The document discusses participatory action research (PAR) and community organizing as tools for community development and empowerment. It describes PAR as a process of working with communities to identify and prioritize their problems, set goals to solve issues, take action, and evaluate outcomes. The key principles are that the process is led by the community for the community's benefit. The document also covers methods for conducting a community health assessment, including defining objectives, collecting demographic, socioeconomic, health, and resource data, analyzing problems, and identifying community health nursing issues.

1. INTENSIVE
NURSING
PRACTICUM
C O M M U N I T Y H E A L T H N U R S I N G
W E S L E Y A N U N I V E R S I T Y P H I L I P P I N E S
C O L L E G E O F N U R S I N G

2. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
• Strategy by the health resource development program (HRDP) III for the implementation of
primary health care delivery in depressed community
• Tool for community development and people empowerment

3. WHAT IS COPAR
• Working with the people
• Mobilizing with the people (1994
National Rural Conference)
• Continuous and sustained process of
educating people in the community
(CO:A manual of experience, PCPD
To work on people’s immediate
needs.
Priority: Identification of
problem first by the community
People work on their
issues/problems
Set goal to solve the issue
OF the people
Mobilize community resource
to solve problem
For the community to take
action in their immediate and
long-term problems
BY the people
FOR the people

4. AIM TO TRANSFORM
• Apathetic
• Individualistic
• Voiceless poor
community
• Dynamic
• Politically
community
• Participatory
Approaches
• Welfare
• Modernized
• Participatory/
Transformatory

5. OBJECTIVES
AWARENESS OF
SOCIAL REALITIES
• Development of local
initiative
• Optimal use of human,
technical and material
resources
FORMING STRUCTURES
UPHOLDINGTHE
PEOPLE’S BASIC
INTERESTS AS
DEPRIVED SECTORS
• INTERESTTO SERVE THE
PEOPLE
INITIATE
RESPONSIBILITIES
• ADDRESING
HOLISTICALLYTHE:
• Various community
health and social
problems

6. • MANAGEMENT of a development programs in the future
IMPORTANCE OF COPAR
• ACTIVITIES in the community
• Participation and involvement mobilizing community resources
M
• PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT to help the community workers
A
P
DO ACTIVITIES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
AUTONOMY

7. PRINCIPLES OF COPAR
DEPRIVED
EXPLOITED
OPPRESSED
(Sector)
OPEN FOR CHANGE
Based on the interest of the
poorest sector of the society
Self Reliant
Community
Interest to solve
their own issue

8. COPAR PROCESS METHODS
1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION
2.CONSCIOUS RAISING
3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED
4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED

9. Issues must be identified
Goals set
Action taken
Evaluation
Done
BY THE
PEOPLE

10. COPAR PROCESS METHODS
1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION
2.CONSCIOUS RAISING
3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED
4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED
Can be done through training activities to strengthen
the people in the community in facing their issues

11. COPAR PROCESS METHODS
1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION
2.CONSCIOUS RAISING
3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED
4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED
DEPRIVED
EXPLOITED
OPPRESSED
THE ACTIVITIES ARE SOMEWHAT PEOPLE CAN RELATETO.

12. COPAR PROCESS METHODS
1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION
2.CONSCIOUS RAISING
3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED
4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED
WORKTOGETHER AS ATEAM.

13. COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
• The community has a direct influence on the health of the
individual, families and sub-populations.
• It is at this level that most health service provision occurs.

14. COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
• It will become the basis for developing and implementing
community health nursing interventions and strategies.
• Types of Community Diagnosis:
1. Comprehensive Community Diagnosis
2. Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis

15. ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
• DemographicVariables
• Socio-Economic and CulturalVariables
• Health and Illness Patterns
• Health Resources
• Political/Leadership Patterns

16. DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
1. Total population and geographical distribution including
urban-rural index and population density
2. Age and sex composition
3. Selected vital indicators such as growth rate, crude birth
rate, crude death rate and life expectancy at birth
4. Patterns of migration
5. Population projections

17. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
VARIABLES
SOCIAL INDICATORS
1. Communication network
2. Transportation system
3. Educational level
4. Housing conditions

18. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
VARIABLES
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
1. Poverty level income
2. Unemployment and underemployment rates
3. Proportion of salaried and wage earners to total
economically active population
4. Types of industry present in the community
5. Occupation common in the community

19. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
VARIABLES
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
1. Physical/geographical/topographical
2. Water supply
3. Waste disposal
4. Air, water and land pollution
5. Cultural factors

20. HEALTH AND ILLNESS PATTERNS
1. Leading causes of mortality
2. Leading causes of morbidity
3. Leading causes of infant mortality
4. Leading causes of maternal mortality
5. Leading causes of hospital admission

21. HEALTH RESOURCES
1. Manpower resources
2. Material resources

22. POLITICAL/LEADERSHIP PATTERNS
1. Power structures in the community
2. Attitudes of the people toward authority
3. Conditions/events/issues that cause social conflict or
unification
4. Practices/approaches that are effective in settling issues
and concerns within the community

23. STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
1. Determining the Objectives
2. Defining the Study Population
3. Determining the Data to be Collected
4. Collecting the Data
- Records review
- Surveys and observations
- Interviews
- Participant observation

24. STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
5. Developing the Instrument
- Survey questionnaire
- Interview guide
- Observation checklist
6. Actual Data Gathering

25. STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
7. Data Collation
- Numerical data
- Descriptive data
*Mutually exclusive category (e.g. Male or Female)
*Exhaustive category (e.g. Family Planning Methods)

26. STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
8. Data Presentation
- Descriptive data (narrative reports)
*Geographic data
*History of a place
*Beliefs regarding illness and death
- Numerical data (table or graphs)

27. TYPE OF GRAPH
1. Line graph- shows trend data or changes with time or age
with respect to some other variable
2. Bar graph/pictograph- for comparisons of absolute or
relative counts and rates between categories
3. Histogram/frequency polygon- graphic presentation of
frequency distribution or measurement
4. Pie chart- shows breakdown of a group or total where the
number of categories is not too many
5. Scattered diagram- correlation data for two variables

28. STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
9. Data Analysis
10. Identifying the Community Health Nursing Problems
- Health status problems
- Health resources problems
- Health-related problems

29. How are health
problems
categorized in
the
COMMUNITY?

30. DESCRIBED INTERMS OF
INCREASED OR DECREASED
MORBIDITY, MORTALITY.
LACK OR ABSENCE OF
MANPOWER, MONEY,
MATERIALS NECESSARYTO
SOLVE PROBLEMS
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL,
POLITICAL FACTORSTHAT
AGGRAVATE ILLNESS IN
COMMUNITY