Birth is the act or process of bearing bearing offspring, also referred to in to in technical contexts as parturition. Birth rate gives us an idea of how many live births occurred in a particular country during a one-year period. We are then able to take a country's birth rate and compare it to the birth rates of other countries or of other groupings, such as a geographical region or the world. It  tell us a lot about community health, and is important measure of overall health care services. Health professionals closely monitor birth rates as they rise and fall, and measure these trends to track demographic dynamics to sort out current public health problems and build healthy public policy. So we can conclude that education, race, religion, and many other social, economic, and cultural factors also influence childbearing.

1. BIRTH
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Presented By: Group 2
•Sunita Poudel •Arjun
Poudel
•Sagar Parajuli •Usha Thapa

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Trend in Global/ SEAR/National level
• Factors affecting Birth
• Public health concern of Birth
• Conclusion and Recommendations
• References
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3. Introduction
• Birth is the act or process of bearing
bearing offspring, also referred to in
to in technical contexts as parturition. –Dictionary
• The process is initiated by hormones which cause the
muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the
fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed
and breathe. –Biological meaning
• In demography, birth is the transition towards
increasing the population size.
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4. V
Varies by:
1. Personal choice 2. Social factors
3. Political factors 4. Poverty level
5. Access to contraception 6. Maternal and infant care
7. Nutrition
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Major components of population
change
Migration Death
BIRTH
Components
Migration Death
BIRTH
Components

5. 7/27/2023 5
Birth rate Vs. Fertility rate
S.N Birth Rate Fertility Rate
1. The total number of births in a
year per 1000 individuals in a
population.
The number of live births in a
year per 1000 women of
reproductive age in a population.
2. Not age specific Age specific
3. It is the less refined way to
measure fertility.
It is the more refined way to
measure fertility.
4. In 2022, the current birth rate
of World is 17.668 births per
1000 population.
In 2022, the current fertility rate
of World is 2.428 births per
woman.
5 In 2020, the birth rate of
Nepal is 17.53 births/1000
population.
In 2020, the fertility rate of
Nepal is 1.9 births per woman.
Birth is an event and fertility is child bearing capacity.

6. • Approximately 4.3 births per second
• About 259 births per minute globally
• An average of 18.1 births per 1000 (CIA World Factbook
2021)
• More than half of the births take place in Asia
• Birth rates higher among Low Income Countries, and
LMICs compared to UMICs, High Income Countries
(World Bank Classification)
• Asia- Highest CBR at Afghanistan (31.8 births per 1000)
Lowest CBR at South Korea (5.9 births per 1000), Nepal
rank- 18th (2019 The Global Economy)
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Birth: Global Statistics

7. 7/27/2023 7
Birth: Global Statistics

8. Source: World Population Review
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Birth: Global Statistics
Countries with Highest
Birth Rate
Countries with Lowest Birth
Rate
1. Nigera- 47.28
2. Angola- 42.22
3. Mali- 41.60
4. Uganda- 41.60
5. Benin- 41.55
6. Chad- 41.05
7. Congo- 40.53
8. South Sudan- 38.26
9. Somalia- 38.25
10.Mozambique- 38.03
1. Monaco- 6.63
2. South Korea- 6.89
3. Andorra- 6.91
4. Japan- 7.00
5. Taiwan- 7.43
6. Greece- 7.72
7. Puerto Rico- 7.90
8. Portugal- 8.02
9. Spain- 8.05
10.Bulgaria- 8.15

9. 7/27/2023 9
Birth: Current status and Projection

10. 7/27/2023 10
Annual Number of Births by World Region

11. 7/27/2023 11
Birth Rate, Crude per 1000

12. 7/27/2023 12
Crude Birth Rate (1950-2050)
Crude Birth Rates (1950–2050, including projections)
UN, Medium variant, 2019 rev.
Years CBR Years CBR
1950–1955 36.9 2000–2005 21.0
1955–1960 35.4 2005–2010 20.3
1960–1965 35.2 2010–2015 19.5
1965–1970 34.0 2015–2020 18.5
1970–1975 31.4 2020–2025 17.5
1975–1980 28.5 2025–2030 16.6
1980–1985 27.7 2030–2035 16.0
1985–1990 27.4 2035–2040 15.5
1990–1995 24.2 2040–2045 15.0
1995–2000 22.2 2045–2050 14.6

