1. PSG COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE: COIMBATORE
|| Department of Psychology || || Psychology Association ||
Less Known Facts in Psychology
Professor R Thangapandian
December 27, 2016
2. “PSYCHOLOGY
FACTS TO BE KNOWN”
Psychology is the only subject that
starts with silent letter.
“Psychology has a long past but only a
short history”
5. GREEK MYTHOLOGY
• In Greek mythology Psyche was a mortal
who became the wife of young God Cupid
6. The story of psyche
• Venus, Cupid’s mother, opposed his
marriage to a mortal, and she harassed
Psyche with countless, almost impossible
tasks
• Psyche performed the tasks with such
dedication, intelligence, and compassion
that she was made immortal, thus
removing Venus’s objection to her.
7. The term psyche
• Aristotle adopted the name of PSYCHE
from Greek mythology to refer to human
mind, when he suggested that all human
intellectual functions are produced by a
person’s psyche
10. • Book with the title “psychologia”
• Rudolf Göckel a German philosopher in
1590 published the book “ Psychologia
hoc estde hominis perfectione anima
orbu”
11. • The word psychology in English was by
Steven Blankaart in 1693 in The Physical
Dictionary which refers to "Anatomy, which
treats of the Body, and Psychology, which
treats of the Soul.
14. WILHELM (MAXMILLIAN)
WUNDT(VILL helm voont)
• A medical man, and a teacher of analytical
philosophy established the first
psychology laboratory in 1879 at Leipzig
university Germany.
17. Americans earned PhD from Wundt
• About 100 PhDs
• 33 Americans earned their PhDs from
Wundt.
18. Tireless writer
• Wundt wrote more than 53735 pages of
books and articles despite being blind in
his right eye during the second half of his
life. This means writing for 100 years with
500 pages per year.
• If you read 50 pages a day, it would take
you 3 years to get through them all
19. 1874 book
• Wundt in his 1874 book Principles of
Physiological Psychology describes
experimental procedures for psychological
research.
24. Destruction of Wundt’s lab
• American (allied) bombing in 1943 World
War II destroyed Wundt’s original lab.
25. BEFORE WUNDT
• 1) Ernst Heinrich Weber(vay-ber)
• He proposed the popular Weber’s
Law of Psychophysics in 1834. He worked
at University of Leipzig.
26. Fechner
2) Gustav Theodor Fechner of Leipzig
Fechner coined the term
psychophysics in his book “Elemente Der
Psychophysik”.1860
27. Leipzig scientists
• Fechner also worked in the Leipzig
University.
• Unlike Wundt, Weber and Fechner were
not campaigners interested in establishing
psychology as the independent discipline.
28. FIRST PSYCHOLOGY LAB
WILLIAM JAMES - USA
• William James of USA Harvard University
established the first psychology laboratory in
1875 four years before of Wundt’s laboratory in
1879 – FOUNDING FATHER OF AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGY
• But his laboratory produced no original research
data and used mainly for lecture demonstration
unlike Wundt’s laboratory which generated
original psychological data and became the first
psychology laboratory in the history.
30. Other contributions of William
James
• The school of psychology- Functionalism
• The first theory of emotion- James- Lange
theory.
• First text book of psychology “The
Principles of Psychology”-still in print
32. Theory of intelligence
• Two factor theory of intelligence
• Spearman had an unusual background for a psychologist
• . After 15 years as an officer in the INDIAN British Army he resigned
to study for a PhD in experimental psychology under Wundt.
34. 2) Emil Kraepelin
• He started the scientific study of abnormal
behaviour and the classification of mental
disorders.
35. 3) E B Titchner
• German psychology was brought to USA
through Titchner’s Structuralism. The preserved
brain of early psychologist Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) is currently on
display as part of Cornell University’s Wilder Brain Collection.
43. Other first’s of Stanley Hall
• First American PhD in psychology. topic
• Established first American RESEARCH
psychology lab at Johns Hopkins
University in 1883.
• First psychology journal “American Journal
of Psychology” in 1887.
• He coined the phrase “storm and stress”
44. First doctorate in psychology
• First doctorate in psychology was given to
Joseph Jastrow, a student of Stanley Hall
at John Hopkins university in 1886.
• He developed the duck-rabbit figure and
became president of APA in 1900.
45. 5) Hugo Munsterberg
• Started the scientific study of industrial
psychology with his book “Psychology and
Industrial Efficiency”
47. 6) Lightner Witmer
• Established the first psychological clinic at the
university of Pennsylvania in 1907.
• His first case was a “chronic bad speller”
•
Three members of the Psychological Clinic at the entrance, ca. 1923.
48. • Coined the term clinical psychology which
appeared in the first article of the first
issue of the journal “psychological
clinic”(1907)
49. 7) James Mc Keen Cattell
• He coined the term mental test.
