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‫ارقامی‬ ‫شیرازه‬ ‫دکتر‬
•‫ساخت‬‫و‬‫تولید‬‫مواد‬‫شیمیایی‬‫خطرناک‬
•‫وقوع‬‫فجایع‬‫صنعتی‬‫در‬‫‌های‬‫ه‬‫کارخان‬‫مواد‬‫شیمیایی‬‫خطرناک‬
•‫اعتماد‬‫جامعه‬‫به‬‫مواد‬‫شیمیایی‬
1980 1990
3
Rx
• Process Safety Management (PSM)
•‫پاسخی‬‫به‬‫حوادث‬‫مربوط‬‫به‬‫فرآیند‬
•‫تعریف‬:
–‫‌ای‬‫ه‬‫آمیز‬‫از‬‫‌های‬‫ت‬‫مهار‬‫مهندسی‬‫و‬‫مدیریتی‬‫که‬‫بر‬‫پیشگیری‬‫از‬‫حوادث‬‫‌بار‬‫ه‬‫فاجع‬‫تمرک‬‫زیافته‬
–‫به‬‫ویژه‬‫حوادثی‬‫همچون‬،‫نشت‬،‫‌سوزی‬‫ش‬‫آت‬‫انفجار‬
–‫یا‬‫هرگونه‬‫هدررفت‬‫منابع‬‫انرژی‬‫یا‬‫مواد‬‫خطرناک‬.
‫فرآیند‬
‫مواد‌خطرناک‬
•‫مفهوم‬‫کلی‬:
–‫مجموعه‬‫ای‬‫از‬‫عملیات‬‫که‬‫برای‬‫رسیدن‬‫‌ای‬‫ه‬‫فرآورد‬‫مشخص‬‫دنبال‬‫می‬‫شود‬.
•‫از‬‫دیدگاه‬‫مهندسی‬:
–‫‌هایی‬‫ش‬‫رو‬‫مشخص‬‫که‬‫در‬‫مقیاس‬‫صنعتی‬‫موجب‬‫تغییر‬‫در‬‫ترکیب‬‫مواد‬‫می‬‫شود‬‫و‬‫از‬‫ا‬‫ین‬‫راه‬
‫مواد‬‫خام‬‫را‬‫به‬‫محصوالت‬‫بینابینی‬‫یا‬‫نهایی‬‫تبدیل‬‫می‬‫کند‬.
–‫مجموعه‬‫اقدامات‬‫در‬‫راستای‬،‫‌سازی‬‫ه‬‫ذخیر‬،‫ساخت‬‫نقل‬‫و‬‫انتقال‬‫مواد‬‫شیمیایی‬‫خطرناک‬
‫‌باشد‬‫ی‬‫م‬.
6
•‫سازمان‬OSHA-1983:
–‫هر‬‫‌ای‬‫ه‬‫ماد‬‫که‬‫دارای‬‫اثر‬‫سوء‬‫بر‬‫سالمتی‬‫یا‬‫پتانسیل‬‫بروز‬‫حادثه‬‫باشد‬.
‫بهداشتی‬ ‫خطرات‬
‫فیزيکی‬ ‫خطرات‬
(‫حادثه‬)
‫شیمیايی‬ ‫ماده‬
‫خطرناک‬
‫تأثیر‬‫نامطلوب‬‫بر‬‫سالمتی‬
–‫‌سیتی‬‌‌‫ن‬‫کارسینوژ‬(‫‌زایی‬‫ن‬‫سرطا‬)
–‫خورندگی‬
–‫زهرآگینی‬(‫سمیت‬)
–‫‌آور‬‫ی‬‫خفگ‬
–‫‌کنندگی‬‫ك‬‫تحری‬‫و‬‫‌آور‬‫ب‬‫التها‬
–‫‌زایی‬‫ت‬‫حساسی‬
–‫جذب‬‫سیستمیك‬‫در‬‫‌ها‬‌‫م‬‫اندا‬(‫کبد‬،،‫کلیه‬‫سیستم‬،‫عصبی‬،‫خون‬‫شش‬‫و‬‫دستگاه‬،‫تنفسی‬‫دستگاه‬‫تناس‬،‫لی‬‫پوست‬‫یا‬‫چشم‬)
•‫بروز‬‫حوادث‬
–‫آتشگیری‬
• Jet Fire
• Flash Fire
• Pool Fire
–‫انفجارپذیری‬
• Vapour Cloud Explosion
– Confined
– Unconfined
• BLEVE
• Mechanical Explosion
• Chemical Explosion
–‫‌کنندگی‬‫د‬‫اکسی‬
10
‫مواد‌شیمیایی‬‫خطرناک‬
•‫نشت‌مواد‬
•‫‌سوزی‬‫ش‬‫آت‬
•‫انفجار‬
•‫آسیب‌کارکنان‬
•‫آسیب‌مردم‌عادی‬
•‫تخریب‌محیط‌زیس‬‫ت‬
•‫انهدام‌صنعت‬
•‫نشت‬‫یا‬‫خروج‬،‫ناخواسته‬‫ناگهانی‬‫و‬‫‌نشده‬‫ل‬‫کنتر‬‫ماده‬‫شیمیایی‬‫در‬‫حجم‬‫بس‬‫یار‬‫زیاد‬
‫که‬‫از‬‫طریق‬‫ایجاد‬،‫سمیت‬‫بروز‬‫آتش‬‫و‬‫یا‬‫انفجار‬‫‌تواند‬‫ی‬‫م‬‫سبب‬:
12
•‫ایمنی‬‫فرآیندی‬:
–‫شرایطی‬‫با‬‫ریسك‬‫باال‬
–‫خطراتی‬‫اندک‬‫با‬‫پیامدهایی‬‫‌بار‬‫ه‬‫فاجع‬
‫صنعت‬ ‫فجایع‬‫ی‬
‫افتادن‬ ،‫سقوط‬،
‫لغزیدن‬
‫بعی‬‫د‬ ‫محتمل‬
14
‫زياد‬
‫متوسط‬
‫اندک‬
‫اندک‬
