Essay On Forensic Science

Essay on Forensic Science
Forensic Science, also known as Forensics, is the application of science to law. It uses highly developed technology to uncover scientific evidence in a
variety of fields. Modern forensic science has a broad range of applications. It is used in civil cases such as forgeries, fraud or negligence.
The most common use of forensic science is to investigate criminal cases involving a victim, such as assault, robbery, kidnapping , rape, or murder.
Forensic science is also used in monitoring the compliance of various countries with such international agreements as the Nuclear Non–Proliferation
Treaty and the Chemical Weapons Convention and to learn whether a country is developing a secret nuclear weapons program. It can help...show more
content...
Pathology is the branch of forensic science that determines the nature and course of diseases by analyzing body fluids and tissues. Pathology is divided
into clinical and anatomic pathology. Clinical pathologists contribute to the diagnosis of diseases by measuring chemicals and cells in blood, sputum,
bone marrow and urine. Anatomic pathologists perform autopsies and analyze tissues taken from patients during surgery or by biopsy.
The medical examiner investigates many different types of violent crime to determine whether a violent death was an accident, a suicide, or a
homicide. In cases involving gunshot wounds, the medical examiner looks for gunpowder residues on the clothing of the victim and around wounds.
The information is used to determine whether the gun was fired by the victim of by someone else.
In the case of knife wounds, the medical examiner must distinguish between a cut (an injury that is longer than deep) and a stab wound (an injury that
is deeper than long).He must also be able to identify a defense wound which is a cut caused when a victim grabs the knife in self–defense. Cuts are
associated with suicide. The body of the victim usually has numerous parallel cuts which indicate hesitant wounds or repeated hesitant trials before the
final cut is made. Homicides typically consist of one deep gash.
Medical examiners are also called upon to investigate cases of asphyxiation or death
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Science Essay
For some people science is the supreme form of all knowledge. Is this view reasonable or does it involve a misunderstanding of science or of
knowledge?
For many persons science is considered the supreme form of all knowledge, as science is based on facts and theories and it reaches its results through
an approved scientific method. Consequently, it seems to be objective and thus more truthful and reliable. However, other persons argue that this is a
misunderstanding of science. Hence, one should question what science and knowledge entail. Can there actually be some form of knowledge that
overrules all other types of human knowledge? Is scientific knowledge actually always objective? Are there other types of knowledge of equal worth?
This...show more content...
Thus, perception, in this case could be considered an important factor that makes a piece of knowledge supreme. One could then deduce that frogs have
these organs and that most multi–cellular animals also have these organs, after having looked and compared a large sample. This is where reasoning,
as a way of knowing, comes into use to make generalisations. And one can be quite sure that this fact is true since it has been seen, and at any moment
in time, if someone dissects a frog, he/she will see these organs. In this example, there is very little room for human emotions/ bias to affect the
perception, since one cannot argue that what's inside the frog's body is something other than its organs.
On the other hand, there are other parts in the field of biology that are less supreme. Consider the example of a field study where a scientist is to
investigate if leaves closer to the trunk of oak trees in Scania are larger than those being further away from the trunk. The biologist will make a plan
on how to conduct the experiment, and since he cannot measure all leaves in all trees existing in Scania, the biologist will have to carry out the field
study on a sample, which raises the question: what could be an appropriate sample? Most scientists agree that the best way to conduct a field study is
being as random as possible. But how does one go about being random? Scientist may have different ways of reasoning on what would make an
appropriate sample, but no way

Human Science And Natural Science
Disagreement may aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences because disagreement leads to new discoveries. Disagreement is
about gathering reliable knowledge as well as using this newfound knowledge, and occurs when a group fails to reach a consensus over the logic of an
argument. Knowledge is composed of facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education. Two areas of knowledge that
are impacted by disagreement are human science and natural science. Human science is the study of human behavior and how humans gather
information. Natural science is a branch of science that deals with the physical world. In order for a disagreement to occur, one must be familiar with
the subject and have his or her own prediction that is different from the norm. Therefore, to advance knowledge in the areas of human and natural
science, people must disagree. The roles of logic, reason, and emotion will be investigated to see how they are used to help gain new knowledge in
both human and natural science. Many knowledge claims in human and natural science are based on theories. Jean Lamarck proposed the theory of
evolution in 1801. The theory of evolution proposed by Lamarck was based on the idea that organisms had to change their behavior to survive. For
instance, if a giraffe stretched it neck for a long period of time to reach the leaves as the top of the tree, then a "nervous fluid" would flow in the neck
and make it longer. Thus, its

