2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
2
▪ Identify key concept of COPAR
▪ Discuss phases of community
organizing
▪ Explain how empowerment of
communities contribute to better
health outcomes through
community organizing
3. 3
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
“The process of working collaboratively with and through groups of
people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar
situations to address issues affecting the well-being of those people.”
-CDC,1997
4. 4
Community engagement
seeks to engage community
to achieve sustainable
outcomes, equitable
decision-making processes,
and deepen relationships
and trust between
government organizations
and communities.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
5. 5
“A process where community members are supported by agencies to
identify and take collective action on issues which are important to
them.”
-UN-
6. 6
“Advocates principles of self-help
and voluntary participation, with
technical assistance from the
government of voluntary
organizations.”
-Jimenez, 2008-
7. 7
❑ Become more responsible
A GRASSROOTS PROCESS BY
WHICH COMMUNITIES:
❑ Organize and plan together
❑ Develop heathy lifestyle options
❑ Empower themselves
❑ Reduce poverty and suffering
❑ Create employment and economic opportunities
❑ Achieve social, economic, cultural and environmental
goals
8. 8
❖ A process for implementing change
❖A program for specified activities
❖An outcome
❖ An ideology of action
Bezboruah, 2013
4 CHARACTERISTICS:
9. 9
Form of community
engagement that seeks to
rally people to work together
and act on issues owned,
identified, and solved thru
and by the people’s own
efforts
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
12. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
ESSENCE OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING PROCESS
12
❑ Focus self-reliance
❑ AIM: community development
❑ CONCEPT: teamwork
❑ ELEMENT: participation of people
❑ STRATEGIES: teaching, training and transfer of
technology
13. 13
MODELS/TYPOLOGY OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
❑ Locality Development
-Use of democratic procedures
-Voluntary cooperation
-Self-help
-Development of local leadership
and educational objectives
14. 14
MODELS/TYPOLOGY OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
❑ Social Planning
- A rational, deliberately planned,
technical process of problem-solving
with regards to substantive social
problems
16. 16
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
❖ Go to the people, live among the people.
❖ Learn, plan, and work with the people
❖ Start with and build on what the people know.
❖ Teach by showing, learn by doing.
❖ Not a piecemeal but an integrated approach.
❖ Not relief but release.
- Adapted from the Philippine Business for Social Progress -
17. 17
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PROCESS
CA – Community Analysis
DI – Design and Initiation
I – Implementation
PMC – Program maintenance and consolidation
DR – Dissemination and reassessment
20. COPAR
20
➢ Strategy by the Health Resource
Development Program (HRDP)
III for the implementation of
Primary Health Care Delivery in
depressed and underserved
communities
➢ Tool for community development
and people empowerment
➢ Contract for COPAR: 5 years renewable
21. 21
WHAT IS COPAR?
Continuous and sustained process of
educating people in the community
• Critical awareness of their existing condition
Mobilizing with the people
• Mobilize community resources to solve a problem
Working with the people
• To work on people’s immediate needs
PRIORITY:
Identification of the
problem first by the
community
OF
BY
FOR
25. 25
PURPOSE OF COPAR
Community development approach that allows
the community (participatory) to analyze the
situation (research) plan a solution, and
implement projects (action) utilizing the process
of community organizing
CA – DI – I – PMC - DR
26. 26
AIMS OF COPAR
• apathetic
• individualistic
• voiceless poor community
• dynamic
• participative
• politically community
• welfare
• participatory/
transformation
• politically
APPROACHES
27. 27
4 IMPORTANCE OF COPAR
❑ Tool for community development
❑ Offer alternate solutions to health problems that may not
require medical intervention
❑ Prepare people to take over management of program in the
future
❑ Community resources are mobilized for community services
28. 28
4 PRINCIPLES OF COPAR
❑ Do people have the capacity to change?
❑ Do people posses the ability to bring change?
❑ Based interest on poorest sectors
❑ Lead to development of self reliant community
31. PHASES OF COPAR PROCESS
(HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL)
1. P reparatory phase
- Area selection
- Profiling of
community
- Entry
(MAGLAYA)
1. P re entry
31
33. COPAR PHASES
(HEALTH PRO MOTION MODEL)
3. E ducation and
Training Phase
(MAGLAYA)
3. CS –Community
Study/ Diagnosis
Phase (Research
Phase)
33
34. COPAR PHASES
(HEALTH PRO MOTION MODEL) (MAGLAYA)
4. CO –Community
Organization and
Capability Building
Phase.
