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Promoting Breast feeding
& Managing Malnutrition
By:
Shilpa Tiwari
CDPO, Bhilai
What is Growth
•Growth is a regular increase in size or weight
•It is a continuous process
•Optimal child growth occurs only with adequate food, a caring,
nurturing, social environment and absence of illness, which provide full
attention to the growing child
•Growth is fastest when the baby is in mother’s womb
•After birth, growth is fastest during infancy period
•Inadequate nutrition, illness, etc. slow or stop growth of the child
•The most accurate and sensitive measure of growth is weight gain
What is Growth Monitoring
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the
plotting of that weight on a graph (called growth
chart) enabling one to see changes in weight
and rendering counseling to the mother/care
taker based on this weight change in called
GROWTH MONITORING.
Purpose of Growth Monitoring-
The purpose of Growth Monitoring is to take ACTION
on the first signs of inadequate Growth, No Growth or
Weight Loss in a child as to restore health and proper
Growth
MUAC
Weighing Scale
Weighing Scale
How to Measure Growth
• Measuring Weight
and length/height
• To be plotted in
respective growth
charts
• Actions to be taken
• Need to report
Poshan
Tracker
WHO Child Growth Standards
 Attained growth
 Weight-for-age
 Length/height-for-age
 Weight-for-length/height
 Body mass index-for-age
 Mid-upper arm circumference-for-age
 Triceps skinfold-for-age
 Subscapular skinfold-for-age
 Head circumference-for-age
 Growth velocity
 Weight
 Length/height
 Head circumference
• Arm circumference
• Body mass index
l Optimal Nutrition
• Breastfed infants
• Appropriate complementary feeding
l Optimal Environment
• No microbiological contamination
• No smoking
l Optimal Health Care
• Immunization
• Pediatric routines
Optimal
Growth
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study
Measurement of Weight
Attention
• Be sure of the child’s weight
• Ensure that the child is in minimal clothing
and without foot wears
• Take two measurements
• Ensure there is no movements while taking
measurements
Do not take weight if-
• The child is sick or in distress
• The child is physically disabled which will
interfere with or give an incorrect
measurement
The child till the age of 3 years should be
measured every month
Measure Length for Children less then 2 years of
Age or with height/length less than 85 cm
ATTENTION
• Be sure of the child’s age
• Place the infantometer on a hard, flat surface
• Legs should be placed together, bringing knees
and ankles together
• Head should be up and facing straight ahead
• Take two measurements
• Ensure there should be no movement while
taking measurements
Do not take weight if-
• The child is sick or in distress
• The child is physically disabled which will
interfere with or give an incorrect measurement
Measure height for Children above2 years of Age
who are able to stand
ATTENTION
• Be sure of the child’s age
• Legs should be placed together, bringing knees and
ankles together
• Head should be up and facing straight ahead
• Take two measurements
• Ensure there should be no movement while taking
measurements
Do not take weight if-
• The child is sick or in distress
• The child is physically disabled which will interfere with
or give an incorrect measurement
• If the Child is less than 2 years old, measure recumbent Length
• If the child is aged 2 years or older and able to stand, measure
standing height
• If a child less than 2 years old will not lie down for
measurement of length, measure standing height and add 0.7
cm to convert it to length.
• If a child aged 2 years or older cannot stand, measure
recumbent length and subtract 0.7 cm to convert it to height.
• Once Every Month, measure the weight of all children
below 3 year.
• Once every 3 months, measure the length of all
children below 2 years of age.
• Once every 6 months, measure the height of all
children 2-5 years of age.
Growth Classification
Z- Score Growth Indicators
Length/height- for -
age
Weight-for- age Weight- for-
length/height
BMI- for-age
Above 3 * * Obese Obese
Above 2 Overweight Overweight
Above 1 Possible risk of
overweight *
Possible risk of
overweight *
0 (Median)
Below -1
Below -2 Stunted * Under weight Wasted Wasted
Below-3 Severely Stunted * Severely under
weight
Severely Wasted Severely Wasted
INTERPRETING TRENDS FROM THE GROWTH CHART
The plotted lines of children with normal growth patterns will
fall in the green zone or above. The plotted line will be roughly
parallel to the lines on the chart.
If a child is growing well, the line on the growth chart will be
sloping upwards and will fall in the green zone or above.
Six Golden Rules
Compliment the mother.
Ask her what she feeds the child and how does she care for
her/him.
Based on her reply, pick up the good practices she has
adopted and reinforce them.
Suggest suitable improvements to any practice which needs
modification.
According to the child’s age, provide appropriate feeding
advice suitable for the next few months, so that the child will
continue to grow well.
Encourage the mother to bring the child back for follow-up.
REMEMBER
Playing and interacting with the child also helps in her/his development.
Feeding recommendations will depend upon the age of the child.