Environmental Science Essay
Environmental Fundamentals
Laura Jackson
Env/100
April 8, 2013
JOHN ENSWORTH
Environmental Fundamentals
Introduction
Environmental science is defined as the study of the environment and the interconnecting systems it contains, furthermore, the way people interact with
their natural surroundings and use natural resources (wise geek, 2013). Scientist in this field is highly interdisciplinary and extremely diverse, for
example, a scientist might study volcanoes or climate change. This essay will cover the following; the definition of environmental science, the
relationship between science and technology and how it affects environmental problems; the concept of environmental sustainability and why it should
be studied; how human...show more content...
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping
the environment as pristine as naturally possible based on ideal–seeking behavior (Wikipedia, 2010). What makes environmental sustainability so
important is that it demands that society designs activities to meet human needs while indefinitely preserving the life support systems of the planet
(Wikipedia, 2010). Human consumption can only use the nature's resources at a rate that can be replenished naturally.
Human Values affecting Society
The most devastating environmental change of all is the loss of biodiversity. The rate of species extinction has remained at one species per million per
year, furthermore, the accelerating destruction of habitats throughout the world leads to projections of the loss of two–thirds of all species on earth by
the end of this century, and millions of years to recover from the Cretaceous period (mindfully.org, 2013). As individuals, we obtain our food, directly
or indirectly from plants, for example, plant our primary use of medicines. Biodiversity also determines the properties of communities and ecosystems,
which capture energy from the sun. The world is less resilient, more homogeneous, less interesting, and with fewer opportunities for our descendants

and ourselves: where the process reaches

My Passion For Science
My passion for science and plants began early in my childhood and has grown substantially to that which energizes me to chase after higher goals.
I used to obsessively search for information on wild plants that were edible and had medicinal properties. Now, I find that I am continually amazed
by research on the photosynthetic pathway along with biochemistry within plants in general. I was, and still am, enthralled by the idea that so
much knowledge and novelty is within the organisms that I had appreciated since I was young. I believe that this passion was driven further by
being able to compare, for myself, a life spent in remedial labor and one with scientific exploration. Needing to work in my family's business for
years out of necessity placed me in a position where I saw how each action could either draw me from or towards a better lifestyle. These experiences
have personally shown me the value in a program like the Leadership Alliance, whose purpose offers a means to be a part of a diverse cohort striving
toward leadership in the world. Having the opportunity to be included in a community with such a goal and momentum would be phenomenal. It would
allow me to continue pursuing graduate and post–graduate level education while also refining me into a monumental force in the field of scientific
research. I desire to pursue my passion of photosynthesis, plants, and biochemistry to serve the world with a team of researchers. An academic
appreciation and respect of science

Reflection Paper On Science And Science
Reflection Statement Before taking this course, I had never questioned how to characterize science. In elementary school I was taught that "good"
science experiments use the scientific method so that they are replicable. I had always seen science as a source of reliable information. I certainly
questioned certain findings, but I held the belief that there was such a thing as "good science." I thought that "good science" transcended any
subjectivity and was indisputable. These notions I had were called into question in Anthropology of Science. We started by looking into the history of
science. Throughout lectures, we studied epistemology and different trends in scientific discovery. These classroom lectures were complemented with
discussions of Thomas Kuhn and other scholars, such as Emily Martin and Michael Carrithers, who have theorized about scientific research. During that
time, I personally began deconstructing my image of science being on a pedestal when it comes to scholarly findings. I acknowledged that there
were ways for culture to influence science. When I read the assigned ethnographies God's Laboratory and Alien Ocean by Elizabeth Roberts and
Stefan Helmreich, respectively, I was able to see exactly how clearly the theories about science were visible when anthropologists studied scientific
communities. The connections were even more visible to me when we got to apply the theories ourselves through our Ethnography of Science class
project. As a class, we

Science Honor Society Essay
Science has always intrigued me. Therefore, being able to join the science honor society and explore its activities brings me euphoric joy. Joining
the society would allow me acquire more knowledge about science. It would also provide me a platform where I can share my ideas on various
topics in science. For my undergraduate degree, I plan on majoring in neuroscience as a stepping stone to medical school. I am curious about the
brain and all its hidden potential that has yet to be explored by man. I am also interested in stem cells and their uses, and I would like to go into
in–depth research about them for the science honor society project.

