ABOUT ICT

1. INFORMATIONCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Abstract
Modern information and communication technology have creator a “Global Village” in which
place can communicate with other across the world.ICT is often studied in the context of how
modern communication technologies affect society. Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) has become a key factor in the future development of services industry
including banking, transport, logistics, and retailing industries. Globalization has pushed the use
of technology as a necessity in various business and economic functions. Information
communication technology at present are influencing every aspect of human life. They are
playing roles in works places, business, education, and entertainment. The world is changing
new information and communication technologies are powerful contributors to this change . The
development, advancement, and implementation of Information Communication Technologies
within today’s ever-changing society profoundly impacts the way we lead our lives. The effects
of these pervasive technologies present both a challenge and an opportunity for researchers,
educators, and students worldwide. The development and convergence of computer and
communication technologies; jointly termed as information andcommunication
technologies(ICT) has affected almost all aspects of human life.
INTRODUCATION-
Information technology “evolved in the 1970s. Its basic concept ,however, can be traced to the
world war II alliance of the military and industry in the development of electronics, computer
and information theory. After the 1940s, the military remained the major source of research and
development funding for the expansion of automation to replace manpower with machine power.
Information and communication technologies for development refer to the application of
information and communication technologies(ICT) towards social, economic, and political
development, with a particular emphasis on helping poor and marginalized people and
communities. ICT for development is grounded in the notions of “development, growth, progress
and globalization and is often interpreted as the use of technology to deliver a greater good.
Information and communication refers to technologies that provide access to information
through Telecommunication. It is similar to information Technology but focuses primarily on
communication technologies. This includes the internet, wireless network, Cell phone, and other
communication medium. For example: people can communicate in real time with others in
different countries using technologies such as instant messaging, voice and video conferencing ,
social networking website like face both allow users from all over the world to remain in contract
and communicate on a regular basis. ICT is one of the wonderful gifts of modern science and
technology which brought tremendous changes in library and information science. It has opened
up a new chapter in library communication and facilitated global access to information crossing

2. the geographical limitations. ICT has a profound effect on the progress and development of
human civilization. The tools used in ICT include computer programs, databases, communication
networks, analysis and design methods programming languages, artificial intelligence,
knowledge bases, etc. ICT has long-standing influence in almost all areas of human activity. The
ICT products are helpful to store, retrieve, manipulate and transmit information electronically.
Information and communication technology has revolutionized the concept of libraries. The
libraries are also changing their role to meet the demand of users for retrieving desired
information which was not possible by the means of traditional libraries. Today ICT is generally
understood to encompass both equipment and services that facilitate the electronic
capture,processing, display and transmission of information.
What is ICT -:
The term ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisual and telephone networks
with computer networks through a single link system. There are large economic incentives to
merge the telephone network with the computer network system using a single unified system of
cabling, signal distribution, and management. communication device, encompassing radio,
television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as
the various services and appliance with them such as video conferencing and distance learning.
Information Communication Technology is a common term referring to the technologies used for
collecting, storing, editing and communicating information .ICT means the use of computer-
based technology and the Internet to make information and communication services available in
a wide range of users. ICT Isa Hardware and Software that enable society to create, collect,
consolidate and communicate information in a multimedia format and for various purposes. The
term ICT includes any communication device or application, encompassing, radio, TV, cellular
phones, computers and network, hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as
the various services and application associated with them. ICT is playing a vital role in the
current and future development of society and nation. ICT has affected all spheres of life and
also the library. Information and communication technology is a diverse set of technological
tools and resources used to communicate and to create, disseminate, store and manage
information. Information and communications technology (ICT) refers to all the technology used
to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems,
audiovisual processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring
functions.
Definition -:
According to the Encyclopedia of Computer Science, “Information Communication Technology (ICT) is
an imprecise term frequently fundamental to broad areas of technologies and associated with the use of
computers and communications”.

