Representing Human-Nature Ties Through Rituals in La Galigo
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This document discusses the social representation of human and nature relationships through agricultural practices in the traditional Bugis epic "I La Galigo". It first examines how rice is personified as the goddess Sanghiangserri in the epic's mythology and collective memory. It then notes that South Sulawesi is one of Indonesia's largest rice producers. Finally, it discusses how modern farming techniques have been integrated with persisting myths, rituals, and taboos from the traditional agricultural system depicted in the epic. The presentation aims to analyze the anchoring of this system in the contemporary Bugis farming community's lifestyle and cultural norms.
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Representing Human-Nature Ties Through Rituals in La Galigo
- 1. Social Representation of Human and Nature Relationship trough Agricultural Practices in I La Galigo, Traditional Epic of Buginesse Community, Indonesia Diah R. Sulistiowati Center of Social Representation Studies, Indonesia
- 2. Agriculture Ritual Human and Bissu + Arajang Nature (Heirloom) Relationship Lontaraq + oral tradition Buginesse Aristocrats /Noble Family I La Galigo
- 3. Issues to Discuss 1. Paddy in I La Galigo Epic 2. South Sulawesi is the one of the biggest rice producer in Indonesia 3. Preserving myth in the agriculture practices 4. The Rites as a part of cycle agriculture practices 5. Myth in agricultural practices vs Buginesse Modern Farming System 6. Discussion
- 4. (1) Paddy in I La Galigo Epic • Paddy is the reincarnation of Sanghiangserri (Goddess of Paddy) The Genealogy of Sanghiangserri • Batara Guru (GOD in I La Galigo epic) Married with We Nyiliq Timoq (First Human in the earth) • Have a daughter namely We Oddang Riuq (reffering to the episode of Meong Mapalo) • died after 7 days born • Paddy grew at her grave • And She become Goddess of Paddy, called Sanghiangserri
- 5. Memory Collective of Paddy in Buginesse Community Buginesse community is believing Good treat (do rituals, South Sulawesi Paddy = Sanghiangserri (Goddess of Paddy) no doing taboo, put is well known paddy in the top of for high rice How? the house (Why?), production in Respected and Treat as GOD etc) = high production Indonesia of Paddy Upper World: Paddy God, Goddess living place The Cosmology Middle World: of I La Gailgo Human Epic Underworld: Underwater world
- 6. The House of Buginesse Community Upper World: God, Goddess living place Middle World: Human Underworld: Underwater world
- 7. (2) South Sulawesi is one of the biggest rice producer in Indonesia • Indonesian Government Target for Rice Self- Resilience in 2020 • In 2011 Indonesian paddy production target 67.31 million tons of un-milled rice • Actual Production (in 2011) is 66.41 million tons • South Sulawesi is one of the targeted area to increasing National paddy production • High production = Modern technology of Agriculture
- 8. Modern Technology of Agriculture • Tractor to plow • Insecticide • New species of Paddy (fast growing varieties) • Fertilizer • etc
- 9. (3) The preserving myth in the modern agriculture practices ≠ Pest = Sign Dishonesty of Justice Dis-functionality of government (in district, sub-distric, etc)
- 10. Continuing …. Drought is a sign sent from upper world about the = disrespectfulness of local norms (ex. Adultery) Talking during meals No light in dark night Taboo Talking a laud in the afternoon Throwing the rice Empty water in front of house
- 12. 4. The Rites as a part of cycle agriculture practices Paddy Planting = Mapalili
- 13. Mappalili ritual followed by Magiri dance
- 14. Madojja Bine = Paddy seed Consolation
- 16. (6) Discussion Myth in agricultural practices vs Buginesse Modern Farming System Traditional System of Modern System of Agriculture -Category Agriculture-Category Shifting (Before Green (after green revolution) Revolution): 1. Using fertilizer Agriculture 1. No fertilizer 2. Using insecticide 2. No Insecticide 3. Using tractor 3. water buffalo to plow machine to plow 4. etc 4. etc Agricultural System in I La Galigo Epic: Ritual, Taboo, keep the norm, etc
- 17. (6) Discussion The Anchoring and the Objectifications of Agricultural System in Buginesse Farming Community Norm Planting Ritual Paddy (Sanghiangserri/ Harvest Goddess of rice) Ritual Maintaining the Paddy field Taboo Seed Soaking ritual
- 18. (6) Discussion The Face of Buginesse Agricultural Lifestyle Norm Planting Harvest Ritual Ritual Paddy (Sanghiangserri/ Goddess of rice) Taboo Maintaining the Paddy field Seed Modern Soaking harvest The insertion ritual of modern object in daily The New Wave of life Modern made in China Housing agricultural machine
- 19. Modern House of Buginesse Farming Community
- 20. Thank You!
