groundwater pollution due to open dump landfill of mixed west in Bangalore

1. Submitted by
Soheb Patel (1EW15CV096)
Sunil K. Kamati (1EW15CV151)
Ranjeet Shah (1EW15CV118)
Niraj Shiwakoti (1EW14CV100)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Radhika KN
Dept of Civil Engineering
East West Institute of Technology,
Bangalore - 91

2. CONTENTS
I. RESEARCH PREAMBLE
II. Literature Review
III. Study area
IV. Justification
V. Objectives
VI. Methodology
VII. Conclusion

3. RESEARCH PREAMBLE
 This paper discusses the effects of a potential leachate leakage
from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill, situated at
CHIKKATHAGURU, Bangalore, India, on the surrounding water
bodies. The landfill area is spread over an area of about 100 acres
that began accepting waste from 2005. biopharmaceutical was
deposited in non-engineered manner that has resulting in steep
and unstable slopes, leachate accumulation within the
biopharmaceutical mass, and leachate runoff into nearby water
bodies such as ground water ponds and open wells. The current
study investigates the physicochemical characterization of
landfill leachate and nearby water bodies. The batch leach tests
were conducted to know the heavy metal, phospahate, nitrate
concentrations in the contaminated ground water. A series of
column tests were also conducted to estimate the migration rates
of different contaminants through the soil.
 Keywords: Concentration, Landfill, Leachate contaminant

4. INTRODUCTION
 Water is the most abundant environmental resource on earth but its
accessibility is based on quality and quantity, as well as space and
time.
 Once contaminated, groundwater may forever remain polluted
without remedy or treatment. Water is one of the determinants of
human earth system. Diseases may spring up through water
pollution, especially groundwater contamination, and rapidly spread
beyond human expectation because of its flow mechanism.
 Major contamination in ground water due to open dump landfill of
biopharmaceutical and other waste

5. STUDY AREA
 Dumping location:-Chikkathaguru village urban Bengaluru, is situated
at 874m above mean sea level of the longitude 12°51' and latitude 77°38'.
 The ground water resources is contaminated and affected by
unengineered dumping(lack processing control) of waste like
biopharmaceutical.
 Collection of ground water sample -8 no’s
 Method of GW collection is random.

7. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
 Seasonality is the first criteria of the period of this research work
because it plays prominent role in waste degradation and groundwater
migration. Either during the dry season when there is no water
ingression or during the excess rainfall. This study monitors the site to
compare result over time. which can easily dilute and reduce parameter
concentration. Some physical parameters like taste, colour and odour
are the main indicators of water pollution to the people without taking
into consideration the other physical, chemical and biological variables
of water.

9. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the research is to examine the effect of the location of
dumpsites on the underground water quality in BANGALORE.
 Examine the impact of dumpsite on the physical and chemical
properties of groundwater.
 Determination and map the extent of contamination in the study area.
 Compare the difference in the quality of sampled water with WHO and
Indian water quality standards.
 To suggest strategies for ground water management.

10. METHODOLOGY
1. Preliminary Identification of sites
2. Map Description of the site
3. Assessment of the terrain condition(dry season)
4. Sampling procedure
5. Chemical analysis of ground water samples
6. Result and Discussion
7. Plans for rehabilitation works

11. Sampling procedure
 Location of sampling points,
 Sampling frequency,
 Storage of samples for microbiological analysis,
 Sampling methods for physicochemical analysis,
Factor affecting analysis
Choice of methods
Minimizing the cost of analysis
Laboratory-based versus on-site testing

12. Chemical Analysis
S.
N.
Parameters Max. acceptable
limit In mg/l
Observed result
In mg/l
Method
1. Acidity 27.2-112.5 Titration
2. Alkalinity as caco3- 200 92-532 Titration
3. Total Hardness 200 770.508-4566 Titration
4. Calcium ca+ 75 124-568.4 Titration
5. Magnesium mg+ 30 106.71-376 Titration
6. COD 200 24.88-2215.03 Titration
7. Chloride Cl- 250 244-1360 Titration
8. Ph 6.5-8.5 4.99-6.51 Electrode
9. DO >5 2.4-5.1 Electrode
1 Salinity <200 low 0.68-112.5 Electrode
11. Temperature Room 16.9-27.8 Electrode
12. Turbidity 1-5NTU 0.11-1.3 Electrode
13. TDS 500 650-2560 Electrode

