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431153914-Disorders-and-Diseases-that-Results-from-Malfunction-of-The-Cell-During-The-Cell-Cycle.pptx
- 1. DISORDERS AND DISEASES THAT RESULT FROM MALFUNCTION OF THE CELL DURING THE CELL CYCLE G R O U P 6
- 2. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancer develops when the body’s normal control mechanism stops working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control, forming new, abnormal cells. These extra cells may form a mass of tissue, called a tumor. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Tumors can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function
- 3. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Tumors that stay in one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign Tumors the cells are able to invade the surrounding tissue and spread into nearby organs where they can cause serious and, eventually, fatal damage. These are called malignant tumors.
- 4. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Hallmarks of cancer Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg self-sufficiency in growth signals insensitivity to anti-growth signals evading apoptosis limitless replicative potential sustained angiogenesis tissue invasion and metastasis
- 5. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF CANCER Change in bowel or bladder habits. A sore that does not heal. Unusual bleeding or discharge. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. Obvious change in a wart or mole.
- 6. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer CAUSE OF CANCER Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death. HOW CANCER SPREADS It has something to do with their adhesion (stickiness) properties. Certain molecular interactions between cells and the scaffolding that holds them in place (extracellular matrix) cause them to become unstuck at the original tumor site, they become dislodged, move on and then reattach themselves at a new site.
- 7. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer CAUSE OF CANCER Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death. HOW CANCER SPREADS It has something to do with their adhesion (stickiness) properties. Certain molecular interactions between cells and the scaffolding that holds them in place (extracellular matrix) cause them to become unstuck at the original tumor site, they become dislodged, move on and then reattach themselves at a new site.
- 8. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer LEUKEMIA Leukemia is typically a slow-moving disease, so you might not notice symptoms right away. Over time, the effects of having a surplus of white blood cells coupled with decreasing numbers of red blood cells can take a toll on the body. Leukemia can be either acute or chronic. In acute leukemia, the cancer spreads rapidly. Chronic leukemia is more common, and grows slower at the beginning stages. There are four main types of leukemia, each classified by the growth rate and origins of the cancer cells.
- 9. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer CAUSES Bone marrow produces too many white blood cells that don’t naturally die off in the way that normal aging blood cells do. Instead, they keep dividing and ultimately take over healthy red blood cells. This
- 10. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer RISK FACTORS exposure to certain chemicals smoking genetic disorders previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy
- 11. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer The main function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort and package the macromolecules that are synthesized by the cells for secretion purposes or for use within the cell. They are also involved in the transport of lipid molecules around the cell and create lysosomes. Achondrogenesis type 1A is caused by a defect in the microtubules of the Golgi.
- 12. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Results: The baby’s skull bone is very soft The limbs are very short. The chest is narrow, making it hard for the baby to breathe. The bones in the spine and pelvis do not form well.
- 14. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer The baby also has short ribs that break easily. The malfunction of the Golgi apparatus causes all this, it makes this innocent baby born with short limbs and very easy to break.
- 15. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are cell organelles that has digestive enzymes to break down the toxic materials inside the cells. Peroxisomes have enzymes that require oxygen. The malfunction of the peroxisomes will cause a disease called Adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD). It is a disease which caused by the accumulation of very-long chain fatty acids in tissues throughout the body. The accumulation happened because the peroxisomes lacked the protein that transfers the needed enzyme, it controls the breakdown of a type of a very long fatty acid, in the outer membrane of this organelle
- 16. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer The Result: abnormal withdrawal or aggression poor memory poor school performance in children progressive stiffness or weakness paralysis of the lower limbs ataxia in adults.
- 17. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer A rare inherited disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord. The most common form of Tay-Sachs disease becomes apparent in infancy. Infants with this disorder typically appear normal until the age of 3 to 6 months, when their development slows and muscles used for movement weaken. Affected infants lose motor skills such as turning over, sitting, and crawling.
