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Diabetis intern class
- 4. • Fulminat Diabetis – Type 1, viral infection of
islets
• Type 3c DM – Pancreatic exocrine deficiency
- 6. Screening
• Age > 45 Years – every 3 years
• Age < 45 Years if BMI > 25 kg/m2/ 23 kg/m2, with 1 risk factor
- 7. B Cell – Amylin(IAPP)islet amyloid polypeptide
- 9. Type 1 DM
• 80 % Beta cell destruction
• HLA – DQB1
– Type 1 DM(HLA – DQB1-0302/DQB1-0201)
– Celiac disease
– Narcolepsy (HLA – DQB1-0602 – protective type 1 DM)
• Other than beta cells are spared
• Auto antibodies – GAD, Insulin, IA-2(Islet antigen
2) /ICA-512, Zn T8
• Viruses – coxsackie, rubella, enterovirus
- 10. Type 2 DM
• Genetic
• Type 2> type1
• 50 % beta cell destruction
• Insulin resistance (Muscle, liver, fat)(PPBS)
• Increased hepatic glucose(FBS)
• Adiponectin – insulin sensitising peptide,
decresed in obesity
• Glucose toxicity & lipotoxicity to islet cells
- 11. liver
• Insulin resistance
• Gluconeogenesis (FBS)
• Decresed glycogen storage (PPBS)
• Lipolysis – FFAs-liver- VLDL triglyceride
• Elevated triglycerides, decreased HDL,
elevated small dense LDL Particles
- 12. Insulin resistance syndrome
• Hyperinsulinemia, hyperandrogenism
– Type A – young women, obesity
– Type B – middle aged, autoimmune disordoers
(autoantibodies directed against insulin receptors)
• PCOD- chronic anovulation with polycystic
ovarian morphology, hyperandrogenism
(hirsutism, acne, oligomenorrhea)
• Acanthosis nigricans
- 13. MODY/MONOGENIC DIABETIS
• MODY 2 – HEXOKINASE
• MODY 3 (HNF 1 α) - Responds to sulfonyl urea
• Transient or permanent neonatal Diabetis –
onset < 6 months
– ATP sensitive K+ Channel mutation
• MIDYs: Mutant Ins gene induced Diabetis of
Youth
- 14. LADA- Age <50, thin, no absolute insulin
deficiency, antibodies GAD, ICA
Type 1 DM
• Age < 30
• Lean
• Insulin requirement initially
• DKA
• Autoimmune disorders
– Hpothyroid,
– Adrenal insufficiency
– Perinicious anemia
– Celiac disease
– vitiligo
Type 2 DM
• Age > 30
• Obese
• May not require initially
• Insulin resistance,
hypetension, CVDs,
Dyslipidemia, PCOS
- 18. hba1c
Falsely elevated
• Anemia(iron, folate, vit b12)
• Severe hypertriglyceridemia
when level >1,750 mg/dL
• Severe hyperbilirubinemia
when bilurubin > 20 mg/dL
• Uremia
Falsely reduced
• pregnancy
- 21. Biguanides (metformin)
Inhibition of fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase – in
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase – inhibi
Enterocytes: increaes anerobic metabolism – delivers lactate to liver
Insulin sensitiser
- 22. Metformin – Vitamin B 12 deficiency
• Contraindication:
– GFR < 45 mL/min
– Any acidosis
– Congestive heart failure
– Liver disease
– Severe hypoxemia
– Stop metformin before radiographic contrast
studies
90 % Excreted unchanged in urine , not metabolised in liver
- 23. Insulin secretagogues – ATP sensitive K Channel
sulfonylureas
• 30 % beta cell required for action
• Most potent
– Glibenclamide (glyburide) – highest incidence of
hypoglycemia
• Least potent
– Tolbutamide
• Glimepride - 100 % absorption
- 29. α Glucosidase Inhibitors
• Intestinal α Glucosidase
• Pancreatic α amylase
• Contraindications : Sr > 2 mg/dL
• Adverse effects:
• Flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal distension
- 35. Type 2 DM- bile acid binding resin-
Colesevelamin
- 40. • PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION (Along with
renal transplant)
• PANCREATIC ISLET TRANSPLANTATION
• Bariatic surgery – BMI > 30 Kg/m2
- 42. Acetyl coA + oxaloacetate
krebs cycle
Oxaloacetate diverted to
gluconeogenesis
- 43. DKA the amylase is usually of salivary origin.
Serum lipase should be obtained if
pancreatitis is suspected.
- 52. • Insulin resistance – postprandial
hyperinsulinemia, followed by fasting
hyperinsulinemia and ultimately by
hyperglycemia
Editor's Notes
- MODY – AD, Age < 25 years
- 60% - Beta, 30% - alfa, 10% - delta & gamma, Insulin – 51 Amino acids, (alfa chain 21, beta chain 30) chromosome 11.
- GLUT 1 & 2. GLUT 4 IN MUSCLE & ADIPOSE TISSUE
- Oct1-organic cationic transporter 1, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD)
- Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma
- Linagliptin – T. Trajenta 5 mg OD. DrPP4 Inhibitors cause – Angioedema, urticaria, immune mediated dermatologic effects
- Hyperglycemia – RBG >250 mg/dL