13. S.N. Parameters Max.
acceptable
limit In mg/l
Observed
result
In mg/l
Method
16. Phosphate < 0.1 high 0.395-42 Spectropho
tometer
17. Nitrate NO3- 45 low 0.233-35.42 Spectropho
tometer
18. Iron Fe+ 0.3-1 0.4-4.78 Spectropho
tometer
19. Fluoride F- 1.5 0.166-43.2 Spectropho
tometer
20. Sulphate SO4- 200 118.7674-500.2 Spectropho
tometer
21. Total Solids 500 High 650-2560 Evaporation
22. Sodium Na+ 30-460 120.1-742 Flame
Photometer
23. Potassium K+ 1.0-8.0 LH 0.5-246 Flame
Photometer
TABLE 1.

15. Result and discussion
 Calcium (Ca): Calcium is normally abundant in groundwater. The
desirable limit of calcium present in drinking water is 75 ppm (BIS,
1991;). The value of Ca ranges from 124 to 1410 mg/l and all the samples
exceed the permissible limits.
 Magnesium (Mg): The behavior of magnesium is very similar to that
of calcium. These two divalent metallic cations, which are abundant in
groundwater and are responsible for hardness of water. The Mg values
range from 112 to 254 mg/l.
 Sodium (Na): The normal content of sodium in the natural water is 1
to 60 ppm. The Na values ranges from 120.1 to 742 mg/l exceed the
permissible limit.
 Potassium (K): It is similar to sodium in many respects. However, it is
less abundant than sodium. Potable water generally contains potassium
in the range of 1-5 ppm. The mean values of potassium are 0.5 and 3.3
mg/l (Table 1). And higher at 8th point which is 246.

16.  Chloride (Cl): Chloride is present in all the natural water. The
presence of chlorine in water is harmful for bacteria and it improves
the quality of water. The desirable range of chlorine in natural water is
250 ppm. Table(1) shows that slightly higher at every point expect 2nd
and 5th point.
 Nitrate (NO3): Nitrogen in the forms of nitrate, nitrite, or ammonium,
is a nutrient needed for plant growth. The desirable limit of nitrate in
drinking water is 45 ppm. The nitrate value ranges from 0.23 to 35.42
mg/l. which is lower than permissible limit.
 Sulphate (SO4): In most of the natural waters, sulphate is found in
smaller concentrations than chloride. The desirable limit of Sulphate is
200mg/l. The sulphate value ranges from 119 to 500 mg/l. Higher at 7th
and 8th point (table 1).
 Fluoride (F): Leaching of fluoride from the earth crust is chief source
of fluoride content in groundwater. The desirable limit of fluoride is
1.5mg/l. The fluoride value ranges from 0.166 to 43.2 mg/l which is
lower than the permissible limit and higher at 8th point (table 1).

17.  Total Hardness (TH): Water hardness is mainly caused by the
presence of calcium and magnesium. The desirable limit of TH is
200mg/l. The TH values ranges from 771 to 4566 mg/l and all the
sample exceeds the permissible limit.
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The dissolved solids in water samples
include all solid materials in solution.colloids or dissolved gases. The
desirable limit of TDS is (500-1000)mg/l for domestic purpose. The
values of TDS ranges from 650 to 2560, which exceeds the permissible
limit at 1st and 8th point (table 1).
 Electrical Conductivity (EC): The electrical conductivity is an index
of degree of mineralization and usually expressed in μ-mhos/cm at 25°
C. This property varies with concentration and degree of ionization of
the constituents and with temperature. The values of EC ranges from
1220 to 4000 μ-mhos/cm
 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH): The pH value in moles/liter. The
desirable range of pH in drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 (BIS, 1991). The
mean pH value in the sub-basin is 4.99 to 6.51 (Table 1) which is acidic.

