Metastasis and How it is occurred Human body contains millions of cells; it grows divides and dies in conventional manner. Sometimes the system goes wrong and uncontrolled no of cells grows, which leads to cancer. The cancer cells combine and form extra mass tissue known as tumor. Cancer is a common disease which spreads throughout the blood stream in the human body. Leukemia alters the blood cell and involve in its maturity and immaturity. Some of the tumors does not spread throughout the body but grow uncontrollably like benign tumor. Normal/healthy cell controls their growth and when they become unhealthy, destroys by themselves.

1. Course Title: Pharmacology-III
Course code: BPH-324
Assignment on: Metastasis and How it is occurred
Submitted to Submitted By
Mr.Md.A. K Azad Shopnil Akash
Assistant Professor ID:181-29-059
Department of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy
Daffodil International University Daffodil International University
Submission Date:11.11.2020
Assignment

2. Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 01
Metastasis ........................................................................................................................................................ 01
How metastasis develop? ................................................................................................................................ 01
How Cancer cell Spreads?............................................................................................................................... 02
Where Cancer Spreads or metastasis............................................................................................................... 02
Common Sites of metastasis............................................................................................................................ 02
What are the symptoms of metastatic cancer?................................................................................................. 03
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................... 03
Reference......................................................................................................................................................... 03

3. Metastasis and How it is occurred
Introduction
Human body contains millions of cells; it grows divides and dies in conventional manner. Sometimes
the system goes wrong and uncontrolled no of cells grows, which leads to cancer. The cancer cells
combine and form extra mass tissue known as tumor. Cancer is a common disease which spreads
throughout the blood stream in the human body. Leukemia alters the blood cell and involve in its
maturity and immaturity. Some of the tumors does not spread throughout the body but grow
uncontrollably like benign tumor. Normal/healthy cell controls their growth and when they become
unhealthy, destroys by themselves.
Metastasis
Metastasis cancer is commonly called stage IV cancer or advanced cancer. It occurs when cancer
cells break off from the original tumour, spread through the bloodstream or lymph vessels to another
part of the body, and form new tumours. Nearby lymph nodes are the most common place for cancer
to metastasize. Cancer cells also tend to spread to the liver, brain, lungs, and bones.
How metastasis develop? [1]
Metastatic is the plural form of metastasis. Metastases most commonly develop when cancer cells
break away from the main tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These systems carry
fluids around the body. This means that the cancer cells can travel far from the original tumor and
form new tumors when they settle and grow in a different part of the body.
Metastasis can also sometimes develop when cancer cells from the main tumor, typically in the belly,
or abdominal cavity, break off and grow in nearby areas, such as in the liver, lungs, or bones.
Any type of cancer can go metastasis.
Whether this happens depends on several factors, including:
• The type of cancer. Some cancers are more likely to spread than others.
• How fast the cancer is growing
• Other factors about the behaviour of the cancer that your doctor may find
How Cancer cell Spreads? [2]
Cancer cells may spread or undergo metastasis through the body in a series of steps. Steps include:
1. Growing into, or invading, nearby normal tissue
2. Moving through the walls of nearby lymph nodes or blood vessels
3. Traveling through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to other parts of the body

4. 4. Stopping in small blood vessels at a distant location, invading the blood vessel walls,
and moving into the surrounding tissue
5. Growing in this tissue until a tiny tumor forms
6. Causing new blood vessels to grow, which creates a blood supply that allows the tumor
to continue growing
Most of the time, spreading cancer cells die at some point in this process. But, as long as conditions
are favourable for the cancer cells at every step, some of them are able to form new tumors in other
parts of the body. Metastatic cancer cells can also remain inactive at a distant site for many years
before they begin to grow again, if at all.
Where Cancer Spreads or metastasis
Cancer can spread to most any part of the body, although different types of cancer are more likely to
spread to certain areas than others. The most common sites where cancer spreads are the bone, liver,
and lung. The following list shows the most common sites of metastasis, not including the lymph
nodes, for some common cancers:
Common Sites of metastasis
Cancer Type Main Sites of Metastasis
Bladder Bone, liver, lung
Breast Bone, brain, liver, lung
Kidney Adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, lung
Lung Adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, other lung
Pancreas Liver, lung, peritoneum
Prostate Adrenal gland, bone, liver, lung
Stomach Liver, lung, peritoneum

5. What are the symptoms of metastasis cancer?
The symptoms of metastatic cancer vary greatly depending on the type of cancer and where it has
spread. Metastatic cancer does not always cause symptoms. When symptoms do occur, their nature
and frequency will depend on the size and location of the metastatic tumors. Some common signs of
metastatic cancer include:
• Pain and fractures, when cancer has spread to the bone
• Headache, seizures, or dizziness, when cancer has spread to the brain
• Shortness of breath, when cancer has spread to the lung
• Jaundice or swelling in the belly, when cancer has spread to the liver
In some instances, the cancer may spread after a person has already been treated for the original
tumour. Metastatic tumours may appear months or even years after first treatments. In other cases,
people may not be aware of having cancer at all until they notice symptoms from metastatic tumours.
Conclusion
The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body. Once
cancer spreads, it can be hard to control. Although some types of metastatic cancer can be cured with
current treatments, most cannot. Even so, there are treatments for all patients with metastatic cancer.
The goal of these treatments is to stop or slow the growth of the cancer or to relieve symptoms caused
by it. In some cases, treatments for metastatic cancer may help prolong life. The treatment that you
may have depends on your type of primary cancer, where it has spread, treatments you’ve had in the
past, and your general health. In metastasis, cancer cells break away from the original (primary)
tumor, travel through the blood or lymph system, and form a new tumor in other organs or tissues of
the body. The new, metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example,
if breast cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are breast cancer cells, not lung cancer
cells.
Reference
1. https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/cancer-basics/what-metastasis[1]
2. https://www.cancer.gov/types/metastatic-cancer#what[2]