• First professor of psychology in USA.
• He established The Psychological
Corporation, the biggest supplier of
psychological test materials.
• He named his daughter as “Psyche”
• First American PhD student of Wundt.
53. 8) WALTER DILL SCOTT
• One of the American student of Wundt
and the first psychologist, who applied the
psychology in advertising through his book
54. HERMANN EBBINGHAUS
• Developed 2300 nonsense syllables like
PXT – still used in memory research.
• Using himself as subject and 14000
recitations, he developed forgetting curve.
• In 1855, he published UberDas
Gedachtnis( On Memory)
56. PSYCHOLOGY IN INDIA
• In 1905 Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the Vice
Chancellor of Calcutta University, realized
the importance of psychology, introduced
experimental psychology as a subject in
the syllabus of MA philosophy.
57. Syllabus by Sir Brajendra Nath
Seal
• In1905-the Philosophy professor of
Calcutta University drafted the syllabus for
experimental psychology and established
a lab for demonstration.
58. About Sir Brajendra Nath Seal
• Seal helped Rabindranath Tagore in
founding the Visva Bharati University.
• He was Swami Vivekananda’s classmate
and friend.
59. First psychology department by
Narendra Nath Sen Gupta
• Eleven years later in1916- the
demonstration lab was upgraded as
FIRST independent PSYCHOLOGY
DEPARTMENT at Calcutta University by
Dr Narendra Nath Sen Gupta.
• He visited Harvard and worked under
Hugo Munsterberg, the father of industrial
psychology.
62. NN Sen Gupta’s contribution
• Dr N N Sen Gupta included psychology as
a science under Indian Science Congress
Association in 1923.
• He founded the Indian Psychological
Association in 1924.
• He started the first Journal “Indian Journal
of Psychology in 1925.
63. GIRINDRA SHEKAR BOSE
• GS Bose, a medical doctor was a first
batch student of MA Psychology – student
of NN Sen Gupta- Calcutta University.
• Second professor of psychology in
Calcutta University.
• First PhD and DSc in Psychology with the
title” “Concept of Repression” in 1921.
64. • He sent his thesis to Freud and Freud was
very impressed by his work and made as
a member of International Psychoanalytic
Association
65. • G S Bose’s Contribution
• He was in letter correspondence with Sigmund Freud for
16 years.
• Freud writes “ can the God being used to Calcutta, not
stand the climate in Vienna” in his diary about Bose.
• He formed the Indian Psychoanalytical Society in 1922
and the journal Samiksa.
• He is known as the Indian Freud of Beautiful Mind.
66. • His work on illusion was discussed in the
book Psychology Down the Ages by
Charles Spearman
67. OTHER UNIVERSITIES
• Following Calcutta University’s lead and before India
achieved independence, Universities in Mysore,
Lucknow, Madras, Patna, Lahore (now in Pakistan) and
Dacca( now in Bangladesh) had established psychology
departments and were soon joined by Aligarh, Banaras
and Baroda Universities
69. Student of Charles Spearman
Dr. M.V.Gopalaswamy, after obtaining his
Ph.D. in London under Dr. Charles
Spearman, established this Department in
1924.
70. ALL INDIA RADIO
•
• Akashvani – All India Radio Mysore was
established on the efforts made by the renowned
professor of psychology in the Mysore University,
Dr. M.V. Gopalaswamy.
• The first sound broadcasting on the radio was
started in the year 1927 in his residence “Vittal
Vihar”.
71. Third psychology department -
Lucknow University
• Dr. NN Sen Gupta left Calcutta and joined
the Philosophy department at Lucknow
University in 1929
• He introduced psychology into the
philosophy curricula and soon established
the department of psychology.
72. PSYCHOLOGY IN MADRAS
UNIVERSITY
• Dr. Gunamudian David Boaz,
received his PhD from
The University of Oxford and
graduated from
Scott Christian College,
Nagarkovil as. G.D. Boaz, M.A.
• The department of Psychology was
instituted at the University of Madras
in 1943.
73. About Dr G.D.Boaz
• He wrote the popular text book of General
Psychology.
• His son PD Boaz, a psychologist trained in
America founded the Dr.G.D.Boaz
Memorial Hospital School in Chennai.
74. Durganand Sinha and Jai B.P
Sinha
• They became leaders in the development
of Indian psychology.
• Jai B P Sinha shared the results of his
research on achievement motivation with
David Mc Clelland.
• Durganand Sinha
75. Girishwar Misra
• The well known Indian psychologist,
Girishwar Misra is now developing a
historical project on psychology in post
independent India.
