This is a detailed report on the topic of that how to remove the excess CO2 from our earth's atmosphere with the help of direct air carbon capture technology. How would it help us to mitigate the climate change.

1. DIRECT AIR CARBON CAPTURE
(DACC)
A solution to mitigate the impact of
greenhouse gas emissions and address
the climate change.

2. Introduction to climate change
Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the
Earth's climate, including changes in , precipitation
patterns, and sea levels. The Earth's climate has always
been in a state of flux, but the current changes are
happening at a much faster pace th temperature an in the
past.
The primary cause of climate change is the increase in
greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, especially
carbon dioxide (CO2) which is released by human
activities such as burning fossil fuels for energy,
transportation, and deforestation. These gases trap heat
in the atmosphere, causing the Earth's temperature to
rise.Climate change has many potential consequences,
including more frequent and severe natural disasters like
hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Rising sea levels
threaten coastal cities and communities, while warmer
temperatures can lead to the spread of disease and
increased risk of heat-related illnesses.
Addressing climate change requires a global effort to
reduce GHG emissions, transition to cleaner sources of
energy, and adapt to the changes that are already
happening. The United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement
are international efforts to address climate change by
setting targets and strategies for reducing emissions and
building resilience to its impacts.

3. Global warming
Global warming refers to the long-term increase in the
average temperature of the Earth’s surface and
atmosphere, primarily due to the build-up of greenhouse
gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous
oxide) in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun in the Earth’s
atmosphere, and as their concentration increases, they
cause the Earth’s temperature to rise. This rise in
temperaturecan have severe impacts on the environment
and human societies, including more frequent and severe
weather events, rising sea levels, melting ice caps and
glaciers, and damage to ecosystems and biodiversity.
Global warming is primarily caused by human activities,
such as burning fossil fuels for energy, deforestation, and
industrial processes, which release large amounts of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The effects of
global warming are becoming increasingly evident, and
there is a growing consensus among scientists and
policymakers that urgent action is needed to mitigate the
impacts of climate change and transition towards a more
sustainable and low-carbon future.

4. Introduction To Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases are a group of gases that are present in
the Earth’s atmosphere and trap heat, thereby
contributing to the warming of the planet’s surface.
These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), fluorinated gases (such as
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur
hexafluoride), and ozone (O3).
The name "greenhouse gases" comes from the fact that
they behave similarly to the glass walls of a greenhouse,
which trap heat inside and keep the inside warmer than
the outside. Similarly, greenhouse gases trap heat inside
the Earth’s atmosphere and prevent it from escaping into
space.
While some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the
atmosphere, others are emitted as a result of human
activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and
agriculture. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions is
a major contributor to global climate change, which can
lead to more frequent and intense weather events,

5. Introduction to CO2
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless and odorless gas that
is naturally present in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is also
one of the most important greenhouse gases, contributing
to the warming of the planet’s surface by trapping heat
in the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide is produced by a variety of natural
processes, such as respiration and volcanic eruptions, but
it is also released through human activities such as
burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial
processes. The burning of fossil fuels is the largest source
of human-produced carbon dioxide emissions.
Carbon dioxide is important for the survival of plants and
animals as it is used by plants during photosynthesis to
produce oxygen and sugars, which are used as food by
animals. However, excessive amounts of carbon dioxide
can have negative impacts on the environment and
human health, including ocean acidification, which can

6. harm marine ecosystems, and respiratory problems in
humans.
The level of carbon dioxide In the Earth’s atmosphere
has been increasing rapidly over the past century due to
human activities, and this has led to concerns about the
long-term impacts of global climate change. Efforts are
being made to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through
measures such as transitioning to renewable energy
sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing
policies such as carbon taxes and emissions trading
schemes.
As of 2021, the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
from human activities were estimated to be around 36.8
billion metric tons per year. This includes emissions
from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human
activities.
However, it is estimated that approximately 50% of the
CO2 emitted by human activities is absorbed by the
natural ecosystem, primarily by plants through
photosynthesis, and the oceans through the process of
dissolution.

7. Ways to remove excess CO2 from
atmosphere
There are several ways to remove carbon dioxide (CO2)
from the atmosphere, some of which are natural
processes and others involve human intervention. Here
are some examples:
1.Afforestation and reforestation: Trees absorb carbon
dioxide during photosynthesis, making afforestation
(planting new forests in areas that were previously
forested) and reforestation (re-establishing forests in
areas that were previously deforested) effective ways to
remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
2.Carbon capture and storage: This involves capturing
carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes or
power plants and storing them in geological formations,
such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs, or in deep ocean
waters.