- 18. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Children with Tay-Sachs disease experience seizures, vision and hearing loss, intellectual disability, and paralysis. An eye abnormality called a cherry-red spot, which can be identified with an eye examination, is characteristic of this disorder.
- 19. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Other forms of Tay-Sachs disease are very rare. Signs and symptoms can appear in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood and are usually milder than those seen with the infantile form.
- 20. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer CAUSES OF TAY-SACHS DISEASE: Mutations in the HEXA gene cause Tay- Sachs disease. The HEXA gene provides instructions for making part of an enzyme called beta - hexosaminidase A, which plays a critical role in the brain and spinal cord. This enzyme is located in lysosomes, which are structures in cells that break down toxic substances and act as recycling centers.
- 21. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Because Tay-Sachs disease impairs the function of a lysosomal enzyme and involves the buildup of GM2 ganglioside, this condition is sometimes referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder or a GM2-gangliosidosis.
- 22. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells. It causes chorea and progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It deteriorates a person’s physical and mental abilities during their prime working years and has no cure. HD is known as the quintessential family disease every child of a parent with HD has a 50/50 chance of carrying the faulty gene.
- 23. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer STAGES OF HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: Early stage HD usually includes subtle changes in coordination, perhaps some involuntary movements (chorea), difficulty thinking through problems and often a depressed or irritable mood. Medications are often effective in treating depression or other emotional problems. The effects of the disease may make the person less able to work at their customary level and less functional in their regular activities at home.
- 24. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer STAGES OF HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: In the middle stage, the movement disorder may become more of a problem. Medication for chorea may be considered to provide relief from involuntary movements. Occupational and physical therapists may be needed to help maintain control of voluntary movements and to deal with changes in thinking and reasoning abilities. Diminished speech and difficulty swallowing may require help from a speech language pathologist. Ordinary activities will become harder to do.
- 25. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer STAGES OF HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: In the late stage, the person with HD is totally dependent on others for their care. Choking becomes a major concern. Chorea may be severe or it may cease. At this stage, the person with HD can no longer walk and will be unable to speak. However, he or she is generally still able to comprehend language and retains an awareness of family and friends. When a person with HD dies, it is typically from complications of the disease, such as choking or infection and not from the disease itself.
- 26. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer STAGES OF HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE: In all stages of HD, weight loss can be an important complication that can correspond with worsening symptoms and should be countered by adjusting the diet and maintaining appetite.
- 27. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissue. This results in symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and damage to joints, skin, kidneys, blood, the heart, and lungs.
- 28. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer FAST FACT ON LUPUS: Lupus is an autoimmune disease, caused by problems in the body's immune system. It can be mild or life threatening. Lupus is not contagious. According to the Lupus Foundation of America, 1.5 to 2 million Americans have some form of lupus. It is also said that 5 million people worldwide suffer from some form of Lupus.
- 29. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Is a neurological disease in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. It is the most common type of dementia, accounting 60 to 80 percent of cases of dementia in the United States. Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease. At first, symptoms are mild, but they become more severe over time. Alzheimer’s disease shortens people’s life spans; it is usually not the direct cause of a person’s death according to Alzheimer’s Society, a charity in the United Kingdom for people with dementia. Rather, people die from complications from the illness, such as infections or blood clots.
