2. What do you hope for this weekend?What do you hope for this weekend?
Bookshelf
3. Why Scripture?Why Scripture?
They bind us together.They bind us together.
They come to us with an inherentThey come to us with an inherent
authority.authority.
Have withstood the test of time.Have withstood the test of time.
It is God’s word (?).It is God’s word (?).
They can provide valuable guidanceThey can provide valuable guidance
for our lives.for our lives.
4. Why not Scripture?Why not Scripture?
They’re just a bunch of old writingsThey’re just a bunch of old writings
that mean nothing today.that mean nothing today.
They contradict each other.They contradict each other.
They’re hard to understand.They’re hard to understand.
They’re hard to read.They’re hard to read.
Are they true?Are they true?
6. Canonization – O. T.Canonization – O. T.
By 400 B.C.E. the Law (Torah) wasBy 400 B.C.E. the Law (Torah) was
accepted as authoritativeaccepted as authoritative
By 200 B.C.E. the Prophets were acceptedBy 200 B.C.E. the Prophets were accepted
as normativeas normative
Jamnia – 90 C.E. – Assembly of JewishJamnia – 90 C.E. – Assembly of Jewish
ScholarsScholars
Books included continued to vary untilBooks included continued to vary until
Fourth Century C.E.Fourth Century C.E.
7. Canonization – O.T.Canonization – O.T.
Criteria for InclusionCriteria for Inclusion
Conformity – To the teachings ofConformity – To the teachings of
the Torah.the Torah.
Inspiration – Written by divinelyInspiration – Written by divinely
inspired prophets (Ezra was theinspired prophets (Ezra was the
last – 5last – 5thth
Century B.C.E.).Century B.C.E.).
Hebrew LanguageHebrew Language
Widespread UseWidespread Use
8. Canonization – N.T.Canonization – N.T.
Muratorian Canon – ca. 200 C.E.Muratorian Canon – ca. 200 C.E.
Canon according toCanon according to Cyril ofCyril of
JerusalemJerusalem – ca. 340 C.E.– ca. 340 C.E.
Third Synod of Carthage – 397Third Synod of Carthage – 397
C.E.C.E.
Modified by another Synod 419Modified by another Synod 419
C.E.C.E.
9. Canonization – N.T.Canonization – N.T.
Criteria for InclusionCriteria for Inclusion
Apostolic Origin – Primary orApostolic Origin – Primary or
SecondarySecondary
OrthodoxyOrthodoxy
AntiquityAntiquity
InspirationInspiration
Public or Liturgical Use – MostPublic or Liturgical Use – Most
ImportantImportant
10. Different BiblesDifferent Bibles
Septuagint (LXX) – Greek version ofSeptuagint (LXX) – Greek version of
the Hebrew Bible with the Apocryphathe Hebrew Bible with the Apocrypha
worked on by 70 (or 72) menworked on by 70 (or 72) men
Vulgate – Latin Translation by JeromeVulgate – Latin Translation by Jerome
(382-387 C.E.)(382-387 C.E.)
King JamesKing James
Joseph Smith Translation (IV)Joseph Smith Translation (IV)
11. Taking the Bible SeriouslyTaking the Bible Seriously
But Not LiterallyBut Not Literally
History Vs. MetaphorHistory Vs. Metaphor
Saga Vs. Actual EventsSaga Vs. Actual Events
Literal Interpretation Vs. OtherLiteral Interpretation Vs. Other
InterpretationsInterpretations
Pre-Critical – Critical – Post CriticalPre-Critical – Critical – Post Critical
13. What is a Gospel?What is a Gospel?
Historical Fiction?Historical Fiction?
Art of storytellingArt of storytelling
IronyIrony
SymbolismSymbolism
ForeshadowingForeshadowing
Historical accuracyHistorical accuracy
Ancient Biographies? – Praise the greatness andAncient Biographies? – Praise the greatness and
merit of personmerit of person
Accurate?Accurate?
14. What is a Gospel?What is a Gospel?
““Good News”Good News”
Jesus talked about what he called the Gospel/GoodJesus talked about what he called the Gospel/Good
News of GodNews of God
Early Christians preached the death and resurrectionEarly Christians preached the death and resurrection
of Jesus which was the Gospel/Good News of Godof Jesus which was the Gospel/Good News of God
Gospel/Good News became the ministry of JesusGospel/Good News became the ministry of Jesus
which included what Jesus said was thewhich included what Jesus said was the
Gospel/Good News of God & what early ChristiansGospel/Good News of God & what early Christians
said was the Gospel/Good News about Jesus.said was the Gospel/Good News about Jesus.
Preaching – Sermons in story formPreaching – Sermons in story form
15. What is a Gospel?What is a Gospel?
We are free to accept or reject, belittle orWe are free to accept or reject, belittle or
embrace, but whatever our response, weembrace, but whatever our response, we
ought to understand what these booksought to understand what these books
intend to do: they intend to convert us.intend to do: they intend to convert us.
Introduction to The Gospels
Mark Allen Powell
16. The Gospels and JesusThe Gospels and Jesus
5 Voices Present5 Voices Present
Actual AuthorActual Author
Implied AuthorImplied Author
StoryStory
Implied ListenerImplied Listener
Actual ReaderActual Reader
17. Synoptic Gospels &Synoptic Gospels &
JohnJohn
Syn = WithSyn = With
Optic = Seeing or LookingOptic = Seeing or Looking
Matthew, Mark, and Luke are so similar they areMatthew, Mark, and Luke are so similar they are
seen as being parallel with each otherseen as being parallel with each other
Similar incidents, often in the same orderSimilar incidents, often in the same order
TimelineTimeline
View of JesusView of Jesus
John – Different in countless waysJohn – Different in countless ways
18. Gospel SourcesGospel Sources
Sources that underlie a particular text – WhatSources that underlie a particular text – What
was borrowed or copied and from wherewas borrowed or copied and from where
Hebrew ScripturesHebrew Scriptures
Oral TraditionOral Tradition
Quelle “Q”Quelle “Q”
Other oral traditionsOther oral traditions
Other written sourcesOther written sources
The Synoptic ProblemThe Synoptic Problem
21. Q “Document”Q “Document”
Temptation of Jesus (Luke 4:1-13; Matt. 4:1-11)Temptation of Jesus (Luke 4:1-13; Matt. 4:1-11)
Beatitudes (Luke 6:20-23; Matt. 5:3-12)Beatitudes (Luke 6:20-23; Matt. 5:3-12)
Lord’s Prayer (Luke 11:2-4; Matt: 6:9-13)Lord’s Prayer (Luke 11:2-4; Matt: 6:9-13)
Mustard Seed & Leaven (Luke 13:18-21; Matt.Mustard Seed & Leaven (Luke 13:18-21; Matt.
