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Team a aet500_learning_theories_presenatation
- 1. Theories for Adult Learning Team “A” Shirley Love, Sheri Alexander, Crystal Wood, & Leoncio Salamanca 5 Building Block
- 4. • K-12 curriculum and instruction • Adult education • Adult career and technical education • Business and industry • The military • Instructional technology • Computer-based training programs • Behavior modification programs • Biofeedback programs • Everyday lives Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Edward L. Thorndike, and Dorothy Mackeracher
- 17. References The Atlantic. (2015). [Clip art for slide number one wall of blocks in multi color] Were All Those Rainbow Profile Photos Another Facebook Study? Image retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/06/were-all-those-rainbow-profile-photos-another-facebook- experiment/397088/ NNDB. (?). [Photo of Burrhus Fredric Skinner] B.F. Skinner AKA Burrhus Fredric Skinner. Image retrieved from http://www.nndb.com/people/297/000022231/ Merriam, S., & Bierema. L.(2014). Adult Learning: Linking Theory and Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Society for Humanistic Psychology. (2015). [Photo of Carl Rogers lecturing] Empirical Support for Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Theory of the “Fully Functioning Person”. Image retrieved from http://societyforhumanisticpsychology.blogspot.com/2015/10/empirical-support-for-carl-rogers.html The Gold Scales. (?) [Photo of Benjamin Bloom] The Taxonomy of Learning and Benjamin Bloom. Image retrieved from http://oaks.nvg.org/taxonomy-bloom.html Pinterest. (?) [Photo of Albert Bandura] Image retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/104990235036211140/ Malcolm_Knowles Biography. (?) [Photo of Malcolm Knowles] Image retrieved from http://web.utk.edu/~start6/knowles/malcolm_knowles.html DeCarvalho, R. (1991). The humanistic paradigm in education. The Humanistic Psychologist, 19(1), 88-104. McLeod, Saul (2011) updated 2016 Bandura-Social Learning Theory Pajares, F.(2004). Albert Bandura: Biographical Sketch. Retrieved from http://des.emory.edu/mfp/bandurabio.html Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.PubMed Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development. Vol. 6. Six theories of child development (pp. 1–60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Editor's Notes
- There are 5 building block theories for Adult Learning. Let us go over them now. Click to next slide.
- The behaviorism theory is still studied today. Click to go to next slide.
- As addressed in the text, the Behaviorism theory has its roots in Pavlov's experiments where he used a bell to condition dogs to eat. In the 20s, Watson and Skinner, along with other behaviorists developed a comprehensive theory that established the belief that "human behavior is the result of the arrangement of particular stimuli in the environment." To encourage good or desired behavior, positive reinforcement is used and to discourage negative behavior, the action is ignored or redirected. Skinner believed this approach to education was essential in order to create a functional and healthy society. Edward L. Thorndike included this theory in his study of adult learners and their increased or decreased ability to learn as they age. His conclusions found that age had little to do with the rate in which someone learns. (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). Click to go to next slide.
- This approach to learning is in nearly every aspect of education and just life. In an adult educational setting, rewards, as in good grades and positive feedback, are given for the correct academic behaviors desired by instructors and institutions. Business and industry provides monetary rewards for desired performance. The military gives actual medals and advancement. In the 90s Dorothy Mackeracher observed that behaviorism is found in educational resources and instructional manuals, was used “to assist learners to acquire and master skilled behavior” (28), is found in assertiveness training and anger management, and help learners change behaviors that negatively affect health. This theory permeates every aspect of our lives. We reward ourselves for good behavior and punish ourselves for bad behavior. Sometimes we do both at the same time, like when we reward ourselves with an ice cream sundae for losing 5 pounds, which would then result in a punishment. Perhaps it is just human behavior. (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). After 1930 click to go to next slide.
- Key proponents of humanism include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. A primary purpose of humanism could be described as the development of self-actualized, autonomous people (Rogers & Frieberg,1994). In humanism, learning is student centered and personalized, and the educator’s role is that of a facilitator. Affective and cognitive needs are key, and the goal is to develop self-actualized people in a cooperative, supportive environment (DeCarvalho, R.,1991). Click to go to next slide.
- Carl Rogers one of the Key theorist in Humanism had 7 principles they are: Congruence:- Consistency between self-perception and experience. Need for Positive Regard:- For acceptance, sympathy and love from others . Unconditional Positive Regard:--The person in inherently worthy of love regardless of accomplishment or behavior. Conditions of Worth:- The circumstances under which we approve or disapprove of ourselves. Fully Functioning Person:- Individuals who were close to achieving self-actualization. Self-actualization:- The highest realization of human potential. Unconditional Positive Regard:--The person in inherently worthy of love regardless of accomplishment or behavior. Empathy Client Centered- (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). After 1961 click to next slide.