34
4. C ollaborative Phase
35. COPAR PHASES
(HEALTH PRO MOTION MODEL) (MAGLAYA)
5. Action Phase-
6. Sustenance and
and strengthening
Phase
7. Phase Out Phase
35
5. Phase out Phase
36. 36
, strategies, and time spent
1. PRE-ENTRY PHASE (1-2 MONTHS)
❑ Initial phase where the community
organizer (CO) looks for a
community to serve/help
❑ The simplest phase in terms of
actual output, activities
37. 37
PRE-ENTRY PHASE (1-2 MONTHS)
At the NGO Level:
FO rmulation of institutional goals, objectives and targets for the
program
R evision of curriculum
CO ordinate participation of other departments within the
institution
T raining of faculty in COPAR
38. 38
Foster family
At the community Level:
C community consultations / dialogues
S etting of issues related to site selection
S ite selection
D evelopment of criteria for site selection
P reliminary social investigation (PSI)
N etworking with LGU’s, NGO’s and other departments
PRE-ENTRY PHASE (1-2 MONTHS)
39. 39
, strategies, and time spent
COMMUNITY PROFILING
Contact person- (well- known, accepted)
who identifies other persons who can be
depended..
Demographic characteristics
Basic cultural practices and lifestyle
Community and health services &
facilities
40. 40
Foster family
D epressed
E xploited
R esidents:100-200 families
P oor
E conomically depressed
S afe (No serious peace and order problem)
CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION
3P’S AND F
S how high morbidity and mortality cases
E valuate if entered by other organization with same program
D o not have any BHS or nearby hospital
41. Foster family
1. Strategically located in the
barangay.
2. Do not belong to the rich
segment.
3. Respected by both formal and
informal leaders of the
community.
4. Neighbors not hesitant to enter.
5. No disruptions of usual doings.
HOST FAMILY CRITERIA
42. Foster family
RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES: PRE- ENTRY
3P’S AND F
• Profiling and site selection
• Pay courtesy call to the LGU
• Preliminary social investigation
• Foster family
43. Foster family
2. ENTRY PHASE
❑ Also called the SOCIAL PREPARATION PHASE
❑ Signal the actual entry of the CO into the
community
❑ Includes sensitization and motivating them
44. Foster family
RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES: ENTRY PHASE
• Immersion/ integration/ sensitization with the community
• Information Campaign on health programs
• Deep social investigation
• Potential leader spotting
• Cor group (CG) formation
• Self awareness and Leadership Training (SALT)/ action
planning
45. Foster family
CRITERIA FOR A POTENTIAL LEADER
L ow profile
E ducation at least basic primary
education
A pproachable/ respected by both formal
and informal sectors
D evelops a good communication skill
S erve willfully
46. Foster family
CORE GROUP FORMATION
Leader spotting through sociogram
➢ Key Persons – approached by most
people
➢ Opinion Leader –approached by key
persons
➢ Isolates – Never or hardly consulted
47. Foster family
3. COMMUNITY STUDY/ DIAGNOSIS
PHASE (RESEARCH PHASE)
• S election of the research team
• T raining on data collection
• P lanning for the actual gathering of data
• D ata gathering
• T raining on data validation
• C ommunity validation
• P resentation of the community study / diagnosis and
recommendations
• P rioritization of community needs / problems for action
48. Foster family
METHODS OF DATA SELECTION
S urvey – most practical (using questionnaires)
I interview – face to face (using interview guide)
R ecord review (checklist)
C ensus – most IDEAL (provides BIGGEST BULK OF DATA)
O bservation – occular surveys
49. Foster family
TYPE OF CENSUS
❑ De facto – ACTUAL place ( individuals are recorder to the
geological area where they were present at a specific time)
❑ De juRe – residency (individuals are recorded by their
place of residence
“usual residence” – the place where a person lives and
sleeps most of the time
50. Foster family
4. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND
CAPABILITY BUILDING PHASE
• C ommunity meetings to draw up guidelines for the organization
• E lection of officers
• D evelopment of management system
• D elineation of the roles, functions and task of officers
• T raining of Leaders
• T eam building Exercises
• A –R -A-S (Action- Reflection-Action- Session)
51. Foster family
5. COMMUNITY ACTION PHASE
• O rganization and training of (BHW’s)
• P IME of health services (Project Implementation Monitoring
and Evaluation
• Re source mobilization
• S etting up of linkages/ network/ referral systems
52. Foster family
6. SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING
PHASE (7-8 MONTHS)
• F ormulation and ratification of constitution and by laws
• I dentification and development of “secondary leaders”
• S etting up of a financing scheme
• Co ntinuing education and training of BHW
• De velopment of long term Community health development
Plans
• Fo rmalizing linkages, networks and referral systems
• Re gistration to.S.E.C. (Security and Exchange Commission)
53. Foster family
7. PHASE OUT PHASE
❑ Turn over of works
❑ Transfer of Community Organizing roles and
responsibilities and documents to the organizations
❑ Follow up
55. Foster family
1. INTEGRATION
▪CO becoming one with the people
in order to:
▪immerse himself in the poor
community
▪understand deeply the culture,
economy, leaders, history, rhythms,
and lifestyle in the community
56. Methods
of
Integration
Includes:
participation in direct production
activities of the people
conduct of house-to-house visits
participation in activities like birthdays,
fiestas, wakes, etc.
conversing with people where they
usually gather such as in stores, water
wells, washing streams, or in churchyards
helping out in household chores like
cooking, washing the dishes, and etc.
57. Foster family
2. SOCIAL INVESTIGATION
• