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Land Resources Guide
- 2. Land Resource Land Resource A very important resource that we A very important resource that we cannot do without cannot do without The survival of animals and plants and The survival of animals and plants and other living organisms depend much on other living organisms depend much on the condition of the lands. the condition of the lands. Contain essential nutrients and minerals Contain essential nutrients and minerals that sustain plants' lives, which in turn that sustain plants' lives, which in turn sustain human existence. sustain human existence.
- 3. The Soil The Soil Can maintain the balance in an Can maintain the balance in an ecosystem if not disturbed. ecosystem if not disturbed. It is reproduced from its parent It is reproduced from its parent material at a very slow rate: 300 to material at a very slow rate: 300 to 1,000 years or more to build just a 1,000 years or more to build just a single inch of topsoil. single inch of topsoil.
- 5. Soil Layers Soil Layers 1. Topsoil contains 1. Topsoil contains – Most of the nutrients needed by plants and Most of the nutrients needed by plants and animals. animals. – Important microorganisms that are helpful in Important microorganisms that are helpful in the maintenance of ecological balance. the maintenance of ecological balance. 2. Subsoil - works as a water catchment 2. Subsoil - works as a water catchment system. system. 3. Substratum - the home of minerals 3. Substratum - the home of minerals such as coal and other mined minerals. such as coal and other mined minerals.
- 6. Destruction of Soil Destruction of Soil Major reasons for the destruction of Major reasons for the destruction of soil. soil. 1. 1. Human activities. Human activities. 2. 2. Natural, through erosion. Natural, through erosion.
- 7. Human Activities Destructive to Soil Human Activities Destructive to Soil Farming (e.g. kaingin system) Farming (e.g. kaingin system) Urbanization and industrialization Urbanization and industrialization Harvesting plants Harvesting plants
- 8. Erosion Erosion Accelerated process of soil removal Accelerated process of soil removal brought about by human interference brought about by human interference with the normal equilibrium between with the normal equilibrium between soil building and soil removal. soil building and soil removal. – artificial erosion (human activities) artificial erosion (human activities) – geological or natural erosion (caused by geological or natural erosion (caused by nature) nature) Water erosion Water erosion Wind erosion Wind erosion
- 9. Water Erosion Water Erosion Transposition of soil by rainwater, Transposition of soil by rainwater, including melted snow, running rapidly including melted snow, running rapidly over exposed land surfaces. over exposed land surfaces. – sheet erosion sheet erosion – rill erosion rill erosion – gully erosion. gully erosion.
- 10. Wind Erosion Wind Erosion Blowing of loose soil from one place Blowing of loose soil from one place to another. to another. – destructive as water erosion and is destructive as water erosion and is usually occurring in places where water usually occurring in places where water erosion is also active. erosion is also active. – dust storm or sand storm. dust storm or sand storm.
- 12. Agricultural Crop Land Agricultural Crop Land Land used primarily for production of Land used primarily for production of food and fiber food and fiber Agriculture relies heavily on irrigation Agriculture relies heavily on irrigation Overgrazing and poor cropping lead Overgrazing and poor cropping lead to major losses of soil. to major losses of soil. Erosion is a threat to productivity of Erosion is a threat to productivity of agricultural land agricultural land
- 13. Effect of Agriculture on the Environment Effect of Agriculture on the Environment Contamination of ground and surface Contamination of ground and surface waters by nutrients and pesticides waters by nutrients and pesticides Smoke from agricultural burning Smoke from agricultural burning Dust from open feedlots, tillage, and Dust from open feedlots, tillage, and harvesting harvesting Pesticide drift from spraying Pesticide drift from spraying Emissions of odorous compounds and Emissions of odorous compounds and greenhouse gases from agricultural greenhouse gases from agricultural operation operation
- 14. Factors Affecting Agricultural Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Degradation Land Degradation Land Use Land Use Fertilizer consumption Fertilizer consumption Pesticide consumption Pesticide consumption Irrigation Irrigation
- 15. Factors Affecting Agricultural Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Degradation Land Degradation Land Use Land Use – Improper crop selection Improper crop selection – Improper tilling of soil Improper tilling of soil – Overgrazing Overgrazing – Waste management Waste management