- 30. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer The Brain and Body Connection Though the cause of Alzheimer’s is not known, doctors think the symptoms of the disease are caused by the buildup of harmful proteins in your brain called Amyloid. These proteins form large clumps, called tangles and plaques. They get in the way of normal brain function and kill healthy cells. Everyday activities like walking, eating, going to the bathroom, and talking become harder. The effects of the disease will differ for each person as it gets worse. The pace can be slow. Some people live up to 20 years after the diagnosis. The average life expectancy, though, is 4 to 8 years
- 31. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Symptoms: 1. Reduced ability to take in and remember new information. 2. Impairments to reasoning, complex tasking, and exercising judgment. 3. Impaired visuospatial abilities that are not, for example, due to eye sight problems. 4. Impaired speaking, reading and writing. 5. Changes in personality and behavior. Neuroimaging or brain imaging of: (a) Normal (b) Alzheimer’s diagnosed
- 32. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Stages of Alzheimer’s The progression of Alzheimer’s disease can be broken down Into three main stages: I. Preclinical, before symptoms appear II. Mild cognitive impairment, when symptoms are mild III. Severe Alzheimer’s disease
- 33. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer affects the nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine. It is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement. In the early stages of Parkinson’s disease, your face may show little or no expression. Your arms may not swing when you walk. Your speech becomes soft or slurred. Parkinson’s disease symptoms worsen as your condition progresses over time. Although Parkinson’s disease can’t be cured, medications might significantly improve your symptoms.
- 34. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer In Parkinson’s disease, certain nerve cells (neurons) in the brain gradually break down or die. Many of the symptoms are due to a loss of neurons that produce a chemical messenger in your brain called Dopamine. When dopamine levels increases, it causes abnormal brain activity, leading to symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Most people with Parkinson’s disease start to develop symptoms when they’re over 50, although around 1 in 20 people with the condition first experience symptoms when they’re under 40.
- 35. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Symptoms: 1. Impaired posture and balance. 2. Speech changes Slowed movement (bradykinesia) TREMORS WRITING CHANGES RIGID MUSCLES Parkinson’s disease
- 36. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer SPEECH CHANGES LOSS OF AUTOMATIC MOVEMENTS
- 37. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but several factors appear to play a role, including: Your genes. A number of genetic factors have been shown to increase a person’s risk of developing Parkinson’s disease, although exactly how these make some people susceptible to the condition is unclear. Parkinson’s can run in families as a result of family genes being passed to a child by their parents. However, it’s rare to the disease to be inherited this way. Environmental triggers. It’s been suggested that pesticides and herbicides used in farming and traffic or industrial pollution may contribute to the condition. However, the evidence linking environmental factors to Parkinson’s disease is inconclusive.
- 38. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Stages of Parkinson’s disease: I. Stage One- this is the earliest stage of Parkinson’s disease. II. Stage Two- this stage of PD is still considered early disease III. Stage Three- is considered mid-stage and is characterized by loss of balance and slowness of movement. IV. Stage Four – In stage four, PD has progressed to a severely disabling disease. V. Stage Five - is the most advanced stage of Parkinson’s disease.
- 39. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer Mitochondria - crucial to help preserve the cell environment and their most valuable contribution is that they take up calcium. responsible for creating more than 90% of the energy. result from failures of the mitochondria, specialized compartments present in every cell of the body except red blood cells either inherited or spontaneous mutations in mtDNA or nDNA which lead to altered functions of the proteins or RNA molecules that normally reside in mitochondria.
- 40. ribosomopathies ` Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer The disease primarily affects children, but adult onset is becoming more and more common. cause the most damage to cells of the brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscles, kidney and the endocrine and respiratory systems. symptoms: loss of motor control, muscle weakness and pain, gastrointestinal disorders and swallowing difficulties, poor growth, cardiac disease, liver disease, diabetes, respiratory complications, seizures, visual/hearing problems, lactic acidosis, developmental delays and susceptibility to infection.
- 42. ribosomopathies Mitochondrial disease Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease lupus rheumatic arthritis hunington’s disease tay-sachs disease adrenoleukodystrop hy achondrogenesis & golgi apparaatus cancer mammalian cell = 10 million ribosomes. disease that compose a collection of disorders in which genetic abnormalities cause impaired ribosome biogenesis and function Abnormal ribosome biogenesis is linked to several human genetic diseases, particularly inherited bone marrow failure diseases Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA), Dyskeratosis congenita (DKCX) and Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS).