Precipitation:
• Cities often receive more rain than the surrounding countryside since
dust can provoke the condensation of water vapor into rain droplets.

18. IMPACTS ON THE LITHOSPHERE AND
LAND RESOURCES
Erosion and other changes in land quality:
• Rapid development can result in very high levels of erosion and
sedimentation in river channels.

19. Pollution
• Pollutants are often dispersed across cities or concentrated in industrial
areas or waste sites. Lead- based paint used on roads and highways and
on buildings is one such example of a widely dispersed pollutant that
found its way into soil. Burying tremendous amounts of waste in the
ground at municipal and industrial dumps

20. IMPACTS ON THE HYDROSPHERE AND
WATER RESOURCES
Flow of Water into Streams
• Natural vegetation and undisturbed soil are replaced with concrete,
asphalt, brick, and other impermeable surfaces. This means that, when it
rains, water is less likely to be absorbed into the ground and, instead,
flows directly into river channels.
Flow of Water through Streams
• Higher, faster peak flows change streams channels that have evolved
over centuries under natural conditions. Flooding can be a major
problem as cities grow and stream channels attempt to keep up with
these changes.
Degraded Water Quality
• The water quality has degraded with time due to urbanization that
ultimately leads to increased sedimentation there by also increasing the
pollutant in run-off.

21. IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE
Modification of Habitats
• The fertilizers that spread across lawns finds its way into water channels
where it promotes the growth of plants at the expense of fish. The waste
dumped into streams lowers oxygen levels during its decay and cause
the die-off of plants and animals.
Destruction of Habitats
• There is also complete eradication of habitats as an outcome of
urbanization and native species are pushed out of cities.
Creation of New Habitats
• New habitats are also created for some native and non-native species.
Cities also create habitats for some species considered pests, such as
pigeons, sparrows, rats, mice, flies and mosquitoes. Urbanization has, for
example, eliminated many bat colonies in caves, but has provided sites
such as bridges for these species to nest.

22. REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES
Remediation techniques generally fall into three categories:
1) Physical interventions to reduce or prevent contamination exposure,
including (i) removal of the contaminated material, or (ii) isolation and
containment (e.g. creating a barrier between the contamination source and
a receptor – such as humans, ground water or ecosystems)
2) Physio-chemical treatment to remove, degrade or immobilize the
contaminants (e.g. using chemical additions to soil)
3) Biological treatment to remove, degrade or immobilize the
contaminants (e.g. using plants or microorganisms to clean water or soil)

23. BUILDING SUSTAINABLE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY
CITIES
Governments should pass laws that plan
and provide environmentally sound cities
and smart growth techniques, considering
that people should not reside in unsafe
and polluted areas. The objective here is
to build sustainable cities that embrace
improved environmental conditions and
safe habitats for all urban populations.
Governments should also encourage
sustainable use of urban resources and
support an economy based on the
sustainable environments such as
investment in green infrastructure,
sustainable industries, recycling and
environmental campaigns, pollution
management, renewable energy, green
public transportation, and water recycling
and reclamation
Remediation/ Solutions to Urbanization

24. PROVISION OF ESSENTIAL
SERVICES
Urban stakeholders must ensure all
populations within the urban areas have
access to adequate essential social
services namely education, health,
sanitation and clean water, technology,
electricity, and food. The objective here is
to provide and implement employment
opportunities and wealth creation
activities so that people can earn a living
to pay for the maintenance of the services.
Subsidies can also be availed by the
government to lower the costs of basic
healthcare, basic education, energy,
education, public transportation,
communication systems and technology
Remediation/ Solutions to Urbanization

25. CREATION OF MORE JOBS
To lessen the negative effects of rapid
urbanization while at the same time
conserving natural ecosystems, private
investments should be encouraged so as
to utilize natural resources and create
more job opportunities. Tourism
promotion and the sustainable
exploitation of natural resources can
create more jobs for urban populations.
Subsidies and grants may as well be
provided to foreign and private
investment in environmentally friendly
development projects that encourage job
creation

26. POPULATION CONTROL
Key stakeholders in urban areas must
provide campaigns and counseling for
effective medical health clinics and family
planning to help reduce the high rates of
population growth. Medical health clinics
oriented towards family planning options
must be made accessible across the entire
urban area with the objective of
controlling diseases and population
growth.
Remediation/ Solutions to Urbanization

27. THE END
THANK YOU