Exosomes - Diagnostics and Therapeutics

1. Sumedha S. Bobade
PhD Scholar
Animal Biotechnology
EXOSOMES A RISING STAR IN
DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS

2. Introduction
 Exosomes were first identified in 1983 from
sheep reticulocytes .
 They were merely called ‘externalized vesicles’,
The term exosomes was coined by Trams who
described the release of Evs from various normal
and neoplastic cell lines.
 Exosomes are 40–150 nm extracellular vesicles
(EVs) surrounded by phospholipids bilayer.
 Originates and released from late endosomes.
 Formed in multivesicular bodies inside the cells.

3. Exosomes secretary cell and fluids
Immune cells
 B-cells, T-cells
 Dendritic cells(DC),
Macrophages
 Platelets
Epithelial cells
Present in physiological fluids
 Serum
 Urine
 Breast milk
 Amniotic fluid
 Malignant ascites
 Lymph
 Bile
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Saliva
In healthy and morbid condition

4. Structure and composition of exosomes
Wen et al., 2017

5. Exosomes Biogenesis
Kowal et al., 2014

6. Pathways of exosomes secretion
Coccuci and Meldolesi , 2015
Kim et al., 2018

7. Exosomes Heterogeneity
Ferguson and Nguyen, 2016

8. Loading of mRNA during
exosome biogenesis
Ferguson and Nguyen, 2016

9. Exosomes and Immune system
Yamashita et al., 2018

10. Role of Exosomes
De Toro et al., 2015

11. Exosomes Web Domains

12. Identification of Exosomes

13. Exosome isolation
(Bunggulawa et al. ,2018)

14. Exosome isolation and Characterization
(Chahar et al. ,2015)

15. Exosomes -wide range of applications

16. Exosomes -wide range of applications
(Rashed et al.. 2017)

17. Exosomal Biomarker

18. Role of Exosomes in Diagnostic

19. The Role of Exosomes in Infectious Diseases

20. Diagnosis of Cancer
Rashed et al., 2017

21. Angiogenesis , Neoangiogenesis and
Theragnosis
• Angiogenesis is a major process which regulates nutrient availability of fast
growing solid tumors. Tetraspanins are key players in the process of
angiogenesis .
• Neoangiogenesishas to be stimulated to avoid cancer necrosis.
Neoangiogenesis is important for the nutrition and oxygen supply of the tumor
and acts as entry point for metastatic cells into systemic circulation. Cancer-
associated fibroblasts stimulate neoangiogenesis via secretion of exosomal
SDF-1 (stromal cell derived factor-1) .
• Theragnosis is a concept in next-generation medicine that simultaneously
combines accurate diagnostics with therapeutic effects. Molecular components
in exosomes have been found to be related to certain diseases and treatment
responses, indicating that they may have applications in diagnosis via
molecular imaging and biomarker detection (Kim et al., 2018).

22. Therapeutic Uses

23. Exosomal drug delivery

24. Diagnosis of CNS Diseases

25. Exosomes and Energy Metabolism

26. The Role of Exosomes in Pregnancy
• The syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta continuously
and constitutively produces and secretes exosomes to the
maternal bloodstream.
• These exosomes exhibit a redundant number of mechanisms
that inhibit the function of the maternal immune system during
pregnancy and promote the survival of the fetus .
• The knowledge derived in these areas will open up
possibilities for novel, exosome-based treatments of pregnancy
failure and infertility (Toro et al., 2015).

27. The Role of Exosomes in vaccine
• Tumor derived exosomes express tumor antigen that activate immunogenicity and
used as vaccine.
• The engineered exosomes to express IL 18 or HSP induce anti tumor immunity and
employed in cancer vaccine.

28. The Role of Exosomes in vaccine

29. Conclusion
• Exosomes are cell-derived membrane vesicles secreted by different cell
types and harbor verity of molecular constituents and proteins which are
present in various body fluids.
• The interest in exosomes has increased exponentially mainly because of the
important potential application in biological, pathological and
physiological function.
• This holds a great promise as noval biomarker in cancer detection, in
clinical diagnosis, prognostic indicators, development of therapeutics, drug
delivary and vaccines.
• In future a more thorough understanding and analysis of exosomes and
their components will enable the development of safer and more effective
application of exosomes with defined structures and functions.

30. References
 Janas A. M., K, Sapon, T, Janas , M, H.B. Stowell and T. Janas, 2016 Exosomes
and other extracellular vesicles in neural cells and neurodegenerative diseases.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1858:1139–1151.
 Johnstone R. M., M. Adam, J. R. Hammond S, L. Orr, and C. Turbide, 1987.
Vesicle Formation during Reticulocyte Maturation. J. of Biol. Che. 262: 9412-
9420.
 Kalluri R. 2016. The biology and function of exosomes in cancer . J Clin Invest.
126(4):1208-1215.
 Kim Y., J. Ahn, S. Kim, H.Kim, S.Kim, and J. Kang, 2018. The potential
theragnostic (diagnostic-therapeutic) application of exosomes in diverse biomedical
fields. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 22(2):113-125.
 Kowal J., M. Tkach and C. Thery ,2014. Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes.
Current Opinion in Cell Biol. 29:116-125
 Ronquist K. 2019.Extracellular vesicles and energy metabolism. Clinica Chimica
Acta .488:116-121.