2. INTRODUCTION
In the 1800s, new iron and steel production
processes revolutionized the world of
construction. With sturdy metal beams as their
building blocks, architects and engineers could
erect monumental skyscrapers hundreds of feet
in the air.
But these towers would have been basically
unusable if it weren't for another technological
innovation that came along around the same
time. Modern elevators are the crucial element
that makes it practical to live and work dozens of
stories above ground.
3. Even in smaller multi-story buildings,
elevators are essential for making offices
and apartments accessible to handicapped
people.
4. Types of Elevator :
1. Hydraulic elevator
2. Roped elevator
5. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using
a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston
mounted inside a cylinder.
7. The cylinder is connected to a fluid-
pumping system (typically, hydraulic
systems like this use oil, but
other incompressible fluids would also
work). The hydraulic system has three
parts:
A tank (the fluid reservoir)
A pump, powered by an electric motor
A valve between the cylinder and the
reservoir
8. The pump forces fluid from the tank into a
pipe leading to the cylinder.
When the valve is opened, the
pressurized fluid will take the path of least
resistance and return to the fluid
reservoir.
But when the valve is closed, the
pressurized fluid has nowhere to go
except into the cylinder.
As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it
pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator
car.
9. When the car approaches the correct
floor, the control system sends a signal to
the electric motor to gradually shut off the
pump.
With the pump off, there is no more fluid
flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that
is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it
can't flow backward through the pump,
and the valve is still closed).
The piston rests on the fluid, and the car
stays where it is.
10. To lower the car, the elevator control
system sends a signal to the valve.
The valve is operated electrically by a
basic solenoid switch .
When the solenoid opens the valve, the
fluid that has collected in the cylinder can
flow out into the fluid reservoir.
The weight of the car and the cargo
pushes down on the piston, which drives
the fluid into the reservoir.
The car gradually descends.
To stop the car at a lower floor, the
control system closes the valve again.
11. Pros and Cons of Hydraulics
Pros(advantages):The main advantage of
hydraulic systems is they can easily multiply the
relatively weak force of the pump to generate
the stronger force needed to lift the elevator car
Cons:Size of the equipment,expensive,
Inefficiency [The energy of position (potential
energy) only works to push the fluid back into
the reservoir. To raise the elevator car again, the
hydraulic system has to generate the energy all
over again]
12. • The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and
looped around a sheave (3).
• The sheave is connected to an electric motor(2).
When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises
the elevator; when the motor turns the other way,
the sheave lowers the elevator.
• Typically, the sheave, the motor and the control
system(1) are all housed in a machine room above
the elevator shaft.
• The ropes that lift the car are also connected to
a counterweight (4), which hangs on the other
side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs
about the same as the car filled to 40-percent
capacity.
• Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride
on guide rails (5) along the sides of the elevator
shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight
from swaying back and forth, and they also work
with the safety system to stop the car in an
emergency.
CABLE SYSTEM(Roped elevator):
14. Safety Systems:
Safeties are activated by
a governor when the elevator
moves too quickly.
Most governor systems are built
around a sheave positioned at the
top of the elevator shaft.
The governor rope is looped
around the governor sheave and
another weighted sheave at the
bottom of the shaft.
The rope is also connected to the
elevator car, so it moves when the
car goes up or down. As the car
speeds up, so does the governor.
The diagram below shows one
representative governor design.
15. Elevators also have electromagnetic brakes that
engage when the car comes to a stop. The
electromagnets actually keep the brakes in the open
position, instead of closing them. With this design,
the brakes will automatically clamp shut if the
elevator loses power.
Elevators also have automatic braking systems near
the top and the bottom of the elevator shaft.
The bottom of the shaft has a heavy-duty shock
absorber system -- typically a piston mounted in an
oil-filled cylinder. The shock absorber works like a
giant cushion to soften the elevator car's landing.
16. Elevators use two
different sets of doors:
doors on the cars and
doors opening into the
elevator shaft.
The doors on the cars are
operated by an electric
motor, which is hooked
up to the elevator
computer.
17. The electric motor turns a wheel, which is attached to
a long metal arm.
The metal arm is linked to another arm, which is
attached to the door. The door can slide back and
forth on a metal rail.
When the motor turns the wheel, it rotates the first
metal arm, which pulls the second metal arm and the
attached door to the left.
The door is made of two panels that close in on each
other
when the door opens and extend out when the door
closes.
The computer turns the motor to open the doors
when the car arrives at a floor and close the doors
before the car starts moving again.
Many elevators have a motion sensor system that
keeps the doors from closing if somebody is between
them.