13:31-33)13:31-33)
Carrying the Cross (Luke 14:26-27; Matt. 10:37-Carrying the Cross (Luke 14:26-27; Matt. 10:37-
38)38)
Several parables (Banquet, Lost Sheep, Talents)Several parables (Banquet, Lost Sheep, Talents)
22. Typical Forms of MaterialTypical Forms of Material
in the Gospelsin the Gospels
1.1. Sayings – Legal, eschatological,Sayings – Legal, eschatological,
proverbs, “I” sayingsproverbs, “I” sayings
2.2. Pronouncement Stories –Pronouncement Stories –
Biographical, controversy,Biographical, controversy,
didactic (educational, moralistic)didactic (educational, moralistic)
3.3. ParablesParables
4.4. Commissioning StoriesCommissioning Stories
23. Typical Forms of MaterialTypical Forms of Material
in the Gospelsin the Gospels
5.5. Miracles Stories – Exorcisms,Miracles Stories – Exorcisms,
Healing Miracles, Resuscitations,Healing Miracles, Resuscitations,
NatureNature Miracles, Feeding MiraclesMiracles, Feeding Miracles
6.6. GenealogiesGenealogies
7.7. LegendsLegends
8.8. MythsMyths
24. Translation of theTranslation of the
GospelsGospels AramaicAramaic
Greek – Written and Translated (LXX)Greek – Written and Translated (LXX)
LatinLatin
EnglishEnglish
KJVKJV
RSVRSV
NIVNIV
NRSVNRSV
OthersOthers
25. Redaction of theRedaction of the
GospelsGospels
Take what has been written and rewrite (or edit)Take what has been written and rewrite (or edit)
material to meet current writer’s approval ormaterial to meet current writer’s approval or
needneed
Villages in Mark become Cities in MatthewVillages in Mark become Cities in Matthew
Mark 8:27-33 – Matthew 16:13-23 – Luke 9:18-22Mark 8:27-33 – Matthew 16:13-23 – Luke 9:18-22
Mark 6:5,6 – Matthew 13:58 – Luke 4:16-30Mark 6:5,6 – Matthew 13:58 – Luke 4:16-30
Baptism of JesusBaptism of Jesus
Greek becomes more polishedGreek becomes more polished
Historical inaccuracies correctedHistorical inaccuracies corrected
OtherOther
26. Historical Jesus in theHistorical Jesus in the
GospelsGospels
Historical CriticismHistorical Criticism
History Vs. FaithHistory Vs. Faith
Myth Vs. HistoricityMyth Vs. Historicity
Truth Vs. TruthsTruth Vs. Truths
Three QuestsThree Quests
1919thth
CenturyCentury
1960s1960s
Later 20Later 20thth
CenturyCentury
Jesus SeminarJesus Seminar
27. The Gospels and JesusThe Gospels and Jesus
Layers of TraditionLayers of Tradition
Community talking about the
disciples talking about Jesus talking
about the Kingdom of God.
Community talking about Itself talking about disciples talking
about Jesus talking about the Kingdom of God.
Disciples talking about Jesus
talking about the Kingdom of God
Jesus talking about the
Kingdom of God
28. (1:1 – The ‘beginning’ of the Gospel)
1:2------------------------------------------9:50 {10:1-31} 11:1-------------------15:47 16:1-8
Galilee---------------------------On the Way---------------------------------Jerusalem
Ministry---------------------------------------------------Passion/Death----Empty Tomb
‘Who is this?’ ‘This is Who’
“The Mystery of the Kingdom”----------The Mystery Revealed
8:22-------------------------11:1
8:22-26 – Blind Man 9:2-13 – Transfiguration 10:1-31 – Entering the Kingdom
8:27-30 – Peter’s Confession 9:14-29 – Healing of the child (Marriage/Children/Wealth)
8:31-33 – 1st
Passion Pred. 9:30-32 – 2nd
Passion Pred. 10:32-34 – 3rd
Passion Pred.
8:34-9:1 – On Discipleship 9:33-50 – On Discipleship 10:35-44 – On Discipleship
10:46-52 – Blind man healed
Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark
29. Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark
Historical ContextHistorical Context
Who?Who?
John Mark?John Mark?
Linked more closely to Paul than PeterLinked more closely to Paul than Peter
11stst
Century Christian who was not a follower of JesusCentury Christian who was not a follower of Jesus
Where?Where?
Gentile communityGentile community
Geographical mistakesGeographical mistakes
Explains Jewish customsExplains Jewish customs
Community of Christians in GalileeCommunity of Christians in Galilee
Where Jesus beginsWhere Jesus begins
Where disciples are sentWhere disciples are sent
30. Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark
Historical ContextHistorical Context
When?When?
Around the time of the Jewish War with Rome (66-70 c.e.)Around the time of the Jewish War with Rome (66-70 c.e.)
Before of after the destruction of the Temple?Before of after the destruction of the Temple?
Why?Why?
People associated with Jesus were dyingPeople associated with Jesus were dying
Not only concerned that Jesus’ isNot only concerned that Jesus’ is justjust remembered butremembered but
remembered in a particular wayremembered in a particular way
Provide historical grounding for an emerging theologicalProvide historical grounding for an emerging theological
systemsystem
31. Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark
Major ThemesMajor Themes
The Reign of GodThe Reign of God
Phenomenon of God reigning or rulingPhenomenon of God reigning or ruling
What God wants to happen is already taking placeWhat God wants to happen is already taking place
God’s reign has drawn near – In JesusGod’s reign has drawn near – In Jesus
Discipleship and the CrossDiscipleship and the Cross
Disciples are examples of persons who don’tDisciples are examples of persons who don’t
understand the message of the crossunderstand the message of the cross
UnperceptiveUnperceptive
MisconceptionMisconception
RejectionRejection
32. Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark
Major ThemesMajor Themes
Son of Man & Son of GodSon of Man & Son of God
Messianic SecretMessianic Secret
Theologically intentionalTheologically intentional
Maybe Jesus wasn’t messianicMaybe Jesus wasn’t messianic
Jesus as a “Wonder Worker” is inadequateJesus as a “Wonder Worker” is inadequate
ChristologyChristology
Jewish understanding of Messiah needs reinterpretingJewish understanding of Messiah needs reinterpreting
Jesus cannot be known apart from the crossJesus cannot be known apart from the cross
Outsiders Vs. InsidersOutsiders Vs. Insiders
1:9-11 & 15:38,391:9-11 & 15:38,39
14:3-9 & 16:114:3-9 & 16:1
The Way – 1:9-15 & 16:7The Way – 1:9-15 & 16:7
33. Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark
What’s unique?What’s unique?
16: 8 and then 9-2016: 8 and then 9-20
Christmas?Christmas?
Easter?Easter?