Forensic Science Essay example
Forensic Science has contributed to our world a great deal. People often misunderstand Forensic Science and believe it is much more capable than it
really is. As a matter of fact what you see on T.V. is around 80% false or over exaggerated in some way. To Start of, Criminal Investigation is the
largest and most known form of Forensic Science. Some of the more known areas include; Fingerprinting, Ballistics, DNA Identification, Fiber Samples
, Computer Animation, Documentation analysis, etc. To get this out of the way in the beginning, what you saw onlast night's law and order is far from
the truth. Things they do in a matter of hours take months at a time, and most of the time aren't even plausible concepts....show more content...
Computer Animation is another valuable aspect in Forensics. Many People believe that they are getting "virtually framed", and that computer
animations are inconclusive. This has been shown to be wrong and is said to be much more accurate then an actual man reenactment. Computers
are able to precisely pinpoint every single aspect of the reenactment. Some argue that this may "Create reality" and not illustrate it, but that's up to
the court to decide. An example of how this works was used when a snowplow struck an Iowa State basketball players car killing him. The plow
driver was going 10 miles over the speed limit. This video was recreated and showed a fatal blow the side of the deceased's car. Although he was
speeding this movie was recreated with the plow going the speed limit and he still would have been fatally killed. The Iowa student didn't look when
pulling out into the intersection if you're wondering. Also, Forensic Scientists use computer animation to simulate the aging or appearance change in a
criminal or deceased individual. Though this is a great technique, things cannot always be exactly 100% certain on the reconstruction. A lot of the
deciding whether this if valid, is up too the jury souly. This can even help provide the cause of death in a badly degraded badly.
Documentation Examination is another very important aspect in Forensic Science.

The Scientific Method Essay
The Scientific Method is the standardized procedure that scientists are supposed to follow when conducting experiments, in order to try to construct a
reliable, consistent, and non–arbitrary representation of our surroundings. To follow the Scientific Method is to stick very tightly to a order of
experimentation. First, the scientist must observe the phenomenon of interest. Next, the scientist must propose a hypothesis, or idea in which the
experiments will be based around. Then, through repeated experimentation, the hypothesis can either be proven false or become a theory. If the
hypothesis is proven to be false, the scientist must reformulate his or her ideas and come up with another hypothesis, and the experimentation begins
again. This...show more content...
Furthermore, flies were observed laying eggs where the maggots formed. Thus, he concluded that maggots are the result of flies, not spontaneous
generation. He then called the principles behind his experiment "Metodo Scientifico" or The Scientific Method.
The first cases of what would be considered properly using the Scientific Method can be found earlier, though, back in the studies of Galileo, early
in the 17th century. He first observed that heavy objects gain speed as they fall. He then proposed, or hypothesized, that the rate of falling of massive
objects was proportional to the distance that the object has fallen. Following the Scientific Method, he tested his hypothesis and found it to be false,
since objects falling unequal distances do not fall in the same amount of time, as his hypothesis led to. Since his hypothesis failed, he made a new one,
which proposed that the rate at which an object falls is directly proportional to the time the object has spent falling. This was tested by rolling balls
down an inclined plane and calculating the speed and time values from those observations. Later, these experiments led to the discovery of the
gravitational constant g, and a better understanding of the Scientific Method.
The Method has been used many times since Galileo conducted his experiments, and it has been considered a valid way of conducting experiments since

Geography as a Science Essay examples
Geography as a Science
Science, by definition, is:
'...the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment...' 1
Geography is divided into physical and human dimensions; in the past, physical geography had taken pre–eminence over the latter due to the need of
geographers to establish their discipline as an actual educational subject in colleges and universities. They therefore needed to impress upon the world
its yummy importance as a science 5, which held much weight at the time, but can geography still be based in the world of natural sciences or has it
shifted to that of a more social basis? As the subject in itself is now...show more content...
All of these changes have understandably influenced how geography has been structured and the perceptions of geography within the world. This
radical change in thinking and the rapid increase of the human population since the industrial revolution has meant that geography has evolved more
towards the social aspects rather than the scientific. Good examples of this are historical geographies, developmental geographies and studies in
globalisation. All relate to social aspects of the world we live in, and this focus on human circles is now growing within the subject. Since its
generalised acceptance in the late 18th century 6 it has increased in influence within the subject. During the latter half of the 20th century, human
geography (and social interests within geography) began to challenge the position of physical geography within the subject. This could be vastly due
to the decline of the descriptive or regional geography, and the rise of spatial science in its place, which allowed sub–disciplines such as cultural,
economic, industrial and historical geographies to attract more attention. Geography might have previously been dominated by the natural sciences, but
now due to growing interests in

