nice nobel prize holder collection

1. 1981
Torsten N. Wiesel
(Sweden)
1924-present
Contribution:
Information
processing
in the visual system.
1982
Sune K. Bergström
1916-2004
(Sweden)
Bengt I. Samuelsson
1934-present
(Sweden)
Sir John R. Vane
1927-2004
(United Kingdom)
Contribution:
Prostaglandins and
related
biologically active
substances.
1983
Barbara McClintock
1902-1992
(United States)
Contribution:
Mobile genetic
elements.
1984
Niels K. Jerne
1911-1994
(Denmark)
Georges J.F. Köhler
1946-1995
(Federal Republic of
Germany)
César Milstein
1927-2002
(Argentina, United
Kingdom)
Contribution:
Specificity in
development and
control of the immune
system.
1985
Michael S. Brown
1941-present
(United States)
Joseph L. Goldstein
1940-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Regulation of
cholesterol
metabolism.
1986
Stanley Cohen
1922-present
(United States)
Rita Levi-Montalcini
1909-2012
(Italy,
United States)
Contribution:
Growth factors.
1987
Susumu Tonegawa
1939-present
(Japan)
Contribution:
Genetic
principle for
generation of
antibody diversity.
1988
James Black
1924-2010
(United Kingdom)
Gertrude B. Elion
1918-1999
(United States)
George H. Hitchings
1905-1998
(United States)
Contribution:
Important
principles for drug
treatment.
1989
J. Michael Bishop
1936-present
(United States)
Harold E. Varmus
1939-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Cellular
origin of retroviral
oncogenes.

2. 1990
Joseph E. Murray
1919-2012
(United States)
E. Donnall Thomas
1920-2012
(United States)
Contribution:
Organ and cell
transplantation in the
treatment of human
disease.
1991
Erwin Neher
1944-present
(Federal Republic of
Germany)
Bert Sakmann
1942-present
(Federal Republic of
Germany)
Contribution:
Function of single ion
channels in cells.
1992
Edmond H. Fischer
1920-present
(Switzerland,
United States)
Edwin G. Krebs
1918-2009
(United States)
Contribution:
Reversible protein
phosphorylation
as a biological
regulatory mechanism.
1993
Sir Richard J. Roberts
1943-present
(United Kingdom)
Phillip A. Sharp
1944-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Split genes.
1994
Martin Rodbell
1925-1998
(United States)
Contribution:
G-proteins
and the role of these
proteins
in signal transduction
in cells.
1995
Edward B. Lewis
1918-2004
(United States)
Christiane Nüsslein-
Volhard
1942-present
(Federal Republic of
Germany)
Eric F. Wieschaus
1947-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Genetic control of
early embryonic
development.
1996
Peter C. Doherty
1940-present
(Australia)
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1944-present
(Switzerland)
Contribution:
Specificity of the cell
mediated
immune defence.
1997
Stanley B. Prusiner
1942-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Prions - a new
biological
principle of infection.
1998
Robert F. Furchgott
1916-2009
(United States)
Louis J. Ignarro
1941-present
(United States)
Ferid Murad
1936-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Nitric oxide as a
signalling molecule
in the cardiovascular
system.

3. 1999
Günter Blobel
1936-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Proteins have
intrinsic signals that
govern their
transport and
localization in the cell.
2000
Arvid Carlsson
1923-present
(Sweden)
Paul Greengard
1925-present
(United States)
Eric R. Kandel
1929-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Signal
transduction in the
nervous system.
2001
Leland H. Hartwell
1939-present
(United States)
Sir Tim Hunt
1943-present
(United Kingdom)
Sir Paul M. Nurse
1949-present
(United Kingdom)
Contribution:
Key
regulators of the cell
cycle.
2002
Sydney Brenner
1927-present
(South Africa)
H. Robert Horvitz
1947-present
(United States)
Sir John E. Sulston
1942-present
(United Kingdom)
Contribution:
Genetic regulation of
organ development
and programmed cell
death.
2003
Paul Lauterbur
1929-2007
(United States)
Sir Peter Mansfield
1933-present
(United Kingdom)
Contribution:
Magnetic resonance
imaging.
2004
Richard Axel
1946-present
(United States)
Linda B. Buck
1947-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Odorant
receptors and the
organization of
the olfactory system.
2005
Barry J. Marshall
1951-present
(Australia)
Robin Warren
1937-present
(Australia)
Contribution:
Bacterium
Helicobacter pylori
and its in gastritis
and peptic ulcer
disease.
2006
Andrew Z. Fire
1959-present
(United States)
Craig C. Mello
1960-present
(United States)
Contribution:
RNA
interference - gene
silencing
by double-stranded
RNA.
2007
Mario R. Capecchi
1937-present
(United States)
Sir Martin J. Evans
1941-present
(United Kingdom)
Oliver Smithies
1925-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Principles for
introducing specific
gene modifications
in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells.

4. 2008
Harald zur Hausen
1936-present
(Germany)
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1947-present
(France)
Luc Montagnier
1932-present
(France)
Contribution:
Human
immunodeficiency
virus.
2009
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
1948-present
(United States,
Australia)
Carol W. Greider
1961-present
(United States)
Jack W. Szostak
1952-present
(United States;
Poland)
Contribution:
How
chromosomes are
protected by telomeres
and the enzyme
telomerase.
2010
Sir Robert G. Edwards
1925-2013
(United Kingdom)
Contribution:
For the development of
in vitro fertilization.
2011
Bruce A. Beutler
1957-present
(United States)
Jules A. Hoffmann
1941-present
(France)
Ralph M. Steinman
1943-2011
(Canada,
United States)
Contribution:
Activation of innate
immunity.
2012
Sir John B. Gurdon
1933-present
(United Kingdom)
Shinya Yamanaka
1962-present
(Japan)
Contribution:
Mature
cells can be
reprogrammed
to become pluripotent.
2013
James E. Rothman
1950-present
(United States)
Randy W. Schekman
1948-present
(United States)
Thomas C. Südhof
1955-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Machinery
regulating vesicle
traffic, a
major transport
system in our cells .
Prepared by
C – Group
Roll : 11/109
17th batch
Chittagong veterinary and
animal sciences university