Pakistan India foriegn policy.

1. PAKISTAN INDIA
FOREIGN
POLICY

2. What is foreign policy?
- A term which carries many interpretations as defined by many scholars
in many ways, however, one common agreement remains; foreign policy
is the behavior of one state towards another
- As Joseph Frankel says,
“Foreign policy consists of decisions and actions, which involves
to some appreciable extent relations between one state and others”

3. What is foreign policy?
- By this it can be inferred that a foreign policy includes:
 Set of actions that are made within the territory of a state;
 These actions are intended towards forces existing outside the country’s
borders;
 With the intention of controlling the behavior of other states in order to
enhance national interests.

4. Many scholars view that on a basic level there are 3 components of a foreign
policy:
1. The ‘end’: Defined as the desired outcome(s) which must result
through the interaction with a state with the goal of improving a state’s
interest
2. The ‘ways’: refers to strategies and ideas, such as diplomatic tactics
3. The ‘means’: refers to the resources available to the state for carrying
out the action, e.g., military and economical
Levels of Foreign Policy

5. Need for foreign policy
Need for a foreign policy?
- Serves as a mean of interaction between sovereign states
- Serves as an intersection point between domestic and international politics
- Impossible for any state to exist in isolation for it is dependent for power, resources and protection
on other states at least to some extent
- As scholar Feliks Gross has said that:
Even the decision to have no relation with another state is a foreign policy
- It helps a state to fulfill its national interests and also acquire its rightful place in the international
politics

6. What influences a foreign policy?
• According to a widely held consensus, there are two determinants which influences
every foreign policy designed:
1. International or external factors, which include:
- International system or world politics which is in
consistent change
- international law and organizations which regulates the
frameworks of foreign policy
- alliances with other states
- military strength, which is considered as the ultimate tool for
international relations when all negotiations fail

7. What influences a foreign policy?
2. Domestic factors:
- Culture and history, i.e., the way a state’s subjects think (their culture), its
traditional beliefs which have developed through hundred of years and its historical
experiences all influences the kind of foreign policy a state makes
- geography, size and population
- extent of economic development and natural resources
- military capabilities
- political system, e.g., in comparison to a authoritarian/totalitarian government,
a democratic government may face more difficulties while designing a foreign policy
since it has to respond to the public demands

8. Pakistan’s foreign Policy with India
 Relations with India has been the forefront of Pakistan’s foreign policy since day one
due to their conflicted and intricate history, which cannot be negated or ignored.
Moreover, due to their geographical closeness, it is only natural that they’ll affect
each other’s foreign policy
 After the partition in 1947, both countries shared a number of problems, such as
refugee movement, sharing of resources and disagreement over the possession of
Kashmir
 The lack of trust between the two countries and the unresolved Kashmir issue
resulted in wars in 1965, 1971 and 1999

9. Pakistan’s foreign policy with India
Following are the major conflicts between Pakistan and India which has
shaped Pakistan’s foreign policy with her:
1. Irrigation water issue
2. Kashmir conflict
3. Kargil war
4. Siachin glacier conflict
5. Nuclear power
6. Terrorism