AllAll
Immediately / At Once – God’s TimeImmediately / At Once – God’s Time
(Kairos)(Kairos)
Humanity of JesusHumanity of Jesus
34. Mark 2:1-3:6Mark 2:1-3:6
Literary Criticism & ConcentricLiterary Criticism & Concentric
StructureStructure
Setting / LocationSetting / Location
Key or Link WordsKey or Link Words
Issue(s)Issue(s)
ThemeTheme
Linear DevelopmentLinear Development
36. Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
(Jesus the Messiah) (Peter’s Confession) (Sent to the Gentiles)
1:1-----------------------------------------16:13-23----------------------------------28:16-20
1:1-17 – ‘David’s Son’
1:23 – ‘Emanuel’--------------------------------------------------------------”I will be with
God-with-us you always, to the close
of the age’
***********************************************************************************
1:1-2:23 – Introduction: Origin and Infancy of Jesus the Messiah
3:1-7:29 – Part 1: Proclamation of the Kingdom – Discourse: Sermon on the Mount (5-7)
8:1-10:42 – Part 2: Ministry in Galilee – Discourse: Mission Sermon to the Twelve (10:1-42)
11:1-13:52 – Part 3: Controversy & Opposition – Discourse: A Sermon in Parables (13:1-52)
13:53-18:35 – Part 4: Further Ministry in Galilee – Discourse: A Sermon on the Church (18:1-35)
19:1-25:46 – Part 5: Jerusalem. – Discourse: Sermon on the Endtime (24:1-25:46)
26:1-28:20 – Passion, Death, and Resurrection (Adapted from Raymond Brown, INT, 172)
T
o
r
a
h
?
37. Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
Historical ContextHistorical Context Who?Who?
Tax collector – Levi (Papias)Tax collector – Levi (Papias)
22ndnd
generation Christian – 1generation Christian – 1stst
generation gonegeneration gone
JewishJewish
Scholar (13:51)Scholar (13:51)
Translations don’t come from LXX but are his ownTranslations don’t come from LXX but are his own
Where?Where?
Populous urban communityPopulous urban community
Both Jews and Gentiles – Mission to bothBoth Jews and Gentiles – Mission to both
38. Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
Historical ContextHistorical Context
When?When?
After MarkAfter Mark
Authoritative by 115 c.e.Authoritative by 115 c.e.
80-90 c.e.80-90 c.e.
Why?Why?
Mark & Q both incomplete and/or inadequateMark & Q both incomplete and/or inadequate
Christ not currently presentChrist not currently present
God’s will for contemporary situationsGod’s will for contemporary situations
No possibility for progress = No hope for the futureNo possibility for progress = No hope for the future
Meant to replace Mark not complementMeant to replace Mark not complement
No effective Doctrine of the ChurchNo effective Doctrine of the Church
39. Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
Major ThemesMajor Themes
The abiding presence of GodThe abiding presence of God
God is present in JesusGod is present in Jesus
Mark only claims that God actsMark only claims that God acts throughthrough JesusJesus
God is present in a new & unique wayGod is present in a new & unique way
Worshiping Jesus IS worshiping the Lord GodWorshiping Jesus IS worshiping the Lord God
Jewish Law & Christian FaithJewish Law & Christian Faith
Jesus binds and loosens God’s will correctlyJesus binds and loosens God’s will correctly
Pharisees bind and loosen incorrectlyPharisees bind and loosen incorrectly
Jesus and his followers have authority to interpret the lawJesus and his followers have authority to interpret the law
Greatest CommandmentGreatest Commandment
Golden RuleGolden Rule
40. Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
Major ThemesMajor Themes
People of Little FaithPeople of Little Faith
Inadequacy of Jesus followers and their dependency onInadequacy of Jesus followers and their dependency on
himhim
Jesus’ disciples struggle not only with sin but also withJesus’ disciples struggle not only with sin but also with
doubtdoubt
No Faith vs. Little FaithNo Faith vs. Little Faith
Only a little amount of faith is needed (17:20)Only a little amount of faith is needed (17:20)
They haveThey have somesome faith and it is enough to do what God hasfaith and it is enough to do what God has
called them to docalled them to do
Have only begun to experience the gospel – growing disciplesHave only begun to experience the gospel – growing disciples
They don’t get worse as in MarkThey don’t get worse as in Mark
41. Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
Major ThemesMajor Themes
The Gospel of the ChurchThe Gospel of the Church
Only writer to use the term ekklēsia (church)Only writer to use the term ekklēsia (church)
Guidance for a community of believersGuidance for a community of believers
Most quoted Gospel by church in first 3 centuriesMost quoted Gospel by church in first 3 centuries
Family of Jesus is the churchFamily of Jesus is the church
As Jesus represented God – Church now representsAs Jesus represented God – Church now represents
Jesus (10:40)Jesus (10:40)
From a Faith to a ReligionFrom a Faith to a Religion
Implications of the faithImplications of the faith
Context of faith within the communityContext of faith within the community
42. Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
What’sWhat’s UniqueUnique??
Organizational patternsOrganizational patterns
12 Fulfillment citations from Hebrew Scriptures12 Fulfillment citations from Hebrew Scriptures
““This happened to fulfill…”This happened to fulfill…”
Doubling motif – Mark’s stories are doubledDoubling motif – Mark’s stories are doubled
Jewish orientation & Anti Jewish leader orientationJewish orientation & Anti Jewish leader orientation
Peter receives special prominencePeter receives special prominence
Spokesperson for the disciplesSpokesperson for the disciples
Named as foundation for churchNamed as foundation for church
44. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
1:1-4 – Prologue
1:5-2:52 – Infancy and Boyhood
3:1-4:13 – Baptism, Genealogy, and Temptation
4:14-9:50 – Ministry in Galilee
9:51-19:27 – On the Way to Jerusalem (the ‘Travelogue’)
19:28-21:38 – Ministry in Jerusalem
21:1-23:56 – Last Supper, Passion, Death, and Burial
24:1-53 – Empty Tomb and Resurrection Appearances
(Adapted from Raymond Brown, INT 226)
45. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
Historical ContextHistorical Context
Who?Who?
Luke the physicianLuke the physician
Companion of Paul?Companion of Paul?
““We” passagesWe” passages
Representation of Paul in Acts not the same as in Paul’s lettersRepresentation of Paul in Acts not the same as in Paul’s letters
Better knowledge of GreekBetter knowledge of Greek
800 new words800 new words
More polished GreekMore polished Greek
Well educated 2Well educated 2ndnd
generation Christiangeneration Christian
Hellenistic Jew or Gentile with deep knowledge ofHellenistic Jew or Gentile with deep knowledge of
Hebrew ScripturesHebrew Scriptures
46. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
Historical ContextHistorical Context
Where?Where?
Outside PalestineOutside Palestine
Luke’s knowledge of geography is not goodLuke’s knowledge of geography is not good
Luke doesn’t appear to be writing to a specific communityLuke doesn’t appear to be writing to a specific community
When?When?
