Animal husbandry introduction

1. Lecture - 2
1. Body parts
2. Introduction
3. Common terms

2. Body parts of Cattle

3. Introduction
• Veterinary Science was developed during Vedic Era in India
• Livestock played important role in ancient society, as evidenced from Mohenjo-Daro
and Harappa Civilization and their importance increased during 2000 B.C.
• Veterinary was a flourishing practice which can be traced from ‘Atharvaveda’ and
‘Rigveda’
• Ashoka (300 B.C) established hundreds of well equipped veterinary hospitals
• Vishnupuranam and Matysapuran described the criteria for selection of bulls for
breeding purpose.

5. • Provide food, fibre, manure, pleasures, companionship and service
• Nutrient recycling in soil and ecological stability to environment
• In recent times the animals are only source of organic farming and in future, will serve
as source of supply of inputs to many life saving pharmaceuticals and therapeutic
agents
• Will be useful as animal models for biomedical research

6. Common Animal Husbandry Terms
• Buller or Nymphomaniac: A cow apparently always in heat.
• Back crossing: Mating of crossbred back to one of the pure parents used to produce it.
• Balanced ration: Ration that contains all the nutrients in right proportions and
quantities is called balanced ration.
• Bull Calf: A male calf under one year of age.
• Bull: It is un castrated sexually matured male of the species.
• Bullock: Castrated male Ox.
• Calf starter: Concentrate feed offered to the young calves after 2 weeks of age.
• Calf: A young animal of bovine species under one year of age.
• Casting: It is throwing down the animal and securing the limbs for various purposes like
surgical operations, castration, hoof trimming, shearing etc.
• Castration: It is the removal of testicles.
• Challenge feeding: The practice of feeding higher levels of concentrate to challenge the
cow to reach her maximum milk production.

7. • Concentrates: Feeds that contain less than 18% crude fibre are called concentrates such
as grains, oilcakes, grain by products etc.
• Cow: It is a female of bovine species that has calved at least once.
• Crisscrossing or Rotational crossing: Mating of a hybrid to three established breeds in a
rotational manner.
• Cross breeding: A system of breeding between two established breeds.
• Cryptorchid: A male animal in which one or both the testicles fail to descend into the
scrotal sac.
• Culling: Removal of undesirable or unproductive animals from herd.
• Deticking: Removal of the external parasites like ticks, lice, mites present on the body
surface of animal.
• Deworming: Removal of the internal gastro intestinal parasites from the body.
• Disbudding: Removal of the horn buds of the calf by mechanical or chemical methods to
arrest growth of horns.
• Dry period: The time interval between date of drying off the cow to the date of next
calving.

8. • Energy feeds: Feeds containing less than 20% crude protein are called energy feeds.
• Free martin: When twin calves of different sexes are born, the bull calf is normal whereas
the heifer calf is sterile. The sterile heifer calf is called freemartin.
• Gestation period: The period of pregnancy in animals.
• Grading up: Systems of breeding in which pure bulls are used for improvement in non
descript females for several generations.
• Heifer calf: A female calf under one year of age.
• Heifer: A female individual that has not yet calved.
• Inbreeding: A system of breeding between very closely related animals.
• Inheritance: Transmission of genes from parents to the offspring in next generation.
• Intercalving period: No of days between two successive calvings.
• Lactation Curve: The graphical representation of the rate of milk secretion during
lactation is called Lactation Curve.
• Lactation length: The time interval between the date of calving to the date of drying the
animal expressed in days.

9. • Maintenance ration: A ration given daily to the animal to maintain in resting non
production condition with good health.
• Open animal: Female animals that have not been bred.
• Parturition: Act of delivery in animals.
• Pasture: Fodder crops grown on the land for grazing animals.
• Pedigree Bull: The bull whose ancestral record is known.
• Persistency: Ability of the animal to sustain good daily milk is for a longer period i.e, the
slope of descending phase of lactation curve is known as Persist-ency.
• Phenotype: The visible character of an individual animal.
• Production ration: A portion of the ration given daily in excess of maintenance
requirement for purpose of growth, production and work.
• Protein supplements: Feeds that contain 20% or more protein are called protein
supplements.
• Ration: The total amount of feed that an animal is offered during a 24 hour period of time
is called ration.

10. • Roughage: Feeds that contain more than 18% crude fiber are called roughage such as hay,
silage, fodder etc.
• Scrub Bull: It is non-descript type of stray village cattle.
• Selection: The process of including certain animals in a population for becoming parents of
next generation.
• Service period: The period between parturition to successful conception expressed in
days.
• Silage: Freshly cut green forages cut and offered to the animals.
• Stud Bull: Bull that is used for breeding purposes.
• Test cross: Mating of a crossbred back to its recessive parent.
• Variation: It is a tool to measure differences of character or trait between animals.
• Weaning: Separation of the calf from the cow and feeding them artificially.