Diet for the child should be based on the meal patterns and foods consumed by the
family.
Emphasis should be on locally available and seasonal foods.
Counselling should be based on the child’s growth trend and feedback of the mother.
Listen to the mother and make sure that you understand what she says.
Recognize and reinforce the good practices of the mother.
Give relevant information in simple language.[
COUNSELLING THE MOTHER/CAREGIVER
• Weigh the child and plot her/his weight on the growth chart in
the mother’s presence. It is very important to communicate
what you have found with her, so the first step is to inform her
in a clear and sensitive way.
• With the help of the growth chart, explain that you are trying to
see if the child is growing as expected, or if there is any growth
problem. Explain the points and trends on the chart to her
clearly and simply.
• If a child is growing well, be sure to say so to the mother and
compliment her.
• If there is a problem, explain the nature of the problem to the
mother and discuss what she can do to overcome it.
VISIBLE CLINICAL SIGNS
Anterior (front) view of the child:
▪ Child’s ribs easily seen
▪ Skin of the upper arms look loose
▪ Skin of the thighs look loose
Posterior (back) view of the child:
• Ribs and shoulder bones easily
seen
• Wasting seen on buttock
Child with severe wasting (Baggy Pants appearance)
Bilateral Pitting Oedema
• Grasp the foot so that it rests in your hand with thumb on top of the foot.
• Press thumb gently for a few seconds (approx. 10 seconds)
• If child has edema a pit remains in the foot when you lift your thumb.
• To be considered a sign of SAM edema must appear in both the feet
MARASMUS
• Prominent Bones (Ribs)
• Skinny limbs, old man OR Wizened
Appearence
• Thin limbs with little Muscles of Fat
• Loose skin around the buttocks (buggy
pants)
KWASHIORKOR
• Swelling of both legs (Oedema)
• Brownish, Scanty and straight hair
• Moon face
• Little interest in surroundings
• Flaky appearance of skin
• Swollen abdomen
• Thin muscle with presence of fat
Rickets
1000 days as a window
of opportunity
1000 DAYS
• The period from conception until the child has attained 2
years.
• Pregnancy
• Child birth
• Infancy
• Toddlerhood
WHY THE FOCUS ON 1000 days
•The period comes only once.
•Children are most sensitive to change.
•A nation counts on its children, to take the
nation forward
•There cannot be any sustainable
development without a future generation
to support it.
Early Childhood
•A unique period
•Rapid development occurs during the period
•The child is sensitive to both enriching
environment and adverse environment
•The foundations for life long health, learning and
behavior are laid down in the early years
The human brain
• A human brain has about 16 billion neurons as
compared to 9 billion in apes or gorilla / 5 billion
in an elephant
• Development of neurons occur in the early years of
life.
• As the young child is dependent on his/her
parents, providing support to the parents is
essential
Early experiences matter
• Genes provide a blueprint to the brain circuitry.
• But how the circuit will be shaped is
determined by the environment and
experiences in which the child is growing up.
• The various domains of development are
intertwined: one cannot be separated from the
other.
• The plasticity of the brain is more in the early years.
Window of opportunity
• The 1,000 days between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s
second birthday offer a brief but critical window of opportunity to
shape a child’s development.
• It is a time of both tremendous potential and enormous
vulnerability.
Impact of adversity and toxic stress
• Exposure to deep poverty, maltreatment, neglect and abuse
• Creates toxic stress
• Capability of the child to show love, respect affection , sympathy etc.
decreases as an adult.
Meeting the health needs
Risk factors in children
• Low Birth Weight
• Diarrhea
• Anemia
• Infection
• Pneumonia
Optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding
शििु और छोटे बच्चे क
े सर्वोत्तम खान पान
Optimal feeding defines exclusive breastfeeding from
birth to six months of age and there after continued
breastfeeding for 2 years or beyond with adequate safe
and proper additional foods and liquids to meet
nutritional needs of a young child.
छोटे बच्चे की सर्वोत्तम खान पान जन्म से छह
महीने की उम्र तक क
े र्वल स्तनपान, उसक
े
बाद पोषण संबंधी जरूरतों को पूरा करने क
े
शलए पर्ााप्त सुरशित और उशित अशतररक्त
खाद्य पदार्ा और तरल पदार्ा क
े सार् 2 साल
र्ा उससे अशधक समर् तक स्तनपान जारी
रखना को पररभाशषत करता है l
स्तनपान क
े लाभ
मााँ का दू ध (Breast Milk)
• उत्तम पोषक तत्व
• आसानी से पिने र्ोग्य
• शपलाने क
े शलए तैर्ार
Ready to serve
• संक्रमण से बिाता है
• र्वर्स्क मे होने र्वाली
बीमाररर्ों (मधुमेह, उच्च
रक्तिाप) से बिाता है
स्तनपान
 संबंध (bonding) और
शर्वकास में मदद करता है
• पर्ााप्त र्वृद्धि और शर्वकास में
मदद करता है
• मद्धस्तष्क और दृश्य
(visual) शर्वकास को बढाता
है
• बच्चे में उच्च बुद्धिलद्धधि
(IQ) होता है
• हाइपोर्शमार्ा को रोकता है
स्तनपान में कोई
खर्च नह ीं होता
स्तनपान क
े लाभ (contd.)