8. 3.Direct air capture: This technology involves capturing
carbon dioxide directly from the air using chemical
processes and then storing it in geological formations or
using it for other purposes, such as producing synthetic
fuels.
4.Soil carbon sequestration: This involves practices that
increase the amount of carbon stored in soil, such as no-
till farming, cover cropping, and applying compost or
biochar to soil.
5.Ocean fertilization: This involves adding nutrients to
the ocean to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton,
which absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
However, this approach is controversial and has potential
negative impacts on marine ecosystems.
6.Enhanced weathering: This involves speeding up the
natural process of rock weathering, which absorbs
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, by adding crushed
rocks to soil or spreading them over land.

9. Introduction to direct air carbon
capture (DACC)
Direct air carbon capture (DACC) is a technology that
involves removing carbon dioxide (CO2) directly from
the air using chemical processes. It is a form of carbon
capture and storage (CCS) that is designed to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of
climate change.
DACC technology typically uses large fans to draw in
air, which is then passed through a chemical solution that
captures the carbon dioxide molecules. The captured
CO2 can then be stored underground or used for other
purposes, such as producing synthetic fuels or other
products.
DACC technology is still in the early stages of
development and is not yet widely used on a commercial
scale. However, there has been increasing interest in
DACC as a potential tool for mitigating climate change,
particularly as it could potentially remove carbon dioxide

10. from the atmosphere regardless of its source, including
emissions from transportation and other difficult-to-
decarbonize sectors.
While DACC has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide
concentrations in the atmosphere, it also has some
challenges, including high energy and infrastructure
requirements, and the high cost of the technology
compared to other methods of reducing emissions.
However, as the technology develops and costs come
down, DACC could become an important tool for
addressing climate change.

11. Advantages of DAC
1. Flexibility: DAC can be deployed anywhere,
regardless of the source of CO2 emissions. It does not
require a high concentration of CO2 for effective
capture, making it suitable for capturing emissions from
dispersed sources such as transportation or buildings.
2. Scale: DAC can potentially capture large amounts of
CO2 from the atmosphere, making it a promising
solution to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
3. Carbon Negative: DAC can potentially be coupled
with carbon storage or utilization technologies, making
it a carbon negative solution that removes more CO2
from the atmosphere than it emits.
4. Complementarity: DAC can complement natural
carbon sinks, such as forests and oceans, to reduce
atmospheric CO2 concentrations and mitigate the effects
of climate change.
5. Reliability: Unlike natural carbon sinks, DAC
provides a reliable and predictable way of removing CO2
from the atmosphere, making it a valuable tool for
meeting climate change mitigation targets.While still in
the developmental stage, DAC has shown significant
potential to become a vital tool in the fight against
climate change

12. Challenges of DAC
1. Energy Requirements: DACC systems require a
significant amount of energy to operate. This energy can
come from renewable sources, such as wind or solar, but
it can also come from fossil fuels. The energy
requirements of DACC systems may reduce their
effectiveness in reducing overall greenhouse gas
emissions.
2. High Cost: DACC systems are currently very
expensive compared to other carbon capture
technologies. The cost of DACC systems is largely
driven by the energy requirements of the process and the
cost of the materials needed to capture and store CO2.
3. Scale: DACC systems are not currently capable of
capturing enough CO2 to make a significant impact on
global emissions. To have a meaningful impact on
climate change, DACC systems would need to be scaled
up significantly, which would require significant
investment and technological advancements.
4. Storage and Use: Once CO2 is captured, it must be
stored or utilized in a way that prevents it from being

13. released back into the atmosphere. This requires
infrastructure for transporting and storing CO2, as well
as markets for CO2 utilization. The lack of infrastructure
and markets for CO2 utilization can be a significant
barrier to the widespread adoption of DACC.
5.Uncertainty about long-term storage: There are still
some uncertainties about the long-term storage of CO2,
including the potential for leaks and the environmental
impacts of underground storage.
Despite these challenges, DACC is a promising
technology that has the potential to play an important
role in mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Ongoing research and development efforts are focused
on addressing these challenges and making the
technology more cost-effective and widely applicable.

14. How can we improve this technology
Here are some ways to improve DACC technology:
1. Improve the efficiency of CO2 capture: One of the
main challenges of DACC technology is capturing CO2
efficiently. Researchers are currently exploring new
materials and technologies that can more effectively
capture CO2 from the air.
2. Reduce energy consumption: DACC technology
requires a lot of energy to operate, which can limit its
scalability and cost-effectiveness. To address this,
researchers are developing new processes and materials
that require less energy to capture and release CO2.
3. Increase the scalability: The current scale of DACC
technology is relatively small, and it needs to be scaled
up to have a meaningful impact on climate change.
Researchers are exploring ways to increase the capacity
of DACC plants and reduce their cost.
4. Explore new uses for captured CO2: Captured CO2
can be used in a variety of ways, such as in the production
of fuels, chemicals, and building materials. Researchers
are exploring new ways to use captured CO2 to create
value-added products, which can help offset the cost of
DACC technology.