Editor's Notes
- In this research we agreed to use the analogy of the Buginesse Community as a Complete Structure of Tree with the root, is I la Galigo, The Trunk is Buginesse aristocrats and branches is the result of activitiesbut in this research I focused more in human and nature relationship trough agricultural practices in Buginesse community Agriculture practices in this research is inter-section between Bissu,Arajang (Heirloom) and oral tradition via lontaraq or Masureq
- I will tell a short story about Paddy in I La Galigo EpicThe Buginesse community belief that paddy is reincarnation of SanghiangserriThe genealogy of Sanghiangserri :Sanghiangserri is the daughter of Batara Guru (GOD I La Galigo Epic) which his married with We NyiligTimoq (the first human in the earth)After 7 days born, the Sanghiangserri died and burriedAfter a month, her father (Batagar Guru) found the paddy plant in her grave
- In traditional epic of I La Galigo, the concept of universe fall under three classifications, upper, middle and lower world (Matullada, 1985). The upper world is also known as bottinglangi, it is where God and Goddess live or Patotoë area of living (Sky, bittara, etc), there is no human in the upper world. The middle world is peretiwi(foundation of the earth) where the humanlife live and under world is described as underwater world (foundation of the underwater world, ocean, river, etc)These classifications appear in daily life of Buginesse community, for example is Buginesse House Architecture, the structure of Bugiesse traditional house consist of three levels 1) Rakkeang, the top floor, placed by family heirlooms and paddy rice, 2) Posiq bola or the center of the house, where family activities take place and (3) Awaso, or lower area, functioned as storage, to keep the farming’s tool and pets
- As I explained before, this is the real picture of Buginesse House
- Continuing paddy as the main product result of South Sulawesi since I La Galigo era, Indonesian government targeted to be rice self-resilience in 2020 in several steps, so they should push the production of rice in Indonesia One of the target area is South Sulawesi to reach national targetHigh production = modern technology of Agriculture
- Indonesian Government strategy to increasing the rice production:Providing aid to the farmer, such asTractorInsecticideFertilizerNew species of paddy with fast growing species
- In I La Galigo epic Rat is not considered as a Pest, but they leftover the slightly paddy for the rat to consume it.In Modern Theory of Agriculture, Rat is a Pest so its must eradicated by insecticide In this research we found that Buginesse Community is still believing the rat is sign of something happened (negatively) in the societyFrom example in Wajo, Head of Tosora Village is always do checking the paddy field every weeks, if there is a rat in one paddy fields he believes something wrong in the family, but if the rats attack happened in one village, its sign something happened in the village management, same as sub distric, district and province.
- The drought is sign of something happened (negatively) or breaking the norm, ex. AdulteryWe found in in Wajo Village, the head of village said, in the view month with no rainfall, drought , he believes its sign for breaking the norm, so he finds the couples who do the breaking the norm, he finds it and he weds the couples, and a couples of day, the rainfall. They also believes the taboo, such as no talk during the meals, and empety water in front of house
- The drought, etc could be happened if they do something without the notification from local calendarKekeringanterjadikarenatidakmenghitungharibaikburukketikamelakukansesuatu
- The Mappalili ritual, is a sign to begin planting the rice, and the farmers may only begin the tilling of their own fields after Mapalili ritual. They didn’t dare to go to the field before the Mappalili is conductedThey prayer to the GOD in upper land, to blessed the paddy planting process and ask the direction for perfect time to plant the paddy
- They believe if they tilling the paddy before Mappalili is conducted, the harvest is not maximum because the Patotoe (God) angry. This rituals is lead by a Bissu (a person who become a mediatory between GOD and the Middle world). The Bissu will bring the heirloom (arajangancient plow tool) and doing a Mabissu dance. Mabissu is usually conducted by 6 main Bissus, led by a Bissu leader in the paddy field area, dressed in golden yellow colored clothing, accompanied by a typical rhythmic drum, they chant the mantra using mythic language (ancient language of Bugis people). While doing the rituals/dancing around Arajang, an item believed to be the place of sacred objects and ancestral spirits. In front Arajang, a variety of offerings, such as Buginesse traditional pastries, fruits, chickens and cows, are being prepared as an offering to their ancestors. The culmination of Mabissu is when the Bissu pierce their hand and neck with badik(traditional weapon) but didn’t leave any scars.
- conducted by farmers family (men and women) who stay awake all night to fulfill several rituals, which includes reading and singing masureq in front of the paddy seed (that will be plant in the field) with the lights on. Paddy, which is believed as the reincarnation of Sanghyangserri (Goddess of Paddy), have to be held in a high esteem, so the Goddess will keep the paddy in a good condition, good harvest, and be spared from the pest.
- is conducted after the harvest to celebrate the harvest. The celebration is held in an open space within the village to thank Sanghyangserri for the harvest. Mappadendang ritual is conducted by a long pounding mortar, placed at the east side
- Yes, there is shifting from traditional agricultural system to modern agricultural system in Buginesse farming community BUT no matter the system is, they are still doing the agricultural system in I La Galigo Epic, and keeping the ritual, no doing taboo, and keep the norm
- The Anchoring of the Buginesse Farming community is Paddy, with the objectifications are the norm, planting rituals, maintaining the paddy field the the poet or song from the I La Galigo epic, harvest ritual, soaking the seed ritual, ectThe periphery of of the Buginesse farming community is the insecticide, fertilizing, plowing machine, etc
- This is the Face ofBuginesse Agricultural community-------Modern Agricultural Community. From the outer: ModernInside:
- This is the proven the Buginesse community from outside----ModernityWith those explanation above, do not imagine the Buginesse community as a close and sterile community with no modernism insertion, you can see this picture above the house Buginesse farmer in remote area and also the modern