- Saying by Carl Rogers to show his belief “When you criticize me, I intuitively dig in to defend myself, however when you accept me like I am, I suddenly am willing to change.” After Carl Roger's name appears click to next slide.
- Cognitivism is information processing. The cognitivist theory focuses on the mental processes of the learner. Learners process information through input, throughput, and output. It focuses on problem solving, memory and the brain. There are may theorist that have contributed to this learning theory and we will look at a few during the next couple of slides (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). Click to go to next slide.
- This slide has a picture of Bloom and we will discuss him in a bit. First we will look at other people who contributed to this line of work. Like I mentioned in the previous slide, processing information is central to the cognitive theory. Piaget’s is one of the pioneers. We will mention his four stage model of cognitive development later. Ausubel theory of meaningful learning, Gagne’s instructional design theory, and Bloom’s taxonomy all intersect within cognitivism (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). Bloom, who is pictured above receives credit for three learning outcomes. The first is cognitive, second affective, and lastly psychomotor. Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive outcomes is pictured in the slide. The bottom of the pyramid is knowledge and the top is evaluation. Some believe that they should not be in order but most think the top of the pyramid do require advanced cognition (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). After 1956 click to go to next slide.
- Piaget’s four stage model of cognitive development states that people move from sensory-motor response as an infants, preoperational as children, to concrete operational. This theory is also the basis for adult development (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). Next, Ausuble is credited with a theory of meaningful learning. This theory links learning to “…concepts already in a person’s cognitive structure” (p. 34). Gagne’s instructional design theory includes a taxonomy of learning outcomes, intellectual, learning conditions for attaining the outcomes, and nine “events” of instruction (Merriam & Berema, 2014). These theories are used in planning of instruction, even today. Lastly, Bloom’s taxonomy is still used in curriculum planning and developing learning objectives (Merriam & Berema, 2014). Click to go to next slide.
- Social Cognitivism Learning Theory is (SCT) started as the Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960s by Albert Bandura. It developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. Click to go to next slide.
- A bridge between behaviorist & cognitive learning. People learn by imitating each other. Learning can only occur in a social context. Environmental factors affects behavior. (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). Click to go to next slide.
- In 1963 Albert Bandura and Richard Walters extended social learning theory by stressing that observational learning is a natural occurrence. They also stressed that reinforcement controls performance, not learning, and that learning can happen vicariously. Bandura’s work also developed the importance of self-beliefs in learning behaviors. With the 1986 publication of his book Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory [2], After 1980 Click to go to next slide.
- Here we have examples of Social Cognitivism - Behavior is transferred to the observer. For example: If a student is not discipline for breaking the rules, the observer will think it is okay and will imitate that behavior, can create an unmanageable environment for Teachers. Click to go to next slide.
- Constructivism is a philosophical viewpoint about the nature of knowledge. There are many "flavors" of constructivism, but one prominent theorist known for his constructivist views is Jean Piaget, who focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction between their experiences and their ideas. He considered himself to be a genetic epistemologist, which means he was interested in the genesis of knowledge. His views tended to focus on human development in relation to what is occurring with an individual as opposed to development that is influenced by other humans. Another key theorist in Constructivism are Malcolm Knowles who is the father of Andragogy, (Merriam & Caffarella, 1999). Click to go to next slide.
- Another key theorist in Constructivism are Malcolm Knowles who is the father of Andragogy, Malcolm Knowles might well be considered the founding father of adult learning. He contrasted the “concept of andragogy, meaning “the art and science of helping adults learn,”…with pedagogy, the art and science of helping children learn” (Merriam & Caffarella, 1999, p. 272). His 6 principles are (some literature will say 5 principles) Self Concept when a person matures their thinking structure for self concept changes from dependent to self directed. Motivation when a person matures their motivation is internal. Experience adults are most interested in learning things that have importance to them on their job or in personal life. Need to Know when a person matures they accumulate a growing reservoir of experience which becomes their resource of learning. Orientation when a person matures their time perspective changes from postponed application of knowledge, towards one of subject-centeredness to problem centeredness. Readiness when a person matures their readiness to learn becomes increasingly to the developmental tasks of their social roles. Andragogy was founded in 1994. (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). After 1994 click to go to next slide.
- References as follows...... Thank you for viewing Team "A" Slide Presentation on the 5 Building Blocks for Theories for Adult Learning. Put together and executed by Sheri Alexander, Shirley Love, Crystal Wood, and Leoncio Salamanca. End of Show. Have a Good Day!