‫اندک‬ ‫زياد‬
‫زياد‬ ‫متوسط‬
‫متوسط‬
‫نوع‌حادثه‬‫احتمال‌وقوع‬‫احتمال‌مرگ‬‫احتمال‌زیان‌اقتصادی‬
‫نشت‌مواد‌سمی‬
‫انفجار‬
‫‌سوزی‬‫ش‬‫آت‬
•‫اوایل‬‫قرن‬‫نوزدهم‬
•‫روند‬‫رشد‬‫تدریجی‬
•‫حادثه‬‫بوپال‬Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
(1771-1834)
Bhopal (India)
1984
•‫مشخصات‬‫و‬‫جای‬‫کارخانه‬
•‫فرایند‬‫تولید‬MIC
•‫‌بینی‬‫ش‬‫پی‬‫بروز‬‫حادثه‬
•‫‌های‬‫م‬‫سیست‬‫ایمنی‬‫برای‬‫مخازن‬MIC
•‫نیمی‬‫از‬‫سهام‬‫متعلق‬‫به‬Union Carbide USA
•‫تولید‬‫کاربونیل‬(‫جانشین‬SEVIN-DDT)
•‫جمعیت‬‫اولیه‬:1000‫نفر‬
•‫فرایند‬‫تولید‬
•‫خطرات‬
–‫آتشگیر‬
–‫خاصیت‬‫سمی‬‫شدید‬
–‫نقطه‬‫جوش‬‫نزدیك‬‫دمای‬‫محیط‬
–‫امكان‬‫بروز‬‫واکنش‬‫‌نشده‬‫ل‬‫کنتر‬‫با‬‫آب‬‫در‬‫باالتر‬‫از‬11‫درجه‬‫‌گراد‬‫ی‬‫سانت‬
Reaction System
Phosgene Still
Pyrolysis
MIC Refining Still
MIC Storage
MMA Phosgene
HCl
Chloroform
Tails
Residue
Flare and Scrubber Derivatives Plant
•‫کزوانی‬:
–‫بمب‬‫ساعتی‬
•‫واکنش‬‫مدیر‬‫کارخانه‬
–‫ساخت‬‫پارک‬
–‫‌های‬‫م‬‫سیست‬‫ایمنی‬‫موجود‬
–‫پرداخت‬‫زیرمیزی‬
21
‌‫تانك‌ذخیره‌کننده‬MIC ‌‫سیستم‌خنك‬‫کن‬‫نده‬
‌‫دریچه‌تمیز‌کننده‬‫گاز‬
‌‫پرده‬‫آب‬
‌‫برج‬‫‌زنی‬‫ه‬‫شعل‬
•12‫‌شب‬‫ه‬‫نیم‬
•‫ورود‬‫آب‬‫به‬‫مخزن‬MIC
•‫واکنش‬‫گرمازا‬
•‫افزایش‬‫فشار‬
•‫نشت‬‫‌نشده‬‫ل‬‫کنتر‬MIC
‌‫تانك‌ذخیره‌کننده‬MIC ‌‫سیستم‌خنك‬‫کن‬‫نده‬
‌‫دریچه‌تمیز‌کننده‬‫گ‬‫از‬
‌‫پرده‬‫آب‬
‌‫برج‬‫‌زن‬‫ه‬‫شعل‬‫ی‬
23
24
•‫مرگ‬‫آنی‬2500‫نفر‬
•20‫هزار‬‫نفر‬‫در‬‫کل‬
•‫‌های‬‫ب‬‫آسی‬‫جسمی‬(،‫نابینایی‬‫اثر‬‫بر‬‫ریه‬)
•‫اثرات‬‫نسلی‬
25
26
27
28
CCPS
OSHA: 29 CFR 1910.119
API RP 750
• Pasadena, TX (1989)
– 23 deaths, 132 injuries
Petroleum explosion
• Cincinnati, OH (1990)
– 2 deaths
Explosion
• Sterlington, LA (1991)
– 8 deaths, 128 injuries
Chemical release
•‫سال‬1990:
•‫چهار‬‫ماه‬‫بعد‬‫از‬‫انتشار‬‫نسخه‬‫اولیه‬:‫اصالحیه‬CAAA
•‫سال‬1992:‫نسخه‬‫کامل‬‫و‬‫نهایی‬
•‫سال‬2000:OSHA 3132
• 1990:
Application Contractors
Trade secrets
Pre-startup
safety review
Process
safety
information
Process
hazard
analysis
Employee
participation
Operating
procedures
Definitions Training
Compliance
Audits
Mechanical
integrity
Emergency
planning and
response
Hot work
permit
Incident
investigation
Management
of change

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Process Safety Management (PSM)