18.  Iron (Fe): Iron is one of the major constituents of rocks, next in abundance
only to oxygen, silicon and aluminum. The desirable range of iron in natural
water is 0.3 to 1 ppm. The values of Fe ranges from 0.4 to 4.78 mg/l which
exceeds in 8th point (Table 1).
 Turbidity : Nephelometric Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the
water loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates.
According to thw WHO desirable values of Turbidity is 1-5 NTU . Turbidity
values ranges from 0.11 to 1.3 NTU (Table 1).
 Akalinity: The amount of Alkalinity that should water be 20-200 mg/L for
typical drinking water. The values of alkalinity ranges from 292 to 532 mg/l
(Table 1) which exceeds the permissible limit.
 Phosphate: Inorganic phosphates (e.g., phosphoric acid, zinc phosphate, and
sodiumphosphate) are added to the water to create orthophosphate, which
forms a protective coating of insoluble mineral scale on the inside of service
lines and household plumbing. The desirable limit of phosphate is less than
0.1mg/l.The values of phosphate ranges from 0.4 to 42 mg/l which exceeds the
permissible limit at every point (table 1).

19.  Electrical Conductivity (EC): The electrical conductivity is an index of
degree of mineralization and usually expressed in μ-mhos/cm at 25° C. This
property varies with concentration and degree of ionization of the
constituents and with temperature. The values of EC ranges from 1220 to
4000 μ-mhos/cm .
 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH): The pH value of a solution is the
negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles/liter. The
desirable range of pH in drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 (BIS, 1991). The mean
pH value in the sub-basin is 4.99 to 6.51 (Table 1) which is acidic.

20.  Silica: Silicon is the most abundant element on earth after oxygen which
explains why most water supplies will contain some traces of silica. All
natural water supplies contain some dissolved “silica” and most will also
contain suspended or colloidal silica. Silica values ranges from 0.038 to
0.1mg/l.
 Nitrate: Nitrate in drinking water is measured either in terms of the amount
of nitrogen present or in terms of both nitrogen and oxygen. The federal
standard for nitrate in drinking water is 10 milligrams per liter (10 mg/l)
nitrate-N, or 45 mg/l nitrate-NO3. The nitrate values ranges from 0.23 to
35.42, which is lower than thw permissible limit (table 1).

21. Plans for Rehabilitation works
APPLIED METHOD FOR SUCCESSFUL REMIDATION OF
CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
1. PUMP & TREAT METHOD
2. PERMEBLE REACTIVE BARRRIERS
3. OPTIMIZING NATURAL ATTENUTION(reduction of effect)
4. RESTORTATION LANDFILL SEEPAGE WATER
DRAIN,INSTALLATION OF TANDEM SHAFT & MORE

22. REMEDIES
1. PUMP & TREAT
METHOD
2.Ammonia
removing process

23. REMEDIES
2. OPTIMIZING
NATURAL
ATTENUTION
3. RESTORTATION
LANDFILL SEEPAGE
WATER
DRAIN,INSTALLATION
OF TANDEM SHAFT &
MORE

24. strategies for ground
water management

27. CONCLUSION
 Physicochemical analysis reveals that there is high contamination of
organic & inorganic constituents.inorganic macro compound, metals
concentration was in trace only indicating that the waste dumped is
predominantly municipal, Biopharmaceutical waste. Based on
physicochemical analysis the quality of water was found to be
unsuitable for drinking and slightly bad for irrigation purpose.
 Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral causes
expansion in concrete leading to crack formation.in dry turns white.
 Concrete becomes more susceptible to penetration of external
corrosive agents. Reduction in the strength of concrete .

28. • Te study revealed that the concentration of MSW materials in
the landfill site had systematically polluted the soil and water
bodies (surface water and groundwater) over time.
• The effect of such pollution as assessed from the study declined
away from the polluting source. This implied that the surface and
groundwater bodies were more dependent on proximity to
landfill sites.
This dependence may be due to the influence of topography,
type, state of waste disposal system and to some extent, the
hydrogeology of the site.

29. THANK YOU