2. Pharmacognostic Scheme
• Synonym: East Indian Sandal Wood Oil
• Biological source: Obtained by distillation
from heart-wood of Santalum album , family
Santalaceae.
• Geographical Source: Found in India and
Malaysia. Sandalwood tree is an evergreen plant, 10-
12 m high found widely distributed in india.
3. HEARTWOOD AND SAPWOOD
• Central region of old
trees forms heart wood.
• Also called duramen
• It is hard and durable
• The function of this
region is mechanical
support
Outer region of old
trees forms sapwood.
Also called alburnum
It is soft and not
durable
The function of this
region is conduction of
water and nutrients and
also storage of food.
4. • Macroscopic Characters:
COLOUR- Pale yellow to colourless viscid(sticky consistency) liquid.
ODOUR- Characteristic and persistent.
TASTE- Unpleasant
• Standards:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY- 0.973 to 0.985
( ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; usually water taken as standard)
OPTICAL ROTATIONS- 15° to -20°
(the rotation of the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light by an optically active substance.)
REFRACTIVE INDEX- 1.500 to 1.510
(the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium.)
SOLUBILITY- It is very slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and
chloroform.
(chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent)
6. # The composition of the oil will depend on the species, region
grown, age of tree, and possibly the season of harvest and
details of the extraction process used.
# Additionally it also contains santalal, santene, santenone,
teresantol, santalone and santelene.
# The oil is present in the element of wood. It is not present
in or secreted by any special types of cells or glands.
# It is a sesquiterpene(C15 H24 ; 3 isoprene units)
7. PRODUCTION
• Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high
levels of fragrance oils requires Santalum trees to be
a minimum of 15 years old (S. album) the age at which
they will be harvested.
• The sandalwood tree’s precious sandalwood oil is
located within the tree’s heartwood, and the older
the tree, the high proportion of heartwood it
contains. Because the oil is held tightly within the
wood, a distillation process is required, in which the
wood is first ground to a powder form.
8. STEAM DISTILLATION
• Steam distillation is a process in which steam heated
at extremely high temperatures (usually around 140-
212˚ F) is passed through the powdered wood.
• The steam releases the sandalwood essential oil that
is locked within the cellular structure of the wood.
• The mixture of steam and oil then flows through a
condenser and cools, yielding a layer of oil and a layer
of water.
• The sandalwood essential oil separates from the
hydrosol (floral water) rises to the top so it can then
be collected
9. The distillation process
for sandalwood oil takes
anywhere from 14 to 36
hours, longer than for
many other essential
oils.
Despite the fact that
this method requires a
longer process than
other distillation
methods, it’s known to
produce superior quality
oil, yielding 84.32%
santalol.
STEAM DISTILLATION UNIT
10.
11. CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD
• The systematic cultivation of these plants is
undertaken mainly in South Indian states of
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Sandalwood trees are cultivated on large plantations
with other commercially viable plants. Because of the
sandalwood tree’s hemi-parasitic nature, they must be
cultivated near a host plant, a cultivation strategy
known as inter planting.
The best hosts for sandalwood are nitrogen-fixing
trees because the growth of sandalwood depends on
the availability of amino acids, and the host plant
should not compete with the sandalwood for nutrients
12. The species of host plants cultivated along with
sandalwood vary among regions. In Tonga, sandalwood
is often grown with other commercially-productive
plants such as pine, citrus, and paper mulberry .
Acacias are also known to be good sandalwood hosts
Sandalwood trees grow well in full sun, provided that
they can attach their roots to suitable host species
to obtain nutrients. The trees can usually tolerate up
to 60-70% shade, but their growth will be much
slower in the higher levels of shade.The optimum
amount of shade is about 25-35%. All species of
sandalwood require well-drained soils.
13. USES
• Used for symptomatic treatment of
DYSURIA(medical term for pain or discomfort when urinating)
• And in dimnishing the frequency of
micturition marked in tuberculosis of the
bladder
• It is mainly used as a perfume in
preparation of cosmetics and incense
sticks.