Seems to reflect knowledge of the destruction ofSeems to reflect knowledge of the destruction of
Jerusalem (13:34-35; 19:41-44; 21:20-24)Jerusalem (13:34-35; 19:41-44; 21:20-24)
Does not seem to be aware of Matthew’s GospelDoes not seem to be aware of Matthew’s Gospel
Between 80 – 90Between 80 – 90
47. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
Historical ContextHistorical Context
Why?Why?
Only Gospel to clearly state purpose (1:1-4)Only Gospel to clearly state purpose (1:1-4)
Theophilus – Lover of GodTheophilus – Lover of God
Theo – GodTheo – God
Philus – LoverPhilus – Lover
Historical context and perspective for his narrativeHistorical context and perspective for his narrative
A delay of the parousiaA delay of the parousia
Gentile Mission – why Israel has not accepted God’sGentile Mission – why Israel has not accepted God’s
salvation through Christsalvation through Christ
48. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
Major ThemesMajor Themes
Jesus is the Messiah of God – Christ is Greek forJesus is the Messiah of God – Christ is Greek for
MessiahMessiah
Son of ManSon of Man
More than Mark or QMore than Mark or Q
Not past or future but “Currently seated at the right handNot past or future but “Currently seated at the right hand
of the power of God.” (22:69)of the power of God.” (22:69)
Mosaic ProphetMosaic Prophet
Jesus’ story is imbedded in the Story of IsraelJesus’ story is imbedded in the Story of Israel
Jesus is spoken of just as Moses is spoken of inJesus is spoken of just as Moses is spoken of in
DeuteronomyDeuteronomy
Jerusalem is location for “Christological” events.Jerusalem is location for “Christological” events.
49. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
Major ThemesMajor Themes Suffering ServantSuffering Servant
More explicit than other Gospel writers.More explicit than other Gospel writers.
Matthew expresses servanthood in his ministry…Matthew expresses servanthood in his ministry…
Luke expresses it in his deathLuke expresses it in his death
Elijah – Luke presents Jesus as fulfilling Malachi’sElijah – Luke presents Jesus as fulfilling Malachi’s
prophecy regarding Elijah’s returnprophecy regarding Elijah’s return
Raising a widow’s sonRaising a widow’s son
Jesus’ ascension into heavenJesus’ ascension into heaven
Endowing his followers with measure of SpiritEndowing his followers with measure of Spirit
Luke omits Mark’s link of Elijah & John the BaptistLuke omits Mark’s link of Elijah & John the Baptist
50. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
Major ThemesMajor Themes
Salvation happens nowSalvation happens now
Only synoptic writer who calls Jesus – SaviorOnly synoptic writer who calls Jesus – Savior
Doesn’t link salvation to Jesus’ death on theDoesn’t link salvation to Jesus’ death on the
crosscross
Jesus saves people throughout the storyJesus saves people throughout the story
Salvation isSalvation is LiberationLiberation
Encounters with Jesus bring liberation andEncounters with Jesus bring liberation and
therefore salvationtherefore salvation
51. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
What’sWhat’s UniqueUnique??
Part 1 of 2Part 1 of 2
Emphasizes worship and prayerEmphasizes worship and prayer
Jesus prays more than any other gospelJesus prays more than any other gospel
Has more to say about topic of prayerHas more to say about topic of prayer
Unusual interest in foodUnusual interest in food
Metaphor for life?Metaphor for life?
Worship in 1Worship in 1stst
century centered around a mealcentury centered around a meal
Acceptance and LiberationAcceptance and Liberation
52. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
What’s Unique?What’s Unique?
Ministry to the oppressed, excluded, disadvantaged inMinistry to the oppressed, excluded, disadvantaged in
societysociety
Economic hardshipEconomic hardship
Purity lawsPurity laws
Women figure prominently in GospelWomen figure prominently in Gospel
Promise and Fulfillment – All part of God’s overall planPromise and Fulfillment – All part of God’s overall plan
ReversalsReversals
MaryMary
Good SamaritanGood Samaritan
Prodigal SonProdigal Son
Martha & MaryMartha & Mary
53. Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
What’s Unique?What’s Unique?
Success, Growth, TriumphSuccess, Growth, Triumph
Mark = No FaithMark = No Faith
Matthew = Little FaithMatthew = Little Faith
Luke = Always faithful – Maybe even overconfidentLuke = Always faithful – Maybe even overconfident
Practice of faith within society is not always appropriatePractice of faith within society is not always appropriate
In Acts disciples speak and act with complete authorityIn Acts disciples speak and act with complete authority
Probably intended to be inspiring to early ChristiansProbably intended to be inspiring to early Christians
Show what God can do through ordinary peopleShow what God can do through ordinary people
Challenges hearers to ask what God can do through themChallenges hearers to ask what God can do through them
What God can accomplish in the lives of an ordinary person isWhat God can accomplish in the lives of an ordinary person is
greater than anyone can imagine.greater than anyone can imagine.
54. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
1:1-181:1-18
ProloguePrologue
Hymn toHymn to
the ‘Logos’the ‘Logos’
1:19-12:501:19-12:50
The Book of SignsThe Book of Signs
Miracle at CanaMiracle at Cana
Cleansing of the TempleCleansing of the Temple
Dialogue with NicodemusDialogue with Nicodemus
The Samaritan WomanThe Samaritan Woman
Sabbath/Passover/Tabernacles/Sabbath/Passover/Tabernacles/
DedicationDedication
LazarusLazarus
13:1-20:3113:1-20:31
The Book ofThe Book of
GloryGlory
The Last SupperThe Last Supper
Jesus’ FarewellJesus’ Farewell
Discourse (14-17)Discourse (14-17)
PassionPassion
Death and BurialDeath and Burial
ResurrectionResurrection
21:1-2521:1-25
EpilogueEpilogue
(Adapted from Raymond Brown, INT 334-5)
55. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
Historical ContextHistorical Context
Who?Who?
The Son of Zebedee – The disciple whom Jesus loved whoThe Son of Zebedee – The disciple whom Jesus loved who
will never diewill never die
John the ElderJohn the Elder
John the SeerJohn the Seer
Johanine SchoolJohanine School
WhereWhere
EphesusEphesus
SyriaSyria
What type of locale gives rise to this type of Gospel?What type of locale gives rise to this type of Gospel?
56. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
Historical ContextHistorical Context
When?When?
Overall character is reflective & retrospectiveOverall character is reflective & retrospective
Concern for Christians being expelled from synagoguesConcern for Christians being expelled from synagogues
as a result of Jewish decision made around 85 c.e.as a result of Jewish decision made around 85 c.e.
In stages?In stages?
90-100 c.e.90-100 c.e.
Why?Why?
