Bangladesh has a total area of 148,460 square kilometers and is bordered by India and Myanmar. It has a tropical monsoon climate with hot, wet summers and mild winters. Bangladesh experiences heavy seasonal rainfall and is very vulnerable to climate change impacts like flooding and cyclones due to its low-lying geography. The country is criss-crossed by many rivers, including the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers and their tributaries, which drain into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh has a population of over 167 million people that is still growing, though the rate of growth has declined in recent decades. The coastal areas along the Bay of Bengal have experienced significant changes over time, including

1. Explain the geography of Bangladesh.
Answer:
Physical Geography: Bangladesh has an area of approximately 148,460 square
kilometers.It stretches from longitude 88'01E to 92'41E and latitude 20'34N to latitude
26'38N. The maximum stretch is approximately 273 miles in the east-west direction and
478 miles in the north-northwest-southeast direction. Tripura, Meghalaya, Assam, and
West Bengal are Indian states that border Bangladesh in the east, north, and west,
respectively. Myanmar forms the eastern border's southernmost point. The overall
length of the land boundary is about 4,366 kilometers. The Bay of Bengal borders the
nation to the south. Despite being a small country, Bangladesh has a coastline that is
more than 360 miles long. Bangladesh's economic zone stretches 229.90 miles,
calculated from the base lines, while the nation's territorial seas are 13.80 miles long.
Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal are widely recognized, which agitate the sea and bring it
crashing into the outer islands' coastal plains, creating floods on occasion. The
Sundarbans form the southwest border of Bangladesh, a vast stretch of mangrove
forest that is home to the legendary Royal Bengal Tiger.
Climate: Bangladesh experiences strong seasonal variations in rainfall, scorching
temperatures, and humidity levels. Because the northern piedmontal plains have a
humid subtropical monsoon climate, regional temperature variations are minimal in this
flat area, but weather patterns can vary significantly between the northern and southern
parts.Based on temperature, rainfall, and wind direction, Bangladesh has four seasons:
the pleasant, shorter, and colder post-monsoon season from October to November; the
hot and sunny summertime or pre-monsoon period from March to May; the considerably
colder and highly rainy monsoon; and the warm and chilly wintertime from December to
February. Bangladesh has a wide range of seasons with its tropical monsoon
environment. Summer temperatures typically range from 38 to 41 degrees Celsius
(100.4 to 105.8 °F).April is the hottest month in much of the country. The coldest month
for the majority of the country is January, with average daytime temperatures of 16–20
°C (61–68 °F) and nighttime low points of about 10 °C (50 °F).
Climate Change: Bangladesh is one of the nations most vulnerable to the effects of
climate change, making it a severe challenge. It ranked eighth among the countries
most affected by climate catastrophes from 1999 to 2018 on Germanwatch's 2020
Climate Risk Index. Bangladesh is susceptible to the impacts of climate change due to a
mix of topographical features; the region's low-lying, delta-exposed geography; as well
as socioeconomic factors, due to its dense population, high levels of poverty, and
reliance on agriculture.
Hydrography: The Surma-Meghna, Brahmaputra-Jamuna, and Ganges-Padma rivers,
as well as the numerous tributaries and distributaries they have, are the principal
drainage routes in Bangladesh. The high hill ranges of Chittagong and the Chittagong
Hill Tracts drain their water straight into the Bay of Bengal through the Matamuhuri,

2. Sangu, Feni, Karnafuli, and Naf, as well as their feeder canals. From the westernmost
mountain ranges, numerous small streams flow independently into the bay.The river
network of Bangladesh is its pride, which includes Jamuna, Meghna, the Ganges-
Padma, Surma, Brahmaputra, Tista, and Karnafuli, as well as 700 tributaries and
distributaries that run down to the Bay of Bengal across a total length of around 24,140
kilometers. The country has the world's longest uninterrupted beach, stretching 120
kilometers from Cox's Bazar to Teknaf.The combined drainage basins of the three
major rivers, the Meghna, Ganges, and Brahmaputra-Jamuna, cover around 1.72
million square kilometers. Massive amounts of silt are transported by these rivers into
the Bay of Bengal. For instance, the Brahmaputra-Jamuna transports over 1.2 million
tons of silt daily. Each year, nearly 2.4 billion tons of silt are transported into the Bay of
Bengal by the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Meghna river systems.
Population: Bangladesh now has 167,803,970 inhabitants, according to the recent
United Nations statistics. The UN estimates that there will be 167,885,689 people living
there on July 1st, 2022. Over the past 60 years, Bangladesh's rate of population growth
has significantly decreased,reaching a high of 3.23 percent in 1967 and presently
dipping below 1 percent. Despite this, Bangladesh is among the most populated nations
in the world, with a growing population.Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bangladesh's
fertility rate was one of the highest in the world, but in the 1980s, it started to sharply
fall. 2.4 children are now born per woman, which is the fertility rate. Bangladesh has a
young population, with only 5% of a population over 65 and 34% of the population
below the age of 15. The speed of growth has been steadily slowing for a while, and it is
expected that this trend will continue throughout the 21th century. Currently, the
country's population is growing at a rate of roughly 1% annually, but by 2040, this rate is
expected to be cut in half . By 2020 and 2030, respectively, Bangladesh's population is
expected to grow to 170 million and 186 million.
Coastal Area: Bangladesh's coastal areas encompass the country's southern half. The
major river of Bangladesh carry a lot of material and discharge it across the Bay of
Bengal from their Himalayan source. Between 1989 and 2018, this led to considerable
changes in the coastline. Due to morphological changes over the past 30 years, several
islands have gained land area. However, because to the typical accelerated process in
other sections of those islands, there's been a net overall gain in land area. New islands
were discovered to the west, but no substantial alterations were recorded. Near the
mouth of the Meghna estuary, significant and diverse changes have been seen with the
construction of a number of new islands.
Done by
Shakil Anower Samrat