माीं
• प्रसर्व क
े बाद रक्तस्रार्व और
एनीशमर्ा को कम करता है
• अगली गभाार्वस्र्ा में देरी
• स्तन और शिम्बग्रंशर् क
े
क
ैं सर की रिा करता है
• मोटापे से रिा करता है और
िरीर को आकार देताठीक
है
• सुशर्वधाजनक
समाज
 पर्ाार्वरण क
े अनुक
ू ल
 मानर्व संसाधन शर्वकास
 अर्ाव्यर्वस्र्ा शर्वकास
परिवाि
• आशर्ाक लाभ
• कम बीमाररर्ााँ
• पररर्वार संबंध
1/4
मानव औि पशु दू ध में पोषक तत्व
इन दू धोीं में क्या अींति है?
1/5
वववभन्न दू ध में प्रोट न क गुणवत्ता में अींति
1/6
वववभन्न दू ध क
े वसा में अींति
मानव गाय का
Contains
Essential Fatty Acids,
Enzyme Lipase
Contains
No Essential Fatty Acids
No Enzyme Lipase
1/7
वववभन्न दू ध में ववटावमन
1/8
Vit. A
Vit. A
Vit. C
Vit. C
B vitamins
B vitamins
मानव गाय का
Iron in Milk दू ध में आयिन
1/9
मानव
50-70 µg/100ml
गाय
50-70 µg/100ml
50
absorbed%
10
सींक्रमण से सुिक्षा का तींत्र
जब मााँ सींक्रवमत माीं क
े शि ि में
सफ
े द कोवशकाएीं
(WBC) उसक िक्षा
क
े वलए एीं ट बॉड
बनात हैं
ये एीं ट बॉड बच्चे क
िक्षा क
े वलए स्तन क
े
दू ध में स्राववत होते हैं
क
ु छ सफ
े द
कोवशकाएीं उसक
े
स्तन में जात हैं
औि वहाीं एीं ट बॉड
बनात हैं
1 2
4
3
1/10
मााँ का दू ध क सींिर्ना में बदलाव
आप यहााँ क्या अींति देखते हैं?
1/11
MATURE MILK
कोलोस्ट्रम
गुण
एं टीबॉिी से भरपूर
कई सफ
े द कोशिकाएं
रेिक प्रभार्व
र्वृद्धि कारक
शर्वटाशमन ए से भरपूर
महत्त्व
 सींक्रमण औि एलजी से बर्ाता है
 सींक्रमण से बर्ाव
 मेकोवनयम को साफ किकए
प वलया को िोकने में मदद किता है
 आींत्र को परिपक्व होने में मदद
किता है एलजी, असवहष्णुता को
िोकता है
 सींक्रमण क गींभ िता को कम
किता है
1/12
स्तनपान औि सींज्ञानात्मक ववकास
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
IQ
Term babies LBW babies
Formula Fed Breastfed
1/13
स्तनपान प्रािींवभक क
ु पोषण क
ु पोषण को िोकता है
गलत खान-पान की प्रर्ाएं क
ु पोषण की ओर ले
जाती हैं
• स्तनपान की देर से िुरुआत
• प्रीलैद्धिर्ल फीि प्रदान करना
• 6 माह तक क
े र्वल स्तनपान नहीं कराना।
• ऊपरी आहार का देर से पररिर्
• धनी समाज में अशधक भोजन करने से मोटापा
बढता है
स्तनपान क
े अभाव में सापेक्ष मृत्यु जोखखम
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
<2 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-11 12-13
The LANCET 2000; 355:451-5
Age in months
1/16
PRODUCTION AND
INTAKE OF BREASTMILK
Prolactin Reflex
Secretion continues AFTER
feed to produce NEXT feed
To increase milk productions
3/2
Oxytocin Reflex
For milk ejection
3/3
Helping and Hindering the Oxytocin Reflex
For milk ejection
3/4
Attachment at Breast
3/6
Attachment at Breast…………..
What Differences Do You See?