3. According to UNESCO “ICT is a scientific, technological and engineering discipline and management
techniques used in handling information and application and social, economical and cultural matters”.
Advantages of ICT –
 Globalization – Video conferencing saves money on flights and accommodation. ICT
has not only brought the countries and people closer together, but it has allowed the
worlds economy to be become a single interdependent system to contact either a business
to make them exceptionally cost effective.
 Cost effectiveness – The feels free to send an email and without doubt cheaper than
phone calls. ICT has also helped to automate business practices, to make them
exceptionally cost effective.
 More Time – You may have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to
move a single muscle by clicking the items to be purchased via internet and making
payment electronically.
 Creation of new jobs- The best advantage of ICT has been the creation ofnew activate
and interesting job. Computer programmers, system, hardware, and software developers
and web designers are some of the many new employment opportunities created with the
help of IT.
 Education – Computer’s along with their programs and the internet have created
educational opportunities not available to previous generations. A degree can be
completed online from person’s home.it is possible to hold a job and still do degree.
Disadvantages of ICT–
 Blackmail – Using the internet to threaten to cause damage with the intent to extort from
any person any money or other thing of value.
 Unemployment- Using the computer instead of human resources employers are save
huge amount of money but employees are losing their jobs as not needed anymore.
 Privacy – Information technology may have made communication fast and more
convenient, it has also brought along privacy problem. From cellphone signal
interception to email hacking,about their once private information becoming public
knowledge.
 Computer virus- worms, Trojan, malware, spam any or all can chaos and disrupt our
daily lives.
 Social media- They became addicted to the phones, IPod, gaming consoles forgetting
about outside activities and communication in the society.
Components of ICT-

4. 1. Computer Technology-
A complete history of computing would include a multitude of diverse devices such as
the ancient Chinese abacus, the Jacquard loom (1805) and Charles Babbage's ``analytical
engine'' (1834). It would also include discussion of mechanical, analog and digital
computing architectures. As late as the 1960s, mechanical devices, such as the Marchant
calculator, still found widespread application in science and engineering. During the early
days of electronic computing devices, there was much discussion about the relative
merits of analog vs. digital computers. In fact, as late as the 1960s, analog computers
were routinely used to solve systems of finite difference equations arising in oil reservoir
modeling. In the end, digital computing devices proved to have the power, economics and
scalability necessary to deal with large scale computations. Digital computers now
dominate the computing world in all areas ranging from the hand calculator to the
supercomputer and are pervasive throughout society. Therefore, this brief sketch of the
development of scientific computing is limited to the area of digital, electronic
computers. Computer technology has undergone tremendous changes in both hardware
and software capabilities. To examine computer equipment and facilities its past and
present, one most look at the applications that have influenced their progress. Today,
everyone is compelled to understand capabilities, limitations and potential application of
computers in their respective areas of specialization to cope up with the increasing
demands of modern society.
Use of Computer :
 Education
 Health and medicine
 Science
 Business
 Entertainment
 Government
 Defence
 Transport
Characteristics of computer:
 Speed
 Logical operations
 Accuracy
 Reliability
 storage
 Automation
 Versatility
 No feeling

5. 2. Network Technology–
Networking technology allows for the exchange of data between large and small
information systems used primarily by businesses and educational institutions.
Networking, end-users are able to transmit files, messages and other data through e-mail
or various other channels, sharing information through internet connection, based on the
needs of an organization. Network technology is the use of connected systems either via
optic cable, satellite, wireless connections to relay various data, communication and
resource in different part of the world.
ARPANET-The first network
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The granddad of internet was a network
established by the US Department of Defense. The work for establishing the network started in
the early 1960s and DOD sponsored major research work, languages and framework for network
communication. The main devices that help in building the work are:
 Computer
 Network interface
 Media
 Switches
 Routers
Network Types :- Based on geographically area covered, there are three types of networks:
 Local area network(LAN)- LAN are the most frequently discussed networks. LANs
connect group of computers and low-voltage devices together across short distances to
share information and resources.
 Metropolitan area network (MAN)- It provides interconnection of network in a city
into single network. MANs span an entire geographic area typically a town or city, but
sometimes a campus.
 Wide area network(WAN)-It covers large geographical area having state or countries.
The internet is the most basic example of a WAN, connecting all computers together
around the world.
Types of network in use Today :
 Personal area network
 Wireless local area network
 Campus area network
 Enterprise private network
3. Communication Technology–