Environmental Science Reflection
Over the course of the semester, I feel that, in my Introduction to Environmental Science (EVR2001) class, I have learned an extensive amount about
current, past, and possibly future environmental issues that our planet is enduring. Many of the issues impacting our environment have caught my
attention and opened my eyes to the effects these issues are causing. Environmental science has had an impact on me personally, and has changed my
understanding and the intensity of my opinions on many environmental issues in a variety of ways. There are even particular environmental issues that
I find relevant to my own life for many reasons. This class taught me how I can reduce my own impact on the environment, which has even led me to
change some aspects of my life to reduce my environmental impact as a result. EVR2001 has impacted me personally, in many different ways First,
this class has brought so many issues to my attention, and taught me that almost anything can have a negative impact on our environment. For
example, I found it intriguing that even letting a pet cat, or feral cats in general, outside, is a severe negative threat to the biodiversity of an
ecosystem (Lecture 4 Slides). Personally, I do not believe many people know the effect cats can have, which leads them to believe their cat is fine
roaming around outside. The Global Article Analysis assignments had another impact on me. They allowed me to realize that countries can be affected
differently by the same

Is Psychology a Science? Essay
The British Psychological Society states that 'Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour' (BPS). In this essay I will be
discussing what is actually meant by this and whether psychology fits into both the traditional views of a science, as well as more contemporary
perspectives. It is widely suggested that Psychology is a "coalition of specialities" meaning it is multi–disciplinary (Hewstone, Fincham and Foster
2005, page 4). I will therefore examine whether it could be considered wrong to think that all parts of the discipline should neatly fit into one view of
a scientific approach. In order to be considered a science, Psychology must consequently adhere to using a scientific method. If this were, as usual,
...show more content...
Studies such as the afore mentioned Milgram study showed that what may appear to be the most expected outcome may, in truth, be very different. I
would also go on to argue that in actuality all sciences are some adaptation of common sense (Oppenheimer, 1956), leaving Psychology in this way, no
different to any of the others. Ben Goldacre even argues that particular forms of science, such as neuroscience, regularly offer empirically incorrect
research in reputable journals, claiming statistically significant results without the appropriate statistical tests (Guardian). Furthermore, there are three
main aspects which were customarily associated with a science: metaphysical, theoretical and methodological assumptions. Under metaphysical it is
believed that to gain scientific status requires the certainty that the subject matter i.e. human thought/ behaviour, is similar to that of other accepted
sciences. This could then be true for Psychology, as particularly since Darwin's suggestion of a continuity between behaviours of humans and other
species, behaviour has become more scrutinised. However, this must be assumed in respect of determinism, suggesting predictions could be made.
'Heisenbergs uncertainty principle' suggests that when relating evidence of indeterminism within the universe to human behaviour, it proves
ambiguous, and with parts of the discipline believing strongly in free will it seems difficult to establish a common ground (Valentine E.R. page 2).

My Love For Science
Nothing had influenced my life more than the beauty of science. The subject is just so fascinating and really catches my eye as it helps explain
virtually everything around me, it helps me understand why such things are. It is extremely captivating and always makes me eager for more learning
and understanding. However, the real experience lies in the unknown, the regions of science where research stills needs to be done, where more
understanding needs to occur, where science can be used for the well–being of the planet.
Since the summer of 2011, I have been deeply in–love with the beauty known as science. During that summer, I was introduced to the environmental
/biological sciences at a summer camp which left a deep impact on me. I carried these learnings to my fifth–grade year in which science and college
were introduced to me, and with this knowledge, I made two goals that I have left my older self: to become a sort of scientist that will contribute to the
world and to get into a dream university. From then, I have known that my destiny was a science–related one (I didn't know exactly what type at that
point, only that it would be done). Then came middle school in which I went to a school focused on environmental sciences, this is the place where
my love for science was cemented as I learned about all types of sciences and got to understand them in depth or for the first time in my life. I also
learned about opportunities that could further me in my quest to complete my