- 16. Factors Affecting Agricultural Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Degradation Land Degradation Fertilizer consumption Fertilizer consumption – Mishandling and misuse Mishandling and misuse – Over consumption of fertilizer raise Over consumption of fertilizer raise the soil’s NPK to hazardous levels the soil’s NPK to hazardous levels not suitable for crop growth not suitable for crop growth – Improper fertilizers for specific Improper fertilizers for specific crops or soil types crops or soil types
- 17. Factors Affecting Agricultural Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Degradation Land Degradation Pesticide consumption Pesticide consumption – Improper use of Improper use of Pesticides Pesticides Insecticides Insecticides Herbicides Herbicides Fungicides Fungicides Bactericides Bactericides Rodenticides Rodenticides
- 18. Factors Affecting Agricultural Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Degradation Land Degradation Irrigation Irrigation – Lack or oversupply of irrigation Lack or oversupply of irrigation – Inappropriate and faulty irrigation Inappropriate and faulty irrigation systems systems
- 19. Soil Conservation Soil Conservation Erosion Control Erosion Control – Minimum tillage Minimum tillage – Contour farming Contour farming – Strip cropping Strip cropping – Terracing Terracing – Gully reclamation Gully reclamation – Shelterbelts Shelterbelts Nutrient Nutrient preservation preservation – Organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers – Synthetic fertilizers Synthetic fertilizers – Crop rotation Crop rotation
- 21. Silviculture Silviculture The art and science of The art and science of controlling the controlling the establishment, growth, establishment, growth, composition, health, and composition, health, and quality of forests and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values diverse needs and values of landowners and society of landowners and society on a sustainable basis on a sustainable basis
- 22. Cornerstones Cornerstones Silvics - Silvics - provide descriptions of provide descriptions of individual tree species in the context individual tree species in the context of sciences basic to understanding of sciences basic to understanding how trees grow. how trees grow. Ecology Ecology - - explains the relationships explains the relationships between trees, other living organisms between trees, other living organisms and their environment: soil, climate, and their environment: soil, climate, and the land itself and the land itself. .
- 23. Silvicultural Treatments Silvicultural Treatments Tending – focusing on Tending – focusing on growth of uncut trees growth of uncut trees by allocating nutrients by allocating nutrients and open space. and open space. Regeneration – Regeneration – cultivating new cultivating new generations of trees. generations of trees.
- 24. Tending Tending Weeding of seedlings and Weeding of seedlings and saplings with a brush saw saplings with a brush saw Thinning of poles and saw Thinning of poles and saw timber timber – From below: cut shortest From below: cut shortest trees trees – From above: cut tallest From above: cut tallest trees trees – Crown: cut within main Crown: cut within main canopy canopy – Geometric: cut to create Geometric: cut to create even spacing of trees even spacing of trees – Free: cut as you please Free: cut as you please
- 25. Regeneration Regeneration Clearcutting: all of the trees Clearcutting: all of the trees removed removed – Seed-Tree: scattered trees Seed-Tree: scattered trees left to reseed the stand left to reseed the stand – Shelterwood: gradual stand Shelterwood: gradual stand removal; such that the first removal; such that the first cut maintains ground shade cut maintains ground shade – Selection system: periodic Selection system: periodic removals maintain an removals maintain an uneven-aged character, also uneven-aged character, also serves as a tending activity serves as a tending activity
- 27. Watershed Watershed A region of land where water drains downhill into a A region of land where water drains downhill into a specified body of water, such as a river, lake, sea, specified body of water, such as a river, lake, sea, ocean, or wetland. ocean, or wetland. Includes both the waterway and the land that drains Includes both the waterway and the land that drains to it to it Separated topographically by a ridge, hill or Separated topographically by a ridge, hill or mountain mountain Provide habitats for animals, lessen flooding, and Provide habitats for animals, lessen flooding, and prevent erosion prevent erosion
- 28. A lake is a reflection of its watershed A lake is a reflection of its watershed as to as to – Size Size – Topography Topography – Geology Geology – Land use Land use – soil fertility and erodibility, soil fertility and erodibility, – Vegetation Vegetation Watershed Watershed