GOOD ATTACHMENT POOR ATTACHMENT
Picture 1 Picture 2
3/8
क
ृ वत्रम खान पान औि बोतल से दू ध वपलाने क
े खतिे
अवधक दस्त, एआिआई
(ARI) औि अन्य सींक्रमण
तैयाि क आवश्यकता है
पर्ाना आसान नह ीं
पोषक तत्वोीं का सींतुलन
खो देता है
सींक्रमण औि क
ु पोषण से
मिने क अवधक
सींभावना
• बींधन/सींबींध क
े साथ हस्तक्षेप
• अवधक एलजी औि दू ध
असवहष्णुता
• क
ु छ पुिान ब मारियोीं का
खतिा बढ़ जाता है
• अवधक वजन वाले बच्चे
• बुखि पि क्षणोीं पि कम अींक
 जल्द गभचवत हो
सकत हैं
 एन वमया, ऑखस्ट्योपोिोवसस,
वडम्बग्रींवथ औि स्तन क
ैं सि का
खतिा बढ़ जाता है
मााँ
1/21
दू सिे वषच में माीं का दू ध
यह वकतन ऊजाच, प्रोट न, ववटावमन ए औि ववटावमन स प्रदान किता है
500ml breastmilk
1/20
%
500 वमल
स्तन का
दू ध
द्वािा प्रदान
क जाने
वाल दैवनक
आवश्यक
ताएीं %
100
50
ENERGY PROTEIN Vit A Vit C
क
ु पोषण औि सींक्रमण का र्क्र
क
ु पोषण
िरीर का प्रशतरोध िमता कम होना
सींक्रमण
Cont..
पोषण पेशेविोीं को उवर्त ऊपि
आहाि क
े वलए पिामशच देने में सक्षम
होना र्ावहए:
- ऊपि आहाि परिर्य क आयु
- खाद्य पदाथों का प्रकाि औि बनावट
- मात्रा औि आवृवत्त, औि
- खखलाने का ति का
Cont..
• इसका तात्पर्ा र्ह है शक 6 महीने क
े बाद बच्चा नरम और
स्टािार्ुक्त खाद्य पदार्ा जैसे अनाज खा सकता है।
• 9 महीने तक शििुओं को कटा हुआ भोजन शदर्ा जा
सकता है।
ऊपि खाद्य पदाथच को बहुत जल्द पेश किने क
े जोखखम
•र्ह स्तन क
े दू ध क
े शर्वस्र्ापन की ओर जाता है।
•मां का दू ध पूरी तरह से पौशिक होता है जबशक अन्य खाद्य
पदार्ा पोषक रूप से मां क
े दू ध से कम होते हैं
•र्ह मात्रात्मक स्तनपान की ओर जाता है
•ऊपरी आहार क
े प्रारंशभक पररिर् से स्तनपान जल्दी बंद हो
जाता है और स्तनपान की अर्वशध कम हो जाती है
Cont…
•क
े र्वल स्तनपान क
े माध्यम से उपलधि होनेर्वाले पोषक तत्वों
जैसे शजंक और आर्रन आशद का उपलधिता को कम करता है
•र्ह मातृ प्रजनन िमता की र्वापसी को तेज करता है
•दस्त जैसे रोगों का खतरा बढ जाता है, जो शििु और छोटे बच्चों
की मृत्यु और रुग्णता का एक प्रमुख कारण है
बहुत देि से ऊपि खाद्य पदाथच पेश किने क
े
जोखखम
•ऊजाा और प्रोटीन का अपर्ााप्त सेर्वन खराब र्वृद्धि का कारण
बनता है।
•आर्रन क
े अपर्ााप्त सेर्वन से एनीशमर्ा होता है।
•अन्य पोषक तत्वों क
े अपर्ााप्त सेर्वन से क
ु पोषण होता है।
ऊपि आहाि का स्वाद, सींगवत औि बनावट
(Taste, Consistency and Texture of CF)
A child’s first food should be:
• अनाज र्ा मूल प्रधान खाद्य पदार्ों पर आधाररत
• नरम और बहने र्वाला
• ब्रेस्टशमल्क से गाढा
• स्वाद में फीका (bland)
• समरूप करने क
े शलए मसला हुआ एर्वं छाना हुआ
जब बच्चे ने नरम भोजन स्वीकार कर शलर्ा हो-
• स्वाद की शर्वशर्वधता बढाएाँ
• मोटाई बढाएं और बनार्वट बदलें
Thickness of Food
Foods to enrich staples
Butter / ghee
30/7
Coconut
Oil
Iron Gap
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0-3 m 3-6 m 6-9 m 9-12 m 12-24 m
Age (months)
Absorbed
iron
(mg/day)
Iron gap
Iron from birth
stores
Iron from
breastmilk
30/8
Vitamin A rich foodsववटावमन ए से भिपूि
खाद्य पदाथच
30/13
ऊपरी आहार: शकतनी बार
RDA FOR INDIANS - 2020
Age
Group Age
Body
Wt Protein Calcium Iron Zinc Vit A
(kg) (g/d) (mg/
d)
(mg/ d) (mg
/d) (µg/ d)
Infants
0-6 m* 5.8 8.0 300 - - 350
6-12m 8.5 10.5 300 3 2.5 350
Children
1-3y
4-6y
12.9
18.3
12.5
16.0
500
550
8
11
3.3
4.5
390
510
Diversity of food
CHILD GROWTH STANDARDS (SHILPA MADAM).pptx

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CHILD GROWTH STANDARDS (SHILPA MADAM).pptx

  • 1. Promoting Breast feeding & Managing Malnutrition By: Shilpa Tiwari CDPO, Bhilai
  • 2. What is Growth •Growth is a regular increase in size or weight •It is a continuous process •Optimal child growth occurs only with adequate food, a caring, nurturing, social environment and absence of illness, which provide full attention to the growing child •Growth is fastest when the baby is in mother’s womb •After birth, growth is fastest during infancy period •Inadequate nutrition, illness, etc. slow or stop growth of the child •The most accurate and sensitive measure of growth is weight gain
  • 3. What is Growth Monitoring Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight and rendering counseling to the mother/care taker based on this weight change in called GROWTH MONITORING.
