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Clock face drawing test
1. CLOCK FACE DRAWING TEST:
METHODS & IMPLICATIONS
Dr.S.K. Kar
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
KGMU, Lucknow, U.P
2. Clock face drawing test: Overview
• Developed in early 1900s for evaluation of soldiers
with head injury (particularly to parietal and
occipital lobes)
• Injury to parieto-occipital area: Difficulty in
composing images (appropriate number of parts,
correct size & orientation):::: CONSTRUCTIONAL
APRAXIA
• Skills required to draw a CLOCK
• Ability to follow directions
• Language comprehension
• Visualize orientation of the object
• Execute normal movements (coordination)
• Conceptualization and planning
• Number sequencing
Mc Gee S (2018): Mental Status Examination: Evidence based physical diagnosis; 4th Edition
3. Neurobiological correlates of
clock face drawing test
Eknoyan D, Hurley RA, Taber KH. The clock drawing task: common errors and functional
neuroanatomy. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2012
Jul;24(3):260-5.
4. Clock Face Drawing Test in Dementia
Dementia Sensitivity Specificity
Abnormal clock drawing
test
36-75 72-98
MMSE score ≤23 53-100 71-99
Mc Gee S (2018): Mental Status Examination: Evidence based physical diagnosis; 4th Edition
CFDT is a non-verbal test of cognition
6. Sunderland T, Hill JL, Mellow AM, Lawlor BA, Gundersheimer J,
Newhouse PA, et al. Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease: a novel
measure of dementia severity. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:725-9.
7. Watson YI, Arfken CL, Birge SJ. Clock completion: an objective
screening test for dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:1235-40
8. Other methods
• Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Cooperative Study
scoring system:
• The AD Cooperative Study scoring system uses a 5-point
scale, with higher numbers indicating better
performance.
• Scoring: One point each is assigned for drawing an
approximately circular face, symmetry of number
placement, correctness of numbers, presence of two
hands, and hands showing correct length or time
• Wolf-Klein method:
• In the Wolf-Klein method, subjects are merely asked to
“draw a clock” on a preprinted circle.
• Scoring: Their scoring system has 10 anchor points
which pertain only to the spacing of the numbers; time
setting is not assessed.
• Sample anchor points include: 10“normal”; 7 “very
inappropriate spacing;” 4 “counter-clockwise rotation;”
and 1 “irrelevant figures”
• Shulman method:
• One of the oldest scoring systems used was by Shulman
et al.
• They developed a 5-point scale of hierarchical errors
with the higher score for a failed attempt to draw a
clock.
• In a subsequent study, this scale was reversed and the
maximum points given to a perfect clock
• Many other methods (Manos and Wu system;
Mendez system; Rouleau system; Pfizer Inc., and
Eisai Inc. System; Tuokko system etc)
9. Implications
Fronto-temporo-parietal functioning
Indicator of constructional apraxia
Early screening for cognitive impairment
(Dementia)
Useful in dementias like : AD, VD, FTD
Also useful in DELIRIUM, FOCAL CEREBRAL
LESIONS, HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE,
HEMINEGLECT, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS,
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Poor performance may be
seen with: Old age,
Depression, Low
education, HypertensionAdvantage:
• Simple & Quick
• Little need of resources
• Can be administered to hearing impaired
• Easy to document graphically
• Easy to remember
Palsetia D, Rao GP, Tiwari SC, Lodha P, De Sousa A. The Clock Drawing Test versus
Mini-mental Status Examination as a Screening Tool for Dementia: A Clinical
Comparison. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018;40(1):1–10.