Stock Market Brief Deck for "this does not happen often".pdf
VOGEL'S APPROXIMATION METHOD
1. ETHIRAJ COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (Autonomous)
Chennai – 600 008
Prepared by
Ms.Swetha Shree R M.A.,M.Phil.
Department of Business Economics
Topic: Vogel’s Approximation Method
3. 1
2
VAM / UNIT COST PENALTY METHOD
INTRODUCTION:
Generally calculated to find out the initial feasible solution of the transportation problem.
Calculate penalties for each row and column by taking the difference between the smallest
cost and next highest cost available in that row/column. If there are two smallest costs,
then the penalty is zero.
Select the row/column, which has the largest penalty and make allocation in
the cell having the least cost in the selected row/column. If two or more equal
penalties exist, select one where a row/column contains minimum unit cost. If
there is again a tie, select one where maximum allocation can be made.
4. 3
5
VAM / UNIT COST PENALTY METHOD
Delete the row/column, which has satisfied the supply and demand.
Obtain the initial basic feasible solution by multiplying the units
assigned to each cell with the cost concerned.
4 Repeat steps (1) and (2) until the entire supply and demands are satisfied.
5. EXAMPLE 1
Consider the following example : Adani Power Limited which is an electric power
producing company in India Three electric power plants that supply the needs of
4 cities. each power plant can supply the following number of kilowatt hours off
electricity: Plant 1- 35 million; plant 2 - 50 million; plant 3 - 40 million.
The peak power demands in these cities which occur at the same time are as
follows : City 1 -45 million; City 2 - 20 million; City 3-30 million; City 4 - 30 million.
The cost of sending 1 million kilowatt hour of electricity from plant to city
depends on the distance the electricity must travel. Consider the following table
6. Formulate this problem to minimise the cost of meeting each
city’s peak power demand.
From
To
Supply
City - 1 City -2 City-3 City -4
Plant-1 8 6 10 9 35
Plant-2 9 12 13 7 50
Plant-3 14 9 16 5 40
Demand 45 20 30 30 125
7. SOLUTION: TABLE 1
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3 City -4
Plant-1 8 6 10 9 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 7 50 2
Plant-3 14 9 16 5 40 4
Demand 45 20 30 30 125
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3 2
STEP 1: Compute the penalties for each row and column: Compute penalties
by subtracting the smallest Cij from the next smallest Cij ,
8. SOLUTION: TABLE 1
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3 City -4
Plant-1 8 6 10 9 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 7 50 2
Plant-3 14 9 16 5 40 ← 4
Demand 45 20 30 30 125
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3 2
STEP 2: Select the row or column with the highest penalty.
9. SOLUTION: TABLE 1
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3 City -4
Plant-1 8 6 10 9 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 7 50 2
Plant-3 14 9 16 5 40 ← 4
Demand 45 20 30 30 125
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3 2
STEP 3: Select the minimum cost of that row or column.
10. SOLUTION: TABLE 1
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3 City -4
Plant-1 8 6 10 9 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 7 50 2
Plant-3 14 9 16
30
5 40 - 30 = 10 ← 4
Demand 45 20 30 30 - 30 = 0
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3 2
STEP 4: Then allocate the minimum of supply or demand values in that cell. If there is a tie then
select that cell where the maximum allocation could be made. Eliminate that row / column where the
demand / supply becomes zero / fully satisfied.
12. SOLUTION: TABLE 2
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8 6 10 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Plant-3 14 9 16 10 5
Demand 45 20 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3
STEP 1: Compute the penalties for each row and column: Compute penalties
by subtracting the smallest Cij from the next smallest Cij ,
13. SOLUTION: TABLE 2
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8 6 10 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Plant-3 14 9 16 10 ← 5
Demand 45 20 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3
STEP 2: Select the row or column with the highest penalty.
14. SOLUTION: TABLE 2
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8 6 10 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Plant-3 14 9 16 10 ← 5
Demand 45 20 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3
STEP 3: Select the minimum cost of that row or column.
15. SOLUTION: TABLE 2
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8 6 10 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Plant-3 14
10
9 16 10 - 10 = 0 ← 5
Demand 45 20 - 10 = 10 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3 3
STEP 4: Then allocate the minimum of supply or demand values in that cell. If there is a tie then
select that cell where the maximum allocation could be made. Eliminate that row / column where
the demand / supply becomes zero / fully satisfied.
17. SOLUTION: TABLE 3
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8 6 10 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Demand 45 10 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 6 3
STEP 1: Compute the penalties for each row and column: Compute penalties
by subtracting the smallest Cij from the next smallest Cij ,
18. SOLUTION: TABLE 3
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8 6 10 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Demand 45 10 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 ↑ 6 3
STEP 2: Select the row or column with the highest penalty.
19. SOLUTION: TABLE 3
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8 6 10 35 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Demand 45 10 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 ↑ 6 3
STEP 3: Select the minimum cost of that row or column.
20. SOLUTION: TABLE 3
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City -2 City-3
Plant-1 8
10
6 10 35 - 10 = 25 2
Plant-2 9 12 13 50 3
Demand 45 10 - 10 = 0 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 ↑ 6 3
STEP 4: Then allocate the minimum of supply or demand values in that cell. If there is a tie then
select that cell where the maximum allocation could be made. Eliminate that row / column where
the demand / supply becomes zero / fully satisfied.
22. SOLUTION: TABLE 4
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City-3
Plant-1 8 10 25 2
Plant-2 9 13 50 4
Demand 45 30
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3
STEP 1: Compute the penalties for each row and column: Compute penalties
by subtracting the smallest Cij from the next smallest Cij ,
25. SOLUTION: TABLE 4
From
To
Supply
ROW
PENALTY
City - 1 City-3
Plant-1 8
25
10 25 - 25 = 0 2
Plant-2
45
9
5
13
50 - 45 = 5
5 - 5 = 0 ← 4
Demand 45 - 45 = 0
30 - 5 = 25
25 - 25 = 0
COLUMN
PENALTY 1 3
STEP 4: Then allocate the minimum of supply or demand values in that cell. If there is a tie then
select that cell where the maximum allocation could be made. Eliminate that row / column where
the demand / supply becomes zero / fully satisfied.
26. SOLUTION: TABLE 4
Now that, All the constraints are satisfied, The transportation cost
can be obtained by multiplying the units assigned to each cell with the
cost concerned.
Total Cost = (30*5) + (10*9) + (10*6) + (25*10) + (45*9) + (5*13)
= 150 + 90 + 60 + 250 + 405 + 65
= 1020
27. EXAMPLE 2
Solve the following using Vogel’s Approximation Method
Sources →
Destination ↓ 1 2 3 4 5 REQUIREMENTS
A 12 4 9 5 9 55
B 8 1 6 6 9 45
C 1 12 4 7 7 30
D 10 15 6 9 1 50
AVAILABILITY 40 20 50 30 40 180