77. • After India’s Independence Prime Minister Nehru
was much disturbed by the large scale
communal violence during India’s partition. He
sought the help of UNESCO.
• UNESCO sent Gardner Murphy of City College,
New York, (later APA President) to India in
1951. He spent 6 months in India, formed 6
research teams to study causes of social
tension.
• This project culminated in the book “In the Minds
of Men” edited by Murphy.
80. Conference
• A conference of professors of psychology
of Indian universities was convened in
New Delhi in 1951 by Govt of India to
consider the teaching of psychology in
Indian universities.
• Gardener Murphy was present to assist
the conference.
82. Jung and Ramana Maharishi
• Carl Gustav Jung was in India(1938- Silver
Jubilee Session of Indian Science Congress,
Calcutta).
• He went to see the Taj Mahal, he went to see
Khajuraho, he went to see the temples of
Konarak, but he refused to see Ramana
Maharshi of Tamil Nadu
• And wherever he went, he was again and again
told that "You being one of the topmost
psychoanalysts in the West, you should not miss
this opportunity of meeting a eastern mystic who
has come to his full flowering.
83. Ramana’s reply
• Ramana was overjoyed. He said, "He is welcome.
Whenever he wants to come, I am available."
• And this man is uneducated. I left my home when I was
only seventeen. I am not an expert in anything.
• I am not a philosopher and not afraid of one of the
founders of psychoanalysis. I am happy to see him.
84. Jung about Maharishi
• Carl Jung wrote of Ramana Maharshi: “He
is genuine and, in addition to that,
something quite phenomenal. In India he
is the whitest spot in a whitespace.”
• But Jung admitted that he chose not to
visit him while he was in India because
he feared the experience would derail
his evolving theory of the psyche.
86. Erikson in India
• In 1962 Erikson first came to India, to conduct a
psychology seminar in Ahmadabad.
• His host was Ambalal Sarabhai, the mill owner
who had been Gandhi’s chief opponent in a
1918 strike for higher wages by Ahmadabad mill
workers.
• Erikson met many men and women who
remembered Gandhi and had been participants
in the events of 1918 to write the book Gandhi’s
Truth
88. 1964 Kakinada Experiment
• McClelland conducted a five-year experimental
study popularly known as the ‘Kakinada
Experiment’.
• Under this experiment, young persons were
selected and put through a three-month
achievement motivation training programme and
later many started their own business
• It was the Kakinada Experiment that made
people appreciate the need for entrepreneurial
training.
89. 5) HOWARD GARDNER-2012
• The father of multiple intelligence was in
India from Jan25 to Feb7.
• Visited 5 cities, Chennai, Bangalore,
Mumbai, Hyderabad, and NewDelhi.
91. SUDHIR KAKAR
• Only Indian psychoanalyst
• Erik Erikson directed him towards
psychoanalysis
92. Indian Psychoanalyst
• Sudhir Kakar is a Freudian psychoanalyst and writer..
Kakar received a Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering, a
Master’s degree in business economics and became
Doctor of Economics.
• He began his training in psychoanalysis at the Sigmund-
Freud Institute in Frankfurt, Germany in 1971
94. V.S. RAMACHANDRAN
• Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran is
the Professor in the Department of
Psychology and the Neuroscience at the
University of California, San Diego.
• He is known as the Marco Polo of
Neuroscience.
95. V.S.RAMACHANDRAN
• Ramachandran obtained anM.B.B.S.
from Stanley Medical College in Madras,
India, and subsequently obtained a Ph.D.
from Trinity College at the
University of Cambridge.
• Grand son of Alladi Krishna samy Iyer,
advocate general of Madras and co-
architect of the Constitution of India
96. TIME Magazine 100 list
• Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,
Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and
UC San Diego researcher V.S.
Ramachandran.
• What do they have in common? They all
are on TIME Magazine's 2011 TIME 100
list. The list identifies the most 100
influential people in the world according to
the magazine.
97. About brain
•
"With his simple, creative and innovative
ideas," writes Thomas Insel, director of the
National Institute of Mental Health, in
TIME, "V.S. Ramachandran is changing
how our brains think about our minds."
109. Burning of Freud’s books
• The Nazi party burned Freud’s books and
books by other Jewish and American
authors like Einstein, Hemmingway, Karl
Marx and Helen Keller in 1933.
110. Freud’s response to the burning of
his books
• Freud told a friend “What progress we are
making. In the Middle Ages they would
have burnt me. Nowadays they are
content with burning my books”.
111. 1938 House arrest
• In 1938 Freud and his family were put
under house arrest by Nazi secret police
Gestapo.
• Freud’s beloved daughter Anna Freud was
jailed for one day.
113. Freud’s migration to London
• Ernest Jones The President of
International Psychoanalytic Association
flew into Vienna and forcibly brought
Freud and his family to London.