Essay about The Importance of a Science Education
Getting a science education in the 21st century can be very beneficial to children of all ages. Science is what makes up the world and the only way
you would be able to know that would be by getting a real education in the studies of science. There are many reasons in why getting an education in
science can be important and three of them are that it makes you smarter, it increases your awareness of diseases going around in the world, and
getting a proper education in science can inspire kids to be scientists themselves. Receiving an education in science is good for children of all ages.
First of all, educational studies in science can really make a student more wise or sharp. When studying science, a person can learn about many things
Everybody goes to school to extend their knowledge, but studying science helps kids understand the world. To emphasize, science can simply make you
more intelligent. In addition to that, learning science can also inform children of all ages about what is going on in the world. This includes diseases
such as AIDS, H1N1, and diabetes. It is important to get an education so that kids know what to be aware of in the outside world. Getting an education
in science can benefit a student more than by alerting them of diseases in the world. Educational science can also tell kids about environmental topics
such as global warming and recycling.. We all need to know about problems on the planet such as these, and what better place than school. "People
everywhere should be aware of the fact that everyday we are corrupting the environment or spreading a disease. (www.grinningplanet.com/6001
/environmental–quotes.htm, John Mckonnel)" It is for this reason that children need to have a good science education. Knowing we are in the 21st
century, things get more complicated, including diseases, and finding a cure gets harder with it. Having children study science in schools can get them
aware of what is happening. Lastly, studying science during a person's childhood years can inspire them to become real scientists themselves so they
can deal with issues that are effecting the world. Becoming a scientist can help the

The Impacts of Science on Human Life Essay
Technology is evolving and scientists are frequently developing new concepts and theories, improving our life style and making the world ultimately a
better place to live in. Science has led to many extraordinary inventions, filling our human mind with vast amount of knowledge and intelligence. For
example, many types of new planets have been discovered recently. Although people have been living in the world for a very long time, it is quite
recent that these planets have been discovered using telescope and other mechanisms. These newly found planets are identical to earth and believed to
be supporting life, which I have found interesting. However, without the contributions of technology, it would have never been possible. Moreover,
For example, Malaysia was not a very wealthy country economically but the improvements of technology have helped their financial system in a quite
extensive level. In the past, they were not stable in a financial system until the effects of complex machinery and the contributions of modern
technology have rationalized their economy. In the essay, The Enchanted Forest, Bill Reid, the author, also supports this point by saying, "We all
carried ashore with us the knowledge that the wave of technological assault that had begun on the other island and changed most of the continent"(Reid
319).Basically, Bill states that how technology has changed most of North America several ways. In addition, this quote is related to the essay because
it illustrates how impotent science and technology is, in terms of rationalizing our economy. In view of these aspects, I would say most people would
agree that it has indeed made our world a better place.
Most importantly, the contributions of science and technology have made our lives more delightful. In our everyday life, we use many ordinary
things, which have been modified through improvements. These simple inventions have modernized the way we do things given that most people are
generally depended upon them. For example, a cell phone is considered as an important item due the service it provides. In the past, when cell phone
was not invented, people had to go all the way to the person's place in order to deliver the

Why I Want to Study Computer Science
From cartwheel to supercomputer the evolution of machines has always fascinated me like nothing else. A machine– symbolizes man's rational
thinking. On that account a computer is the most ingenious invention of man. It exemplifies the prowess of human mind to perceive things rationally
and put them to use in performing extremely difficult tasks with effortless ease. With this kind of attitude towards machines I was introduced to
computers about what they can do and how they do it. This was enough for me to decide that I was going to work with computers all my life.
The boundless possibility of trying out and the instant knowledge of the outcome that stimulates one for further analysis of a rationale in question is
what I find most appealing about Computer Science. Keeping up an inquisitive and explorative attitude, I believe, leads to a constant learning process.
This approach adds to the already immense potential for innovation that exists in this field.
Exploration and analysis have been the essence of my life, guiding me through the most mystifying predicaments. In this ever changing world of
engineering & technology where each new day sees a spate of new concepts and applications and each passing day makes them obsolete, I always
wanted to attain the highest level of excellence in education and transcend new horizons in the chosen field.
In my graduate studies, I have benefited from the breadth of JNTU syllabi content that has given me a comprehensive