6. Information and communication technology has become a revolutionary cornerstone in
the education world today. We also use information communication technology in our
every day work. Information communication technology in India was started under the
national secondary education campaign which was started in December 2004. The word
communication has it origin in the English language word communication. Which is
made up of Latin-language Communist. The best mediumof communication is our voice
and language. Information technology has made communication much easier. Internet is
the most used in this. Through the internet, we can exchange information anytime and in
a short time. The word communication means establishing a commonality between the
sender and the receiver. In the words, communication is an effort through which a person
participates in another person’s thoughts, feeling and attitudes. The basis of
communication is ‘communication’ and communication.
Communication in Ancient Times : The first means of communication was, the human voice but
about 3,200Bc writing was invented in Iraq.
Communication 1500-1800 : The next major improvement in communication was the invention
of printing. The first newspaper were printed in the 17th
century. The first newspaper in England
was printed in 1641.
Communication in the 19thCentury :The telegraph was invented in 1837.Alexander Graham bell
invented the telephone in 1876. The first telephone directory in London was published in
1880.The first telephone line from Paris to Brussels was established in 1887.
Communication in the 20th
Century : Communication continued to improve in the 20th
century.In
the 1990s new radio stations included Radio5 live 1990 and Classic FM1991. Television was
invented in 1925 by john logie baird and the BBC began regular,high definition broadcasting in
1936.Martin cooper invented the first handheld first cell phone in 1973. The first mobile phone
call in Britain was made in 1985. In Britain smartphone were introduced in 1996.
Communication in the 21st century : 21st
century the internet became an important form of
communication. Today email has become one of the most popular methods of communication.
Communication Process – In order to better understand the communication process ;
 Source(Sender) –Sender or the communication generates the message and convey it to
the receiver.
 Message – The message or content is the information that sender wants to relay to the
receiver. All three elements together- sender, receiver and ,message and you have the
communication process at its most basic.
 Media – The medium of communication includes telephone,post,fax,e-mail, etc. The
choice of medium is decided by sender.

7.  Receiver – he is the person who is last in the chain and for whom the message was sent
by the sender.
4. Telecommunication –
The history of telecommunication began with use of smoke signals and drums in Africa,
the Americas and parts of Asia. 1830 that electrical telecommunication system started to
appear. Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, message, words,
writings, images, and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other
electromagnetic systems. The word telecommunication comes from the Greek prefix
Tele, which means distant, combined with the Latin word communication, which means
to share. Telecommunication technologies include the telegraphy, telephone, radio,
television, video telephony, satellite, closed computer networks and public internet. Early
telecommunication transmission used analog signals,which were transferred over copper
wires. Today, telephone and cable companies still use these same lines, though most
transmission are now digital. Telecommunication wiring is done with cables that are
optimized for digital communication, Such as fiber optic cables and digital phone lines.
Telecommunication is a universal term that is used for a vast range of information-
transmitting technologies such as mobile phones, landlines, VoIP and broadcast
networks.
Types of telecommunication ;
a) E-mail-Electronic mail is a method of exchanging message between people
using electronic devices. Invented by ray Tomlinson, email first entered
limited use in the 1960 and by the mid-1970 had taken the form now
recognized as email.
b) Fax – The first fax machine was invented by Scottish mechanic and inventor
Alexander Bain. A fax machine is a device that is used to send documents
electronically over a telephone network. Today’s fax machine is less frequently a
stand-alone machine and more often part of a multifunction unit that also has
printing, scanning and copying features.
c) Telephony- Alexander graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the
invention of the telephone in 1876. A telephone also called phone is a
communication tool. Using a telephone, two people who are in different places
can talk to each other.
d) Television broadcasting- The world’s first electronic television was created by a
21 year old inventor named philo taylor Farnsworth.