  • 4. Purpose of Growth Monitoring- The purpose of Growth Monitoring is to take ACTION on the first signs of inadequate Growth, No Growth or Weight Loss in a child as to restore health and proper Growth
  • 6. • Measuring Weight and length/height • To be plotted in respective growth charts • Actions to be taken • Need to report Poshan Tracker
  • 7. WHO Child Growth Standards  Attained growth  Weight-for-age  Length/height-for-age  Weight-for-length/height  Body mass index-for-age  Mid-upper arm circumference-for-age  Triceps skinfold-for-age  Subscapular skinfold-for-age  Head circumference-for-age  Growth velocity  Weight  Length/height  Head circumference • Arm circumference • Body mass index
  • 8. l Optimal Nutrition • Breastfed infants • Appropriate complementary feeding l Optimal Environment • No microbiological contamination • No smoking l Optimal Health Care • Immunization • Pediatric routines Optimal Growth WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study
  • 9.
  • 10. Measurement of Weight Attention • Be sure of the child’s weight • Ensure that the child is in minimal clothing and without foot wears • Take two measurements • Ensure there is no movements while taking measurements Do not take weight if- • The child is sick or in distress • The child is physically disabled which will interfere with or give an incorrect measurement The child till the age of 3 years should be measured every month
  • 11. Measure Length for Children less then 2 years of Age or with height/length less than 85 cm ATTENTION • Be sure of the child’s age • Place the infantometer on a hard, flat surface • Legs should be placed together, bringing knees and ankles together • Head should be up and facing straight ahead • Take two measurements • Ensure there should be no movement while taking measurements Do not take weight if- • The child is sick or in distress • The child is physically disabled which will interfere with or give an incorrect measurement
  • 12. Measure height for Children above2 years of Age who are able to stand ATTENTION • Be sure of the child’s age • Legs should be placed together, bringing knees and ankles together • Head should be up and facing straight ahead • Take two measurements • Ensure there should be no movement while taking measurements Do not take weight if- • The child is sick or in distress • The child is physically disabled which will interfere with or give an incorrect measurement
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. • If the Child is less than 2 years old, measure recumbent Length • If the child is aged 2 years or older and able to stand, measure standing height • If a child less than 2 years old will not lie down for measurement of length, measure standing height and add 0.7 cm to convert it to length. • If a child aged 2 years or older cannot stand, measure recumbent length and subtract 0.7 cm to convert it to height.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. • Once Every Month, measure the weight of all children below 3 year. • Once every 3 months, measure the length of all children below 2 years of age. • Once every 6 months, measure the height of all children 2-5 years of age.
  • 28. Growth Classification Z- Score Growth Indicators Length/height- for - age Weight-for- age Weight- for- length/height BMI- for-age Above 3 * * Obese Obese Above 2 Overweight Overweight Above 1 Possible risk of overweight * Possible risk of overweight * 0 (Median) Below -1 Below -2 Stunted * Under weight Wasted Wasted Below-3 Severely Stunted * Severely under weight Severely Wasted Severely Wasted
  • 29. INTERPRETING TRENDS FROM THE GROWTH CHART The plotted lines of children with normal growth patterns will fall in the green zone or above. The plotted line will be roughly parallel to the lines on the chart. If a child is growing well, the line on the growth chart will be sloping upwards and will fall in the green zone or above. Six Golden Rules Compliment the mother. Ask her what she feeds the child and how does she care for her/him. Based on her reply, pick up the good practices she has adopted and reinforce them. Suggest suitable improvements to any practice which needs modification. According to the child’s age, provide appropriate feeding advice suitable for the next few months, so that the child will continue to grow well. Encourage the mother to bring the child back for follow-up.