13. • Nepal ranks at 81 among countries with
highest CBR globally (The Global Economy
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Crude Birth Rate, Nepal (2009-2019)

14. 7/27/2023 14
Crude Birth Rate, Nepal (1960-2019)

15. National Trend of CBR
In 2020, number of births for Nepal was 562.12
thousands
CBR: 19.26 (2020 AD)
Source: World Data Atlas
(https://knoema.com/)
Source: Population Monograph, Vol.4
Crude Birth Rate, Nepal

16. 7/27/2023 16

17. 7/27/2023 17
Factors affecting birth
Biological
factors
Psychological
factors
Economic
factors
Socio cultural
factors
• Heredity
• Health
• Age
• Lactation
• Pregnancy
wastage
• Psychological
pressure parenthood
• Pressure of virility
• Family prestige
• Competition
• More hands to
work
• Bigger income
• Insurance
• Security
• Gods blessing
• Family structure
• Respect for elder
• Fatalism
• Prohibition of set for
a considerably long
time after childbirth
• Prohibition of widow
marriage
• Limits of
marriageable age.

18. Poverty,
Children as an asset-
Male dominance
Government policy
Religion/Culture
Girls marry at an early
age
Available of FP services
Government policy
Affluence-children seen as as
a “financial burden”
Confidence
Education of women
INCREASE
DECREASE
Factors affecting birth

19. • Demographic concern
• Public health policy concern
• Healthcare system concern
• Environmental concern
Public health concern of birth

20. • Birth rate, fertility rate trends are the major sources
for demographic trends.
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Demographic concern

21. • A single child birth is the prime asset of the nation .
• Public Health Policy concerns with the birth .After the birth
,what else health care service are needed to make healthy baby
all these has to be mentioned at policy.
• It should address issues at policy related to the birth such as
choice of family planning services ,abortion services , IVF.
• It also concerns about the availability of nutritious food
,water, housing ,safe environment, quality education, growth
and development ,nation prosperity.
Public health policy concern

22. • Health Personnel (Doctor, nurses etc.), Health facility,
equipment ,resources are needed and maintained as per birth
trends.
• Birth determines immunization services, quality delivery
services ,essential medicine ,hospital ,NICU and other
rehabilitation services. The abortion and family planning
services are also concerning factors.
• Birth trends help to assume health care financing, new
technology innovation, health personnel, health facility, public
health programme etc.
Health care system

23. • Utilization and distribution of resources.
• Air , water, soil pollution and infectious diseases.
• Massive utilization of natural resources leads to
global warming and climate change.
• Poor housing, poor sanitation and unhealthy
lifestyles.
Environmental concern

24. Birth rate gives us an idea of how many live births occurred
in a particular country during a one-year period. We are then
able to take a country's birth rate and compare it to the birth
rates of other countries or of other groupings, such as a
geographical region or the world. It tell us a lot about
community health, and is important measure of overall
health care services. Health professionals closely monitor
birth rates as they rise and fall, and measure these trends to
track demographic dynamics to sort out current public
health problems and build healthy public policy.
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Conclusion

25. • So we can conclude that education, race, religion, and
many other social, economic, and cultural factors also
influence childbearing.
25
Conclusion

26. • It will be better to have population policies which help to reduce the
fertility by investing in birth control program.
• To promote education, especially female literacy is the key to lower
fertility with education comes a knowledge of birth control, greater
social awareness, more opportunity for employment and a wider
choice of action generally. (e.g the Muslim and Roman catholic
religions oppose artificial birth control.)
• To help in finding way of economic growth which allows greater
spending on health, housing, nutrition, education and important in
decreasing mortality and fertility.
26
Recommendation

27. • Specific programs should be introduced to reduce birth
rates by focusing factors affecting birth so that fertility
as well as infant and maternal mortality and morbidity
will be decreased and the overall well-being of the
family maintained and enhanced.
• More emphasis needs to be given on safe abortion
services as well as family planning.
27
Recommendation

28. • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth
• https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-birth-rate-
and-fertility-
rate/#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20birt
h,reproductive%20age%20in%20a%20population.
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References