15. Application of DACC
DAC (Direct Air Capture) is a technology that can be
used to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
atmosphere. The captured CO2 can be used in various
applications, including:
1. Carbon utilization: The captured CO2 can be used to
create new products such as synthetic fuels, building
materials, and chemicals. This approach not only reduces
the carbon footprint of these products but also creates
value from captured CO2.
2. Carbon storage: The captured CO2 can be stored
underground in geologic formations or in depleted oil
and gas reservoirs. This approach is called carbon
capture and storage (CCS) & can help reduce amount of
CO2 in the atmosphere.
3. Enhanced oil recovery: CO2 can be used to enhance
oil recovery from existing oil fields. When injected into
the reservoir, the CO2 can help push the oil to the
surface, making it easier to extract. This approach can
help reduce the cost of oil production and increase the
amount of oil that can be recovered from a reservoir.
4. Carbon offsetting: Companies can use DAC
technology to offset their carbon emissions by capturing
an equivalent amount of CO2 from the atmosphere. This
approach can help companies meet their sustainability
goals and reduce their carbon footprint.

16. Current and future developments
Direct Air Carbon Capture (DACC) technology is still in
the early stages of development, and there are ongoing
efforts to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. Some
companies and research institutions are currently
working on developing and scaling up DACC systems.
One of the major challenges in the development of
DACC technology is reducing the high costs associated
with capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the air.
Researchers are exploring ways to reduce these costs
through the use of more efficient materials, improved
manufacturing techniques, and economies of scale.
Another area of development is improving the energy
efficiency of DACC systems. Currently, DACC requires
a significant amount of energy to capture and store
carbon dioxide, and reducing this energy demand is
critical to making the technology more cost-effective and
sustainable.
In addition, researchers are exploring the potential of
combining DACC with other carbon capture
technologies to create more comprehensive carbon
capture systems.

17. Major companies working on DACC
Several companies and research institutions are currently
working on developing Direct Air Carbon Capture
(DACC) technology. Here are some of the major
companies working on DACC:
1. Carbon Engineering – Carbon Engineering is a
Canadian company that has developed a DACC
technology that captures CO2 directly from the air. The
captured CO2 can be used in a range of applications,
including the production of synthetic fuels and materials,
as well as being stored underground.
2. Climeworks – Climeworks is a Swiss company that
has developed a DACC technology that captures CO2
from the air using specially designed filters. The
captured CO2 is then either sold to customers for use in
various applications or stored underground.
3. Global Thermostat - Global Thermostat is a US-based
company that has developed a DACC technology that
uses a proprietary process to capture CO2 from the air.
The captured CO2 can be used in a range of applications,
including the production of renewable fuels and
chemicals.
4. Carbon Clean Solutions - Carbon Clean Solutions is a
UK-based company that has developed a range of carbon
capture technologies,

18. Conclusion
In conclusion, Direct Air Carbon Capture (DACC) is a
promising technology that has the potential to play a
critical role in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
DACC technology captures carbon dioxide directly from
the air and can be used in a range of applications,
including the production of renewable fuels and
materials.
While DACC technology is still in the early stages of
development, there are several companies and research
institutions working to improve its efficiency and
effectiveness. These efforts include reducing the high
costs associated with carbon capture, improving the
energy efficiency of DACC systems, and exploring the
potential of combining DACC with other carbon capture
technologies.
As the urgency of the climate crisis grows, the
development of DACC technology is expected to
continue, with increasing investment and support from
governments and businesses around the world.
Ultimately, DACC has the potential to be an essential
component of a comprehensive strategy for achieving
net-zero emissions and creating a more sustainable future
for generations to come.

19. Reference
1.https://www.iea.org/reports/direct-air-capture
2.https://erce.energy/climate-and-
sustainability/decarbonisation/carbon-capture-and-
storage/independentriskassessment
3. Energy Factor by Exxon Mobil
4.
https://energyfactor.exxonmobil.asia/category/reducing-
emissions/carbon-capture-and-
storage/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_
campaign=2023_all_in_corp_alwayson_em-corp-2023-
02_product&utm_content=ccs_phr&utm_term=carbon
%20capture