Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.

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Population

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WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?
• Fundamental rights that belong to every person, simply by
being a human being.
• Principles
• Universality
• Equality
• Non-discrimination

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HISTORY
• World War 2: Nazi atrocities
against specific groups
of people.
• United Nations founded in 1945 to maintain peace and
promote Human Rights

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30 HUMAN RIGHTS
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Do you know your rights?

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FREEDOM OF SPEECH
• Article 19 UDHR:
– “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and
expression; this right includes freedom to hold
opinions without interference and to seek, receive
and impart information and ideas through any
media and regardless of frontiers”

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FREEDOM OF SPEECH
• This freedom can be limited:
– Slander
– Hate speech
– Inciting violence
• But only in some cases because the law also
protects people against Government trying to
silence them.

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FREEDOM FROM TORTURE
• Article 5 UDHR:
– “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”

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FREEDOM FROM TORTURE
• Inflicting severe pain or suffering, whether
mental or physical
• To get information or to punish

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TORTURE EXAMPLE
• The United States used torture on a large scale
against terrorism
suspects, claiming that
suspects had given up
their rights.
• At the same time
their prisoners
were also denied
the Right to a Fair Trial and the Right to be
Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty.

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MORE HUMAN RIGHTS
• Life and Liberty / Slavery / Privacy
• Education / Work / Leisure
• Language!
– No discrimination
– Fair trial
– Free speech
– Education
Dwi’n
siarad
Cymraeg!

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CATEGORIES OF RIGHTS
• Absolute Rights can never be limited
– Torture, slavery, discrimination
• Limited Rights can be limited for certain cases
– Liberty
• Qualified Rights can be limited in some
circumstances (state of emergency / war)
– Education, expression

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HUMAN RIGHTS AT HOME
• England & Wales: Human Rights Act (1998)
– Same rights as the ECHR, but easier to protect
• UK Court will decide if a right was violated
• After that you could go higher up to the
European Court of Human Rights
– 20,000 cases from 47 countries
– 1500 UK cases per year, 10 guilty verdicts

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HUMAN RIGHTS CONFLICTS IN THE UK
• Security vs Privacy
– Art. 3: Life, liberty and security
Government has to stop terrorists
– Art. 12: Privacy, family, home and correspondence
Government can’t intercept your communication
• Our safety is important, but so are our rights,
so where do we draw the line?

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FUTURE CHALLENGES
• Asylum for refugees: Some people flee
countries with terrible human rights, but they
are not always welcome in other countries
• LGBT rights: Often LGBT individuals are
discriminated against and lack rights
• Gender rights: to equal employment, equal
pay, equal access, etc.