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Project Suggestions
The consideration of Eco-Surface and sustainable design could be suggested in designing as an
example a bus stop (train stations, mono-rail stations, tram station, etc.):
1. Using recycled materials for furniture in the station;
2. Using heat absorbing material so that they would absorb heat in times of peak and the heat
may be consumed when it is needed i.e. night time- Figure 1;
3. Using wind turbines on top of the stations- with consideration of the pleasingness of the view
Figure 2;
4. Using different type of Photovoltaic cells in different places depending on the usage;
a. To have transparency, Organic Photovoltaic must be used;
b. To have the best efficiency it is recommended to use Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells;
c. To have different coloring in the stations-facing toward sun- there are several
possibilities including OPV, Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs).
5. Using fluorescent material in order to absorb light during day and use it for a while during
night-depending on the material, the consumption time might vary;
6. Using of rotating door as entrance filter to reduce amount of energy loss;
7. Using air filters at air exits to reduce energy loss;
8. Using of the water in water drains of the stations in order to generate electricity by mounting
small generators in the way- there must be consideration of filtration of water in the path;
9. Figure 3:
a. Convert the brake force of the bus to electricity;
b. Converting the force of bus weight to electricity;
c. Conversion of the side winds of bus to electricity.
10. Placing few sporting instruments in the station and convert the power to electricity- Figure 4;
11. Using Eco-friendly pavements for the station and pedestrian paths.6
Fig. 1 – How Phase changing material works
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Fig. 2- How wind turbines and solar cell can be placed in a station in order to let the wind flow smoothly
while its power could be optimally used.

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Fig. 4- Sport instruments to be placed in the stations so that passengers could work out while waiting for
the bus or train.
PCM (Phase Changing Materials) (Super Sustainable City)
Nowadays, building construction is increasingly carried out using modern lightweight
materials and large glass surfaces. Lightweight constructions lack thermal-storage
capacity, so room temperatures may quickly rise to a level that is equal to or even higher
than the temperature outside; moreover, balancing the temperature between day and night
time always leads to huge amounts of energy waste. This make scientists search for new
solutions. One of the options is to develop energy storage devices.
Thermal storage is an efficient way of energy conservation possible by the incorporation
of latent heat (concealed heat) storage in building products. Energy storage in the walls,
ceiling and floors of buildings may be enhanced by applying suitable phase change
materials (PCMs) within these surfaces to capture solar energy directly and increase
human comfort by maintaining the temperature in the desired interval for a longer period
of time.
PCMs absorb and release heat when the material changes from one phase to another.
Solid-liquid phase change is the main phase change of interest since other types, such as
liquid-gas phase change materials, are generally not practicable for most energy storage
applications. As a matter of fact, liquid-gas phase changes involve large changes in
volume or pressure when going from the liquid to the gas phase, which prevent effective
implementation. Some materials exhibit solid/solid phase changes, in which the
crystalline structure is changed at a certain temperature. These are available in limited
temperature ranges.

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Initially, unlike conventional energy storage materials, when solid-liquid PCMs reach the
temperature at which they change phase (their melting point), they absorb large amounts
of heat without a significant rise in temperature. Despite the heat input, the temperature
of the material stays relatively constant, while the phase change is taking place (Figure
5). When the temperature around a liquid material falls, the PCM solidifies and releases
its stored latent heat.
Fig. 5- Material Phase-change
The simplest and cheapest phase change material is water. The freezing temperature of
water is fixed at 0°C. But what if you require this heat at a temperature other than zero?
Within the human comfort range of 20° C to 30°C, some PCMs are very effective. They
store 5 to 14 times more heat per unit volume than conventional storage materials such as
water, masonry, or rock.7
All in all, useful PCMs should release and absorb large amounts of energy. To do this
they need to have a large latent heat and to be as dense as possible. Having a fixed and
clearly determined phase-change temperature is also of great importance which means
the PCM needs to freeze and melt as in a small temperature range as possible. In addition,
a PCM should remain stable and unchanged over many freeze/melt cycles and should
keep its energy storage capability for quite a long time.
Conveyor System
The idea behind this “Conveyor System (CS)” in front of a station (Bus, Tram, Train,
etc.) is to be used instead of braking system. The procedure could be explained that, right
before a public transport, let us assume a bus as an example, enters the station, it will go
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to a corridor which has CS underneath; right before entering this corridor, the bus
control, will change to automatic mode, in order to avoid human errors in the procedure.
The design of the CS is that it will act as a Dynamic brake saying it will keep the bus
running at a certain speed which is exactly synchronized with the Conveyor that to an
inertial frame of reference the bus would seem to be stopped in the station while letting
people in or out from the bus but as soon as the passengers get in the bus and the doors of
both bus and the station get closed, the bus’s speed will increase slightly in order to let
the bus getting out of the station- the Conveyor speed is limited to 30Km/h and if the
bus’s velocity increase, it will keep running at the same speed therefore the bus will
accelerate and moves forward. The velocity of the bus for entering could have any values
in a certain range however in the station to keep it as if it is stopped, the speed must be
set to a certain value let us assume 30 Km/h and for letting it out from the station, the
velocity must increase slightly to 35Km/h. All these functions should be performed
automatically in order to avoid any inconveniences both for the driver and passengers.
The entrance velocity should be in a known range like from 20-40 Km/h. (Figure 3)
The conversion of the bus movement would occur at the generators (not shown in the
sketch) that are connected to the shafts (green lines with rotation direction) which convert
rotation movement to electricity. With respect to the aforementioned, there must be few
feedback loops in order to keep the rotation speed of the shafts synchronized at 30Km/h.
Fig. 3- The positioning of the bus in the station and all the accessories.