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acute	LBP		≠	chronic	LBP
LOW	BACK	PAIN
• acute	tissue	trauma
• self-limiting
• stay	active,	be	positive
• dysfunction	in	nervous	system
• long-lasting
• multidisciplinary	interventions
genetic
psychosocial
What causes	
back	pain	? SEGMENTAL	INSTABILITY
DISCOGENIC	PAIN
FACETOGENIC	PAIN
SOFT-TISSUE	RELATED
UNKNOWN	CAUSE
CHRONIC	LOW	BACK	PAIN
SEGMENTAL	INSTABILITY
DISCOGENIC	PAIN
FACETOGENIC	PAIN
SOFT	TISSUE/
UNKNOWN	
CAUSE
CHRONIC	LOW	BACK	PAIN
What causes	
back	pain	?
DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
symptoms	and	signs
Hx,	Ex	&	Ix
TREATMENTCURE
directed	at	pathology
THE	MEDICAL	MODEL
DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
symptoms	and	signs
Hx,	Ex	&	Ix
functional	overlay
15%normal	degenerative	 process
vs	pathology
not	discrete	illness
THE	MEDICAL	MODEL
USUAL	
NONOPERATIVE	
TREATMENTS	
GENERALLY	
INEFFECTIVE
CHRONIC	LOW	BACK	PAIN
multidisciplinary	approach
SEGMENTAL	INSTABILITY
DISCOGENIC	PAIN
FACETOGENIC	PAIN
SOFT	TISSUE/
UNKNOWN	
CAUSE
CHRONIC	LOW	BACK	PAIN
What can	we	
treat	
surgically	?
DECISION	
WHETHER	TO	
OPERATE	IS	
DIFFICULT
surgery	is	not	universally	effective
DEGENERATION	
DOES	NOT	ALWAYS	
EQUAL	PAIN
incidence	of	degenerative	changes	on	x-ray
back	pain	population	=	normal	population
CHRONIC	LOW	BACK	PAIN
• 38	year	old	female
• 18/12	of	worsening	low	back	pain
• Conservative	treatment	for	past	year
• Simple	analgesics
• Flares	of	back	pain	becoming	more	frequent
• Fit,	active	lifestyle
• Recently	ceased	running	and	regular	sport
• Working	but	with	difficulty
• No	WorkCover/legal	claim
• Mild	restriction	of	forward	flexion
• Normal	neurological	examination
• 76	y.o.	retired	farmer
• Long	history	of	mild	backache
• Recent	change	with	sharp,	catching	left-
sided	back	pain
• Vague	leg	discomfort	causing	no	
functional	limitations
• Tender	left	low	back
• Pain	on	hyperextension
• No	neurological	deficit
• 32	year	old	manual	worker
• Sudden	back	pain	with	repetitive	lifting
• Off	work	since	injury,	9	months	ago
• WorkCoverclaim,	considering	litigation
• High	narcotic	intake
• Spends	majority	of	time	in	bed,	resting
• Very	restricted	ROM	in	all	directions
• Marked	abnormal	illness	behaviour
Licina low back pain
Licina low back pain
Licina low back pain
Licina low back pain

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