Explicitly evangelisticExplicitly evangelistic
Signs that Jesus is the MessiahSigns that Jesus is the Messiah
57. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
Major ThemesMajor Themes
Already and Not YetAlready and Not Yet
Present tense orientedPresent tense oriented
Life that never endsLife that never ends
Life that is worth livingLife that is worth living
Eternal life begins now and flows into the futureEternal life begins now and flows into the future
Life is about quality of life here and nowLife is about quality of life here and now
Realized EschatologyRealized Eschatology
Jesus will come in the future but also comes nowJesus will come in the future but also comes now
Judgment coming in last days but judgment is also nowJudgment coming in last days but judgment is also now
58. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
Major ThemesMajor Themes
Knowing the TruthKnowing the Truth
As people come to know the truth, they experience theAs people come to know the truth, they experience the
difference in life for those who believedifference in life for those who believe
John sees humanity as enslaved by ignorance andJohn sees humanity as enslaved by ignorance and
deceptiondeception
John reveals the ultimate truth… about GodJohn reveals the ultimate truth… about God
Jesus says what God is likeJesus says what God is like
Jesus shows what God is likeJesus shows what God is like
JesusJesus ISIS what God is likewhat God is like
He not only reveals the truth; heHe not only reveals the truth; he ISIS the truththe truth
59. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
Major ThemesMajor Themes
Knowing the Truth – Cont’dKnowing the Truth – Cont’d
Jesus acts as the word of God made fleshJesus acts as the word of God made flesh
Jesus’ miracles are not called signs because of what theyJesus’ miracles are not called signs because of what they
prove but because of the truth they revealprove but because of the truth they reveal
God loves the world and would rather bless andGod loves the world and would rather bless and
preserve rather than condemnpreserve rather than condemn
Community of LoveCommunity of Love
God is not to be feared but understood in loveGod is not to be feared but understood in love
Love is expressed most clearly in the crossLove is expressed most clearly in the cross
Love for the world – be in the world but not of itLove for the world – be in the world but not of it
60. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
Major ThemesMajor Themes
Community of Love – Cont’dCommunity of Love – Cont’d
Love for the JewsLove for the Jews
Jews are no worse than other; they are no different – That’sJews are no worse than other; they are no different – That’s
significant as tsignificant as they have lost the position of being God’shey have lost the position of being God’s
chosen peoplechosen people
Hostility is not toward an ethnic group but a 1Hostility is not toward an ethnic group but a 1stst
centurycentury
religion associated with synagoguesreligion associated with synagogues
Love for other ChristiansLove for other Christians
Peter and “the church” was secondary to John’s testimonyPeter and “the church” was secondary to John’s testimony
Gnostics?Gnostics?
Community defines itself in relation to other movementsCommunity defines itself in relation to other movements
61. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
What’s unique?What’s unique?
TimelineTimeline
3 years3 years
Events out of sequence with SynopticsEvents out of sequence with Synoptics
Temple CleansingTemple Cleansing
CrucifixionCrucifixion
JesusJesus
Christological momentChristological moment
““I am” statementsI am” statements
Sacrificial LambSacrificial Lamb
DivineDivine
62. Gospel of JohnGospel of John
Word StudyWord Study
21:15-17
“Love, Love, Love”
“Agape, Eros,
Philos”
63. Gospel ParallelsGospel Parallels
The Baptism of JesusThe Baptism of Jesus
Matthew 3:13-17Matthew 3:13-17
Mark 1:9-11Mark 1:9-11
Luke 3:18-22Luke 3:18-22
John 1:29-34John 1:29-34
64. Gospel ParallelsGospel Parallels
What is done?What is done?
How is it done?How is it done?
Who baptizes who?Who baptizes who?
Where is the baptism done?Where is the baptism done?
Who is Jesus proclaimed to be?Who is Jesus proclaimed to be?
Who makes the proclamation?Who makes the proclamation?
Who hears the voice?Who hears the voice?
65. Acts of the ApostlesActs of the Apostles
Luke Part 2Luke Part 2
Luke 1:1-5Luke 1:1-5
Acts 1:1Acts 1:1
Move from Gospel to HistoryMove from Gospel to History
ParallelsParallels
66. Letters of PaulLetters of Paul
Earliest of Writings – Maybe as early as 40Earliest of Writings – Maybe as early as 40
C.E.C.E.
StyleStyle
Greetings – GraceGreetings – Grace
ThanksgivingThanksgiving
Content of letterContent of letter
DoctrinalDoctrinal
InstructionInstruction
Final Greeting – BlessingFinal Greeting – Blessing
67. Letters of Paul (?)Letters of Paul (?)
Consensus of AuthenticityConsensus of Authenticity
11stst
ThessaloniansThessalonians
PhilippiansPhilippians
GalatiansGalatians
PhilemonPhilemon
11stst
and 2and 2ndnd
CorinthiansCorinthians
RomansRomans
Others – No ConsensusOthers – No Consensus
68. Letters of PaulLetters of Paul
5 Letters deal with problems confronted by groups5 Letters deal with problems confronted by groups
founded by Paulfounded by Paul
11stst
ThessaloniansThessalonians
11stst
& 2& 2ndnd
CorinthiansCorinthians
GalatiansGalatians
PhilippiansPhilippians
Romans is motivated by Paul’s travelRomans is motivated by Paul’s travel
Philemon is a recommendation on behalf of aPhilemon is a recommendation on behalf of a
runaway slave, asking his master to accept him back.runaway slave, asking his master to accept him back.
69. Letters of PaulLetters of Paul
Authentic letters are 2Authentic letters are 2ndnd
generation Jesus-generation Jesus-
group documentsgroup documents
Colossians & 2Colossians & 2ndnd
Thessalonians are 3Thessalonians are 3rdrd
generation – dealing with concerns of thegeneration – dealing with concerns of the
generation following Paul’s timegeneration following Paul’s time
Ephesians, Hebrews, Timothy, Titus are 4Ephesians, Hebrews, Timothy, Titus are 4thth
generation – Dealing with problems andgeneration – Dealing with problems and
situations arising in the life of memberssituations arising in the life of members
70. Letters of PaulLetters of Paul
Letters written in high context ancientLetters written in high context ancient
Mediterranean worldMediterranean world
To understand Paul’s letters we must try toTo understand Paul’s letters we must try to
enter into the context of his world.enter into the context of his world.
The letters were not written to us… yet weThe letters were not written to us… yet we
can still find value and they can still becan still find value and they can still be
“scripture”.“scripture”.
71. Letters of PaulLetters of Paul
Paul & other 2Paul & other 2ndnd
generation Christians did notgeneration Christians did not
know Jesus and were not concerned withknow Jesus and were not concerned with
what he said or did.what he said or did.
The focus was on what the God of Israel didThe focus was on what the God of Israel did
in Jesus of Nazareth’s life, death, andin Jesus of Nazareth’s life, death, and
resurrection.resurrection.