Reflection On Science And Technology
This course has been designed in a way that makes learning stress–free and interactive. The way this class is being approached with a humanities
emphasis, has allowed me to gather a real cultural approach to science and technology, and how it could be beneficial or even harmful to us if we are
uninformed of its significance to our society. The elements implemented within the course have also allowed me to further my understanding within
each topic we cover, as well as understand how scientific ideas and technological developments are important in social contexts.
Any human created idea can be related to our society, either as a desire or as a necessity.Science and technology should belong to society as a
necessity. As our society has evolved, both science and technology have become an interwoven facet of our day to day lives. Even though the class
is only part of the way completed, I still feel like I have already been lastingly affected by the material. I have been able to use the different elements
in class, such as the reading, class discussion, and blog posts on Yellow Dig to understand how science and technology are connected to our society in
many ways. The incorporation of technology in the form of Yellow Dig, Canvas, and Slack have also enhanced my experience and interaction with the
classroom. Without technology, learning and understanding material would take much longer than we are currently able to do. Our society can easily
take for granted the immense impact

Scientific Theory Essay
Scientific Theory
A scientific theory is a well–substantiated explanation of some aspects of the natural world, based on a body of knowledge that has been repeatedly
confirmed through observation and experiment. Scientist creates scientific theories from hypothesis that have been corroborated through the scientific
method, then gather evidence to test their accuracy. The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain, which is
measured by its ability to make falsifiable predictions with respect to the phenomena. Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and
comprehensive for of scientific knowledge.
The scientific method involves the proposal and testing of hypotheses, by deriving...show more content...
Theories are the main goal in science and no explanation can achieve a higher rank. (to the belief that "theories" become "laws" over time). In some
cases, theories can unify. Two or more theories can be replaces by a single theory which explains the previous theories as approximations or special
cases, comparable to the way a theorys is connecting explanation for many confirmed hypotheses: This is reffered to as Unification of Theories. Both
scientific laws and scientific theories are produced from scientific methods through the formation and testing of hypotheses, and can predict the
behavior of the natural world. Both are typically supported by observation and experimental science. However, scientific laws are descriptive accounts
of how nature will behave under certain conditions. Scientific theories are broader in scope, and give overarching explanations of how nature works
and why it exhibits certain characteristics. They are supported by evidence from many different sources, and may contain one or more laws.
Both scientific laws and scientific theories come from the scientific method through the formation and testing of hypotheses, and can predict the
behavior of the natural world. Both are usually well supported by observations and/or experimental evidence. However laws are descriptive accounts of
how nature will behave under certain conditions. Assumption is a

Essay about Life Science
"Lab Assignment #2 (Horse Evolution)" Through fossil records from Hyracotherium to Mesohippus to Merychippus to Pleshippus to the Equus, one
can see the development of dentition, limbs and skull based on the environment that the horses adapted to with time. Environmental changes from the
Eocene to the Holocene brought about natural selection as the horses' initial characteristics could not adapt. In order to survive, horses evolved traits
such as stronger limbs, tougher teeth and others that best fit and adapted to their surroundings. In this lab, we examined these five horse evolution
fossils to understand the change in equine morphology in relation to the habitat and the natural selection within the horse population.
Hyracotherium,...show more content...
As the only available food source became grass, their masseter needed to be longer so that the muscle would be able to chew and digest the tough
grass. In addition, data shows the evolving trend of longer skull lengths and increasing side placements of eyes which can be attributed to the
grasslands from the Miocene. Because their food source was low on the ground, horses evolved longer jaws so that they can bend down slightly to
eat but keep their heads relatively high up from the ground to use peripheral vision for protection. As horses began to increase in size, trends show
that limbs go from digitigrades to unguligrades; from short weak limbs to longer and stronger limbs. As size increased from the Hyracotherium
species to the present Equus species, their limb bones became thicker with higher width/length ratios to adjust to support the added size weight. The
number of toes also decreased and the internal struts also strengthened the internal limb bone. As the forests died away, giving way to Miocene's vast
grasslands, horses required legs to give them agility and speed in order to run quickly for long periods of time without fatigue. To adapt, horses
evolved long, columnar limbs that end in a small number of functioning digits but have springy tendons which were highly durable and efficient at
transferring muscular energy into forward motion. Despite their speed, the long limbs lacked the muscles aiding rapid

Essay On Forensic Science

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