8. e) Videoconferencing– The first concepts of video conferencing were developed in
the 1870s, as part of an extension of audio devices. Today video conferencing is
used by many industries, including educators, marketers.
f) Cell phone/Mobile phone –- A mobile phone is frequently called a cellular
phone or cell phone. Most mobile phones provide voice communication,
short message service(SMS), Multimedia message service(MMS), and newer
phones may also provide internet service such as web browsing, instant
messaging capabilities and e-mail. The first handheld mobile phone was
demonstrated by john F.Mitchell and martin cooper of Motorola in 1973,
using a handset weighing c.2 kilograms.
g) Radio
h) Telegraph
5. Radio communication -
Radio waves were first identified and studied by German physicist Heinrich hertz in
1886. The early is the history of technology that produces and uses radio instruments that
use radio wave. Within the timeline of radio, many people contributed theory and
inventions in what became radio. Radio development began as "wireless telegraphy". In
radio communication system, information is carried across space using radio wave. At the
sending end,the information to be sent is converted by some type of transducer to a time-
varying electrical signal called the modulation signal. The modulation signal is applied to
a radio transmitter.
6. Microwave Communication -
Microwave technology was develop during world war II(1939-45) in connection with
secret military radar research. Today , microwave are used parimarily in microwave
ovens and communications.Microwave wireless communication is a very effective type
of communication. Radio waves are used in this transmission. In this Communication,
two methods are used to transfer data and information. One is satellite method and other
is terrestrial method. Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet earth.
Microwave refer to high frequencies above 300MHz and short wave lengths, at the
microwave components depends on the changing electromagnetic fields instead of
current in the conductor or voltage across the 2 points a microwave propagated through
the line of sight, it is necessary to install repeater station at about 50km interval.
Advantages of microwaves:
 Large Bandwidth –Microwaves are used for point to point communication.

9.  Small size Antenna – The antenna size can be smaller as the size of antenna is
inversely proportional to the transmitted frequency.
 Low power Consumption- As microwave have high frequency thus requires very less
power.
 Effect of fading – While at low frequency signals, the layers around the earth causes
fading of the signal.
7. Satellite Communication-
A communication satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio
telecommunication signals via a transponder a communication channel between a source
transmitter and a receiver at different locations on earth.Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted
as being the inventor of the communications satellite. We use satellite communication in
various thing, so its application are many such as telephone, satellite television is used for
television, internet, radio, military etc. In a satellite communication, the satellite which is
stationed in the space system for transmission of signals plays a signification role. The
satellite are generally equipped with an antenna and transponder to facilitate the
communication process. The satellite majorly works on the solar power which is
continuously received by the satellite solar panels.
Uses of satellite Communications;
 Traditional Telecommunication
 Cellular
 Television signals
 Marine communication
8. Fiber optical communication-
Fiber-optical communication is a system in which information is sent from one people to
another via optical fibers as light points. Light develops an electromagnetic wave carrier
that methodically carries the information along. It was first developed in the 1970,fiber
optical have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major
role in the advent of the information age.Fiber optic communication is not new- it was
invented by Alexander Graham bell in 1880 for the Photo phone. Because of its
advantage over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire
communication in core network in the developed world.
Advantage of fiber optic communication;
 Bandwidth
 Low power loss
 Size

10.  Flexibility
 Cost
 Security
Conclusion –: Information and communication Technology(ICT) tools and techniques
utilization has been spread widely in every work of human being and all kinds of
organizations. ICT has improved the library services than traditional one and now become
the demand of the users as well as organization to fulfill the necessary requirements on time.
With the use of ICT, library professionals role has been change totally. The provision and the
use of information and communication technology is a part and parcel of the entire system, to
the student, information and professional and the institution. Communication for technology
provides those who have communication challenges a way of expressing their wants and
needs. People of all age and abilities can use and benefit from using communication
technology.The biggest challenges facing the library profession today is preparing the
professionals to use technology effectively. It can be said that the library and information
professional communities are being affected by a range of ICT development and so find their
roles changing worldwide. Information Communication Technology helps people many
ways. Communication technology helps people easily communicate to other and makes life
more convenient. Although communication brings a lot of benefits. So, people must
responsible while using the communication technology properly.
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REENA SINGH
RESEARCH SHCOLAR