This action confirmed Jesus’ proclamation ofThis action confirmed Jesus’ proclamation of
the coming Kingdom of God – Israelitethe coming Kingdom of God – Israelite
TheocracyTheocracy
72. Letters of PaulLetters of Paul
Paul declares himself to be an “Apostle” orPaul declares himself to be an “Apostle” or
someone commissioned by someone else forsomeone commissioned by someone else for
a specific mission.a specific mission.
Paul’s mission was to announce somethingPaul’s mission was to announce something
new – The Gospel of God as expressed bynew – The Gospel of God as expressed by
the life, death, and resurrection of Jesusthe life, death, and resurrection of Jesus
Paul converted Jews, Gentiles, and GodPaul converted Jews, Gentiles, and God
FearersFearers
73. Conversion of PaulConversion of Paul
According to ActsAccording to Acts
Acts 9:1-18Acts 9:1-18
Acts 22:3-21Acts 22:3-21
Acts 26:4-18Acts 26:4-18
What happened?What happened?
Who saw a light?Who saw a light?
Who did the light shine on?Who did the light shine on?
Who heard a voice?Who heard a voice?
What did the voice say?What did the voice say?
74. Conversion of PaulConversion of Paul
According to PaulAccording to Paul
Galatians 1:13-17Galatians 1:13-17
1 Corinthians 9:11 Corinthians 9:1
1 Corinthians 15:3-81 Corinthians 15:3-8
75. The Catholic EpistlesThe Catholic Epistles
James, 1-2 Peter, 1-2-3 John, andJames, 1-2 Peter, 1-2-3 John, and
JudeJude
Universal address and theologicalUniversal address and theological
unityunity
33rdrd
& 4& 4thth
Century documentsCentury documents
Not authentic but followsNot authentic but follows
“schools” or “thought”“schools” or “thought”
76. The Catholic EpistlesThe Catholic Epistles
Unifying TheologyUnifying Theology
1.1. Human suffering tests the faith community’s loveHuman suffering tests the faith community’s love
for Godfor God
2.2. In response to the suffering of God’s people, GodIn response to the suffering of God’s people, God
discloses a “word of truth” exemplified by Jesusdiscloses a “word of truth” exemplified by Jesus
3.3. In obedience to the word, the community mustIn obedience to the word, the community must
practice “pure and undefiled” behavior as thepractice “pure and undefiled” behavior as the
public mark of friendship with God, includingpublic mark of friendship with God, including
conciliatory speech, sharing goods, rescuingconciliatory speech, sharing goods, rescuing
wayward believers, and hospitality.wayward believers, and hospitality.
77. The Catholic EpistlesThe Catholic Epistles
Unifying TheologyUnifying Theology
4.4. Theological orthodoxy is madeTheological orthodoxy is made
effective only when embodiedeffective only when embodied
in loving works.in loving works.
5.5. The future reward of steadfastThe future reward of steadfast
obedience to God’s word isobedience to God’s word is
eternal life with God.eternal life with God.
78. RevelationRevelation
There is no “S”There is no “S”
Written by JohnWritten by John
The Beloved?The Beloved?
John Mark?John Mark?
Another John?Another John?
School of John?School of John?
To 7 Churches in the Roman province of AsiaTo 7 Churches in the Roman province of Asia
Between 69 – 96 CEBetween 69 – 96 CE
79. ApocalypticApocalyptic
LiteratureLiterature
Apocalyptic LiteratureApocalyptic Literature
Greek = Unveiling or RevelationGreek = Unveiling or Revelation
Hebrew & Christian ScripturesHebrew & Christian Scriptures
DanielDaniel
Little Apocalypse GospelsLittle Apocalypse Gospels
Mark 13Mark 13
Matthew 24Matthew 24
Luke 21Luke 21
80. Apocalyptic GenreApocalyptic Genre
Hope for a better world, and with a belief thatHope for a better world, and with a belief that
God’s kingdom will break into history, whichGod’s kingdom will break into history, which
then leads to history’s endthen leads to history’s end
Dualism (contrast between the present evil ageDualism (contrast between the present evil age
and a glorious future; exotic symbolism)and a glorious future; exotic symbolism)
An eschatological expectation in which aAn eschatological expectation in which a
dramatic transformation of this sinful age willdramatic transformation of this sinful age will
lead to the inauguration of a heavenly kingdom.lead to the inauguration of a heavenly kingdom.
81. Apocalyptic GenreApocalyptic Genre
The stark contrast between the present evil ageThe stark contrast between the present evil age
and the glorious future suggesting a sectarianand the glorious future suggesting a sectarian
ethos, in which communities had cut themselvesethos, in which communities had cut themselves
off from wider society and awaited a divineoff from wider society and awaited a divine
reordering of the world.reordering of the world.
The imminent end of this worldThe imminent end of this world
A deterministic view of history.A deterministic view of history.