  • 30. REMEMBER Playing and interacting with the child also helps in her/his development. Feeding recommendations will depend upon the age of the child. Diet for the child should be based on the meal patterns and foods consumed by the family. Emphasis should be on locally available and seasonal foods. Counselling should be based on the child’s growth trend and feedback of the mother. Listen to the mother and make sure that you understand what she says. Recognize and reinforce the good practices of the mother. Give relevant information in simple language.[
  • 31.
  • 32. COUNSELLING THE MOTHER/CAREGIVER • Weigh the child and plot her/his weight on the growth chart in the mother’s presence. It is very important to communicate what you have found with her, so the first step is to inform her in a clear and sensitive way. • With the help of the growth chart, explain that you are trying to see if the child is growing as expected, or if there is any growth problem. Explain the points and trends on the chart to her clearly and simply. • If a child is growing well, be sure to say so to the mother and compliment her. • If there is a problem, explain the nature of the problem to the mother and discuss what she can do to overcome it.
  • 33. VISIBLE CLINICAL SIGNS Anterior (front) view of the child: ▪ Child’s ribs easily seen ▪ Skin of the upper arms look loose ▪ Skin of the thighs look loose Posterior (back) view of the child: • Ribs and shoulder bones easily seen • Wasting seen on buttock Child with severe wasting (Baggy Pants appearance)
  • 34. Bilateral Pitting Oedema • Grasp the foot so that it rests in your hand with thumb on top of the foot. • Press thumb gently for a few seconds (approx. 10 seconds) • If child has edema a pit remains in the foot when you lift your thumb. • To be considered a sign of SAM edema must appear in both the feet
  • 35. MARASMUS • Prominent Bones (Ribs) • Skinny limbs, old man OR Wizened Appearence • Thin limbs with little Muscles of Fat • Loose skin around the buttocks (buggy pants) KWASHIORKOR • Swelling of both legs (Oedema) • Brownish, Scanty and straight hair • Moon face • Little interest in surroundings • Flaky appearance of skin • Swollen abdomen • Thin muscle with presence of fat
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 40. 1000 days as a window of opportunity
  • 41. 1000 DAYS • The period from conception until the child has attained 2 years. • Pregnancy • Child birth • Infancy • Toddlerhood
  • 42. WHY THE FOCUS ON 1000 days •The period comes only once. •Children are most sensitive to change. •A nation counts on its children, to take the nation forward •There cannot be any sustainable development without a future generation to support it.
  • 43. Early Childhood •A unique period •Rapid development occurs during the period •The child is sensitive to both enriching environment and adverse environment •The foundations for life long health, learning and behavior are laid down in the early years
  • 44. The human brain • A human brain has about 16 billion neurons as compared to 9 billion in apes or gorilla / 5 billion in an elephant • Development of neurons occur in the early years of life. • As the young child is dependent on his/her parents, providing support to the parents is essential
  • 45. Early experiences matter • Genes provide a blueprint to the brain circuitry. • But how the circuit will be shaped is determined by the environment and experiences in which the child is growing up. • The various domains of development are intertwined: one cannot be separated from the other. • The plasticity of the brain is more in the early years.
  • 46. Window of opportunity • The 1,000 days between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday offer a brief but critical window of opportunity to shape a child’s development. • It is a time of both tremendous potential and enormous vulnerability.
  • 47. Impact of adversity and toxic stress • Exposure to deep poverty, maltreatment, neglect and abuse • Creates toxic stress • Capability of the child to show love, respect affection , sympathy etc. decreases as an adult.