139. 2014- Theft attempt
• The urn is an antique one – 300 BC
Greek- and in a theft attempt in 2014 it
was broken and later restored. It was
given to Freud by one of his clients
140. ALFRED ADLER
• One of the founding father of
psychoanalysis- a Jew– inferiority complex
and birth order- Individual Psychology
142. His ash was discovered after 70
years
• He died in 1937 on his tour and cremated
in Edinburgh- Scotland
• The casket containing his ash was
discovered in 2007 and returned to Vienna
143. BIRTH OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Case of Anna O- real name
Bertha Pappenheim .
• Freud described her as the “actual founder of
psychoanalysis”
• West Germany govt issued a stamp in honour of
her contribution to social work in 1954.
• She coined the term Talking cure- free
association
168. Twelve infants quotation in his book
“Behaviorism”
• Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and
my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll
guarantee to take any one at random and train him
to become any type of specialist I might select –
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes,
even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations,
and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my
facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of
the contrary and they have been doing it for many
thousands of years. [p. 82]
169. LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT
• "Little Albert B." was a pseudonym for
Douglas Merritte The young boy died on
May 10, 1925 of hydrocephalus at the age
of 6 years. Later APA banned such
studies as unethical.
170. Video on Little Albert experiment
• You can see Watson and his assistant
172. Watson- Advertising man
• In 1921 Watson left academics and joined
as the Vice President of world’s most
popular advertising agency J.Walter
Thompson—J.W.T.
177. Number 1 eminent psychologist
• In2002 Review of General Psychology
survey by 1775 members of APA
prepared the list of 100 eminent
psychologists and Skinner topped the list.
178. Operant conditioning chamber
• Designed operant conditioning chamber
commonly known as Skinner Box and
cumulative recorder.
180. B F SKINNER –Pigeon project
• During World War II Skinner demonstrated
that pigeon could guide missiles by
pecking on a screen inside the Skinner
box. PIGEON PROJECT
181. Baby tender
• Baby tender is a controversial project of
Skinner in which he was he was
experimenting with his daughter Deborah
as if she were a rat inside the Skinner box.
182. Novel by Skinner
• Skinner originally studied BA English
literature and he has written the novel
Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and
Dignity
187. Typographical error
• "The term 'industrial psychology' first appeared
in a 1904 article of Bryan's APA address.
Ironically, it appeared in print only as a
typographical error.
• Bryan was quoting a sentence he had written
five years earlier in which he spoke of the need
for more research in individual psychology.
Instead, Bryan wrote industrial psychology and
did not catch his mistake." (source: Muchinsky,
1997, p10; emphasis added)
188. WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY –
MARY CALKINS
• First woman student of psychology in Harvard.
• When she attended the class men students left the class.
• She was tutored alone by William James.
• She was denied PhD because of her gender.
• Later she became first woman president of APA in 1905.
189. MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN
• 2) Washburn
• First woman to receive PhD in
psychology.
• Denied membership in the group of
experimental psychologists because of
her gender by her own teacher Titchner
• Second woman president of APA.(1921)
• Her work was the first foreign study Wundt
published in his journal.
190. • 3) Lillian Gilbreth
• First PhD degree granted in
industrial psychology– Conducted motion
study and proposed Therbligs.
• Mother of management science.
• She had twelve children and their children
wrote the book “Cheaper by Dozen” .
192. 4)ANNA FREUD
• Sixth, beloved and last child of Freud.
• Founder of child psychoanalysis.
• Much of work on defense mechanism was
done by Anna Freud.
195. 7) Elizabeth Loftus
• An expert on human memory, eye witness
testimony and court room procedures
• She is 58th
in a list of hundred most
influential researcher in psychology- APA
196. 8) Karen Horney( horn EYE)
• Female psychoanalyst who proposed
womb envy as a retaliation to Freud’s
penis envy.
198. BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
ORIGIN OF THE TERM:
Odgen Lindsley, the student of B F Skinner is the first to
use the term behavior therapy in the research report “
Studies in Behaviour Therapy” 1953
(Skinner was a researcher and not a therapist and his
students developed many techniques of behaviour
therapy)
199. Shaping and time out techniques
• Nathan Azrin
• . Another student of Skinner
developed shaping and time out
techniques.
200. Token Economy
• In 1950s Teodoro Ayllon( eye- YONE)
(Skinner’s student) designed and used
token economy at Anna State Hospital in
Illinois
201. ALBERT BANDURA
• According to 2002 survey 4th
most
influential psychologist behind B.F
Skinner, Freud, Jean Piaget.
• observational learning
202. 1961 Bobo Doll Study video
• You can see aggressive female adult
model and the children imitating her
behavior