83. The Book ofThe Book of
Revelation todayRevelation today
Written for John’s time but still applicableWritten for John’s time but still applicable
for today… like all Scripturefor today… like all Scripture
Not a predictor of historical eventsNot a predictor of historical events
Does not describe countries in today’s worldDoes not describe countries in today’s world
Interpreted for our culture and all culturesInterpreted for our culture and all cultures
Personal & SocietalPersonal & Societal
Religious & CulturalReligious & Cultural
84. John’s VisionJohn’s Vision
Source of Revelation is GodSource of Revelation is God
God = Jesus = GodGod = Jesus = God
““What must take place soon”What must take place soon”
Fulfillment of God’s purposeFulfillment of God’s purpose
In John’s own timeIn John’s own time
Recipients are the 7 Churches in AsiaRecipients are the 7 Churches in Asia
NumerologyNumerology
77
Alpha & Omega 1:8Alpha & Omega 1:8
85. John’s VisionJohn’s Vision
He’s on the island of Patmos – a place ofHe’s on the island of Patmos – a place of
political banishmentpolitical banishment
Jesus in the midst of 7 lampstandsJesus in the midst of 7 lampstands
Lampstands = 7 ChurchesLampstands = 7 Churches
Jesus is in the midst of the churches / peopleJesus is in the midst of the churches / people
Jesus’ attire & appearanceJesus’ attire & appearance
What was expected of the ruler of the worldWhat was expected of the ruler of the world
Assures John of God’s presenceAssures John of God’s presence
86. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
22ndnd
& 3& 3rdrd
ChaptersChapters
Unique letters speaking to each uniqueUnique letters speaking to each unique
situation found in these churchessituation found in these churches
““I Know” indicates God’s personalI Know” indicates God’s personal
knowledge of their situationknowledge of their situation
Letters of hope and assurednessLetters of hope and assuredness
God will “conquer” in the endGod will “conquer” in the end
87. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
EphesusEphesus
22ndnd
generation of leadersgeneration of leaders
False leaders have arisen & are leadingFalse leaders have arisen & are leading
believers astraybelievers astray
Love for Christ & others had grown coldLove for Christ & others had grown cold
Suspicions of unsound teachingsSuspicions of unsound teachings
The presence of Christ departs when theyThe presence of Christ departs when they
depart from the ultimate way… LOVEdepart from the ultimate way… LOVE
88. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
SmyrnaSmyrna
Shortest of all 7 lettersShortest of all 7 letters
No condemnation, only commendationNo condemnation, only commendation
A persecuted peopleA persecuted people
Be faithful and be ready to die for the sakeBe faithful and be ready to die for the sake
of Christof Christ
The faithful will not be harmed in the 2The faithful will not be harmed in the 2ndnd
deathdeath
89. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
PergamumPergamum
A land of Temples & Altars to pagan godsA land of Temples & Altars to pagan gods
God understood that it wasn’t easy forGod understood that it wasn’t easy for
Christians to live in this environmentChristians to live in this environment
However, they couldn’t adopt these beliefs,However, they couldn’t adopt these beliefs,
which was starting to happenwhich was starting to happen
Repent, otherwise they would be punishedRepent, otherwise they would be punished
90. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
ThyatiraThyatira
Land of trade guilds, which requiredLand of trade guilds, which required
members to participate in pagan banquetsmembers to participate in pagan banquets
Christians had to choose between being aChristians had to choose between being a
part of the guild (making a living) or beingpart of the guild (making a living) or being
faithful to Christfaithful to Christ
Contemporary standards Vs faithfulness toContemporary standards Vs faithfulness to
God’s standardsGod’s standards
91. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
SardisSardis
A land ruled by a rich and powerful kingA land ruled by a rich and powerful king
The church was an example of merelyThe church was an example of merely
nominal Christianitynominal Christianity
Wake up and repent, remember and obeyWake up and repent, remember and obey
Faithful will be remembered by Christ andFaithful will be remembered by Christ and
unfaithful will be forgottenunfaithful will be forgotten
92. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
Youngest of 7 citiesYoungest of 7 cities
Members harassed by both pagans &Members harassed by both pagans &
synagogue but members have remainedsynagogue but members have remained
faithfulfaithful
““Testing” will continue so they will need toTesting” will continue so they will need to
remain faithfulremain faithful
Like Smyrna, no condemnationLike Smyrna, no condemnation
93. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
LaodiceaLaodicea
One of the richest commercial centers inOne of the richest commercial centers in
Asia MinorAsia Minor
Receives the strongest condemnation ofReceives the strongest condemnation of
the 7 and no word of commendationthe 7 and no word of commendation
Their faith is neither hot or cold, butTheir faith is neither hot or cold, but
lukewarmlukewarm
Tepid religion is nauseating and they willTepid religion is nauseating and they will
be “spit… out of my mouth”be “spit… out of my mouth”
94. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
While letters are to individual churches,While letters are to individual churches,
concluding formula refers to churchesconcluding formula refers to churches
The message to each church is at the sameThe message to each church is at the same
time a message to all churches – and to ustime a message to all churches – and to us
Examples of what can go wrong in anyExamples of what can go wrong in any
churchchurch
95. Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
Ephesus – Danger of losing the love they firstEphesus – Danger of losing the love they first
hadhad
Smyrna – Fear of SufferingSmyrna – Fear of Suffering
Pergamum – Doctrinal CompromisePergamum – Doctrinal Compromise
Thyatira – Moral CompromiseThyatira – Moral Compromise
Sardis – Spiritual DeadnessSardis – Spiritual Deadness
Philadelphia - Failure to Hold FastPhiladelphia - Failure to Hold Fast
Laodicea - LukewarmnessLaodicea - Lukewarmness
96. John’s Vision of God &John’s Vision of God &
the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
The focus now shifts to HeavenThe focus now shifts to Heaven
Words cannot describe heaven so earthlyWords cannot describe heaven so earthly
symbols must be used but can never equatesymbols must be used but can never equate
Gemstones are used as descriptorsGemstones are used as descriptors
Rainbow = God’s covenantRainbow = God’s covenant
Assurance to the persecuted Christians to whomAssurance to the persecuted Christians to whom
John is writingJohn is writing
97. John’s Vision of God &John’s Vision of God &
the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
Thrones, Elders, Garments, CrownsThrones, Elders, Garments, Crowns
Four CreaturesFour Creatures
Lion = NoblestLion = Noblest
Ox = StrongestOx = Strongest
Human = WisestHuman = Wisest
Flying Eagle = SwiftestFlying Eagle = Swiftest
Full of eyes and full of adoration toward GodFull of eyes and full of adoration toward God
98. John’s Vision of God &John’s Vision of God &
the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
Scroll of the eternal decrees of God with 7 sealsScroll of the eternal decrees of God with 7 seals
CompletenessCompleteness
Totally hiddenTotally hidden
The lamb with 7 horns (power) and 7 eyesThe lamb with 7 horns (power) and 7 eyes
(knowledge), not the Lion which would(knowledge), not the Lion which would
represent David’s triumph, can open the scrollrepresent David’s triumph, can open the scroll
Lamb doesn’t change the plan but unfolds itLamb doesn’t change the plan but unfolds it
99. John’s Vision of God &John’s Vision of God &
the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
A new song of praise is sungA new song of praise is sung
Infinite number join inInfinite number join in
7 terms of praise7 terms of praise
Despite terrors about to be let loose on theDespite terrors about to be let loose on the
world there should be praiseworld there should be praise
Despite what the Christians in the 7 cities willDespite what the Christians in the 7 cities will
endure, God is still worthy to be praised, is withendure, God is still worthy to be praised, is with
them, and will “win” in the end.them, and will “win” in the end.