  • 48. Meeting the health needs Risk factors in children • Low Birth Weight • Diarrhea • Anemia • Infection • Pneumonia
  • 49. Optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding शििु और छोटे बच्चे क े सर्वोत्तम खान पान Optimal feeding defines exclusive breastfeeding from birth to six months of age and there after continued breastfeeding for 2 years or beyond with adequate safe and proper additional foods and liquids to meet nutritional needs of a young child. छोटे बच्चे की सर्वोत्तम खान पान जन्म से छह महीने की उम्र तक क े र्वल स्तनपान, उसक े बाद पोषण संबंधी जरूरतों को पूरा करने क े शलए पर्ााप्त सुरशित और उशित अशतररक्त खाद्य पदार्ा और तरल पदार्ा क े सार् 2 साल र्ा उससे अशधक समर् तक स्तनपान जारी रखना को पररभाशषत करता है l
  • 50. स्तनपान क े लाभ मााँ का दू ध (Breast Milk) • उत्तम पोषक तत्व • आसानी से पिने र्ोग्य • शपलाने क े शलए तैर्ार Ready to serve • संक्रमण से बिाता है • र्वर्स्क मे होने र्वाली बीमाररर्ों (मधुमेह, उच्च रक्तिाप) से बिाता है स्तनपान  संबंध (bonding) और शर्वकास में मदद करता है • पर्ााप्त र्वृद्धि और शर्वकास में मदद करता है • मद्धस्तष्क और दृश्य (visual) शर्वकास को बढाता है • बच्चे में उच्च बुद्धिलद्धधि (IQ) होता है • हाइपोर्शमार्ा को रोकता है स्तनपान में कोई खर्च नह ीं होता
  • 51. स्तनपान क े लाभ (contd.) माीं • प्रसर्व क े बाद रक्तस्रार्व और एनीशमर्ा को कम करता है • अगली गभाार्वस्र्ा में देरी • स्तन और शिम्बग्रंशर् क े क ैं सर की रिा करता है • मोटापे से रिा करता है और िरीर को आकार देताठीक है • सुशर्वधाजनक समाज  पर्ाार्वरण क े अनुक ू ल  मानर्व संसाधन शर्वकास  अर्ाव्यर्वस्र्ा शर्वकास परिवाि • आशर्ाक लाभ • कम बीमाररर्ााँ • पररर्वार संबंध 1/4
  • 52. मानव औि पशु दू ध में पोषक तत्व इन दू धोीं में क्या अींति है? 1/5
  • 53. वववभन्न दू ध में प्रोट न क गुणवत्ता में अींति 1/6
  • 54. वववभन्न दू ध क े वसा में अींति मानव गाय का Contains Essential Fatty Acids, Enzyme Lipase Contains No Essential Fatty Acids No Enzyme Lipase 1/7
  • 55. वववभन्न दू ध में ववटावमन 1/8 Vit. A Vit. A Vit. C Vit. C B vitamins B vitamins मानव गाय का
  • 56. Iron in Milk दू ध में आयिन 1/9 मानव 50-70 µg/100ml गाय 50-70 µg/100ml 50 absorbed% 10
  • 57. सींक्रमण से सुिक्षा का तींत्र जब मााँ सींक्रवमत माीं क े शि ि में सफ े द कोवशकाएीं (WBC) उसक िक्षा क े वलए एीं ट बॉड बनात हैं ये एीं ट बॉड बच्चे क िक्षा क े वलए स्तन क े दू ध में स्राववत होते हैं क ु छ सफ े द कोवशकाएीं उसक े स्तन में जात हैं औि वहाीं एीं ट बॉड बनात हैं 1 2 4 3 1/10
  • 58. मााँ का दू ध क सींिर्ना में बदलाव आप यहााँ क्या अींति देखते हैं? 1/11 MATURE MILK
  • 59. कोलोस्ट्रम गुण एं टीबॉिी से भरपूर कई सफ े द कोशिकाएं रेिक प्रभार्व र्वृद्धि कारक शर्वटाशमन ए से भरपूर महत्त्व  सींक्रमण औि एलजी से बर्ाता है  सींक्रमण से बर्ाव  मेकोवनयम को साफ किकए प वलया को िोकने में मदद किता है  आींत्र को परिपक्व होने में मदद किता है एलजी, असवहष्णुता को िोकता है  सींक्रमण क गींभ िता को कम किता है 1/12
  • 60. स्तनपान औि सींज्ञानात्मक ववकास 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 IQ Term babies LBW babies Formula Fed Breastfed 1/13
  • 61. स्तनपान प्रािींवभक क ु पोषण क ु पोषण को िोकता है गलत खान-पान की प्रर्ाएं क ु पोषण की ओर ले जाती हैं • स्तनपान की देर से िुरुआत • प्रीलैद्धिर्ल फीि प्रदान करना • 6 माह तक क े र्वल स्तनपान नहीं कराना। • ऊपरी आहार का देर से पररिर् • धनी समाज में अशधक भोजन करने से मोटापा बढता है
  • 62. स्तनपान क े अभाव में सापेक्ष मृत्यु जोखखम 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 <2 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-11 12-13 The LANCET 2000; 355:451-5 Age in months 1/16
  • 64. Prolactin Reflex Secretion continues AFTER feed to produce NEXT feed To increase milk productions 3/2
  • 65. Oxytocin Reflex For milk ejection 3/3
  • 66. Helping and Hindering the Oxytocin Reflex For milk ejection 3/4
  • 68. Attachment at Breast………….. What Differences Do You See? GOOD ATTACHMENT POOR ATTACHMENT Picture 1 Picture 2 3/8
  • 69. क ृ वत्रम खान पान औि बोतल से दू ध वपलाने क े खतिे अवधक दस्त, एआिआई (ARI) औि अन्य सींक्रमण तैयाि क आवश्यकता है पर्ाना आसान नह ीं पोषक तत्वोीं का सींतुलन खो देता है सींक्रमण औि क ु पोषण से मिने क अवधक सींभावना • बींधन/सींबींध क े साथ हस्तक्षेप • अवधक एलजी औि दू ध असवहष्णुता • क ु छ पुिान ब मारियोीं का खतिा बढ़ जाता है • अवधक वजन वाले बच्चे • बुखि पि क्षणोीं पि कम अींक  जल्द गभचवत हो सकत हैं  एन वमया, ऑखस्ट्योपोिोवसस, वडम्बग्रींवथ औि स्तन क ैं सि का खतिा बढ़ जाता है मााँ 1/21
  • 70. दू सिे वषच में माीं का दू ध यह वकतन ऊजाच, प्रोट न, ववटावमन ए औि ववटावमन स प्रदान किता है 500ml breastmilk 1/20 % 500 वमल स्तन का दू ध द्वािा प्रदान क जाने वाल दैवनक आवश्यक ताएीं % 100 50 ENERGY PROTEIN Vit A Vit C
  • 71.