100. Opening the 7 SealsOpening the 7 Seals
6:1 – 8:26:1 – 8:2
White horse with a bow = Warrior to battleWhite horse with a bow = Warrior to battle
Red horse – War & BloodshedRed horse – War & Bloodshed
Black horse – DeathBlack horse – Death
Denarius buying little – Inflation & FamineDenarius buying little – Inflation & Famine
Pale green horse – Decaying fleshPale green horse – Decaying flesh
Hades followed – authority, murder, famine,Hades followed – authority, murder, famine,
pestilencepestilence
Woes that come from not following GodWoes that come from not following God
101. Opening the 7 SealsOpening the 7 Seals
6:1 – 8:26:1 – 8:2
55thth
& 6& 6thth
seal the action shifts to heavenseal the action shifts to heaven
Martyred souls are crying out for vengeanceMartyred souls are crying out for vengeance
Assured of their place but persecution must runAssured of their place but persecution must run
its courseits course
Two consolation visionTwo consolation vision
144,000 saved144,000 saved
12,000 from each tribe12,000 from each tribe
CompletenessCompleteness
Punishment of the wicked is resumedPunishment of the wicked is resumed
102. Opening the 7 SealsOpening the 7 Seals
6:1 – 8:26:1 – 8:2
Expectation of the final cataclysm with the 7Expectation of the final cataclysm with the 7thth
sealseal
Instead there is silenceInstead there is silence
Literary tool – dramatic pauseLiterary tool – dramatic pause
Prayers of the Saints ascend to heavenPrayers of the Saints ascend to heaven
God always takes time to hear the prayers ofGod always takes time to hear the prayers of
creationcreation
103. Sounding the 7 trumpetsSounding the 7 trumpets
8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
Catastrophic action begins anewCatastrophic action begins anew
First 4 trumpets are elements of nature, which inFirst 4 trumpets are elements of nature, which in
turn indirectly affect humanityturn indirectly affect humanity
Hail & FireHail & Fire
Great mountain burning with fireGreat mountain burning with fire
Sea became bloodSea became blood
1/3 of sun, moon, stars (light) were darkened1/3 of sun, moon, stars (light) were darkened
Plagues against Pharaoh & EgyptPlagues against Pharaoh & Egypt
Eagle crying “Woe”Eagle crying “Woe”
104. Sounding the 7 trumpetsSounding the 7 trumpets
8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
Last 3 trumpets call demonic forces that directly affectLast 3 trumpets call demonic forces that directly affect
humanityhumanity
Locus to destroy those without the seal (Passover)Locus to destroy those without the seal (Passover)
Vast host of horsemen to kill humankindVast host of horsemen to kill humankind
SymbologySymbology
Another interludeAnother interlude
A small scroll for John to eatA small scroll for John to eat
SweetSweet
BitterBitter
105. Sounding the 7 trumpetsSounding the 7 trumpets
8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
Measuring the TempleMeasuring the Temple
Rebuild what had been destroyedRebuild what had been destroyed
The “temple of humanity”The “temple of humanity”
Prosecution and suffering will continueProsecution and suffering will continue
Faithful churches will continue to give faithfulFaithful churches will continue to give faithful
witnesswitness
The Temple and our physical being can beThe Temple and our physical being can be
destroyed, but if we remain faithful we willdestroyed, but if we remain faithful we will
never be out of God’s gracenever be out of God’s grace
106. Sounding the 7 trumpetsSounding the 7 trumpets
8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
77thth
trumpet soundstrumpet sounds
Praise to the Lord and MessiahPraise to the Lord and Messiah
Seems to indicate that all is finished and it’s timeSeems to indicate that all is finished and it’s time
to celebrate and revel in God’s presenceto celebrate and revel in God’s presence
The wicked are destroyed and victory isThe wicked are destroyed and victory is
achieved.achieved.
However, there are still 11 more chaptersHowever, there are still 11 more chapters
107. Satanic Trinity: Dragon &Satanic Trinity: Dragon &
2 Beasts2 Beasts
12:1 – 14:2012:1 – 14:20
Begins with a flashback of Jesus’ birthBegins with a flashback of Jesus’ birth
Symbolic song of Michael’s triumphSymbolic song of Michael’s triumph
Mark on right hand & foreheadMark on right hand & forehead
666 (616)666 (616)
Symbol of the greatest in imperfectionsSymbol of the greatest in imperfections
NumerologyNumerology
Worshiping a human god instead of the DivineWorshiping a human god instead of the Divine
Fire & Brimstone (sulfur)Fire & Brimstone (sulfur)
108. 7 Bowls of God’s Wrath7 Bowls of God’s Wrath
15:1 – 18:2415:1 – 18:24
Struggle of the church in and with a hostileStruggle of the church in and with a hostile
worldworld
Earth, Sea, Rivers, Fountains, Sun, Throne ofEarth, Sea, Rivers, Fountains, Sun, Throne of
the Beast, River Euphrates, Airthe Beast, River Euphrates, Air
Battle of ArmageddonBattle of Armageddon
Victory of God and fall of RomeVictory of God and fall of Rome
Rome at the timeRome at the time
Rome todayRome today
109. Final Victory & LastFinal Victory & Last
JudgmentJudgment
19:1 – 20:1519:1 – 20:15
Songs of HallelujahSongs of Hallelujah
More visions of horses & angelsMore visions of horses & angels
Rapture & Left BehindRapture & Left Behind
Return of ChristReturn of Christ
Resurrection of the just & condemnation of theResurrection of the just & condemnation of the
damneddamned
Establishment of a new heaven and a new earthEstablishment of a new heaven and a new earth
110. Non-Canonical WritingsNon-Canonical Writings
Gospel of ThomasGospel of Thomas
Other GospelsOther Gospels
Sayings GospelsSayings Gospels
Infancy GospelsInfancy Gospels
Fragmentary GospelsFragmentary Gospels
Jewish-Christian GospelsJewish-Christian Gospels
ActsActs
ApocalypsesApocalypses
OthersOthers
111. Why Scripture?Why Scripture?
There is a deep sense of the reality of theThere is a deep sense of the reality of the
sacred. God is not only real, but knowable.sacred. God is not only real, but knowable.
Moreover, the sacred is known not in a setMoreover, the sacred is known not in a set
of statements about God, butof statements about God, but
experientially, as a Mystery beyond allexperientially, as a Mystery beyond all
language.language.
Marcus Borg
P 299
112. Why Scripture?Why Scripture?
There is a strong conviction that our livesThere is a strong conviction that our lives
are made “whole” and “right” by living in aare made “whole” and “right” by living in a
conscious relationship with the Mysteryconscious relationship with the Mystery
who is alone Lord. Life with God is notwho is alone Lord. Life with God is not
about believing certain teachings aboutabout believing certain teachings about
God. It is about a covenant – aGod. It is about a covenant – a
relationship.relationship.
Marcus Borg
P 299
113. Why Scripture?Why Scripture?
…… These voices [of the Biblical tradition]These voices [of the Biblical tradition]
are convinced that God is a God of justiceare convinced that God is a God of justice
and compassion… They speak of God’sand compassion… They speak of God’s
passion for life on earth – for the dream ofpassion for life on earth – for the dream of
God in the world of the everyday. God’sGod in the world of the everyday. God’s
passion is the ground of a biblical ethicpassion is the ground of a biblical ethic
centered in justice and compassion.centered in justice and compassion.
Marcus Borg
P 300
114. Why Scripture?Why Scripture?
So these three, I am suggesting, are at the coreSo these three, I am suggesting, are at the core
of the biblical vision of life with God: a sacredof the biblical vision of life with God: a sacred
Mystery at the center of life, with whom we areMystery at the center of life, with whom we are
to be in a conscious relationship and who isto be in a conscious relationship and who is
passionate about the well-being of the wholepassionate about the well-being of the whole
creation. We are called to participate in thecreation. We are called to participate in the
passion of God.passion of God.
Marcus Borg
P 301