  • 72. क ु पोषण औि सींक्रमण का र्क्र क ु पोषण िरीर का प्रशतरोध िमता कम होना सींक्रमण
  • 73. Cont.. पोषण पेशेविोीं को उवर्त ऊपि आहाि क े वलए पिामशच देने में सक्षम होना र्ावहए: - ऊपि आहाि परिर्य क आयु - खाद्य पदाथों का प्रकाि औि बनावट - मात्रा औि आवृवत्त, औि - खखलाने का ति का
  • 74. Cont.. • इसका तात्पर्ा र्ह है शक 6 महीने क े बाद बच्चा नरम और स्टािार्ुक्त खाद्य पदार्ा जैसे अनाज खा सकता है। • 9 महीने तक शििुओं को कटा हुआ भोजन शदर्ा जा सकता है।
  • 75. ऊपि खाद्य पदाथच को बहुत जल्द पेश किने क े जोखखम •र्ह स्तन क े दू ध क े शर्वस्र्ापन की ओर जाता है। •मां का दू ध पूरी तरह से पौशिक होता है जबशक अन्य खाद्य पदार्ा पोषक रूप से मां क े दू ध से कम होते हैं •र्ह मात्रात्मक स्तनपान की ओर जाता है •ऊपरी आहार क े प्रारंशभक पररिर् से स्तनपान जल्दी बंद हो जाता है और स्तनपान की अर्वशध कम हो जाती है
  • 76. Cont… •क े र्वल स्तनपान क े माध्यम से उपलधि होनेर्वाले पोषक तत्वों जैसे शजंक और आर्रन आशद का उपलधिता को कम करता है •र्ह मातृ प्रजनन िमता की र्वापसी को तेज करता है •दस्त जैसे रोगों का खतरा बढ जाता है, जो शििु और छोटे बच्चों की मृत्यु और रुग्णता का एक प्रमुख कारण है
  • 77. बहुत देि से ऊपि खाद्य पदाथच पेश किने क े जोखखम •ऊजाा और प्रोटीन का अपर्ााप्त सेर्वन खराब र्वृद्धि का कारण बनता है। •आर्रन क े अपर्ााप्त सेर्वन से एनीशमर्ा होता है। •अन्य पोषक तत्वों क े अपर्ााप्त सेर्वन से क ु पोषण होता है।
  • 78. ऊपि आहाि का स्वाद, सींगवत औि बनावट (Taste, Consistency and Texture of CF) A child’s first food should be: • अनाज र्ा मूल प्रधान खाद्य पदार्ों पर आधाररत • नरम और बहने र्वाला • ब्रेस्टशमल्क से गाढा • स्वाद में फीका (bland) • समरूप करने क े शलए मसला हुआ एर्वं छाना हुआ जब बच्चे ने नरम भोजन स्वीकार कर शलर्ा हो- • स्वाद की शर्वशर्वधता बढाएाँ • मोटाई बढाएं और बनार्वट बदलें
  • 80. Foods to enrich staples Butter / ghee 30/7 Coconut Oil
  • 81. Iron Gap 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0-3 m 3-6 m 6-9 m 9-12 m 12-24 m Age (months) Absorbed iron (mg/day) Iron gap Iron from birth stores Iron from breastmilk 30/8
  • 82. Vitamin A rich foodsववटावमन ए से भिपूि खाद्य पदाथच 30/13
  • 84. RDA FOR INDIANS - 2020 Age Group Age Body Wt Protein Calcium Iron Zinc Vit A (kg) (g/d) (mg/ d) (mg/ d) (mg /d) (µg/ d) Infants 0-6 m* 5.8 8.0 300 - - 350 6-12m 8.5 10.5 300 3 2.5 350 Children 1-3y 4-6y 12.9 18.3 12.5 16.0 500 550 8 11 3.3 4.5 390 510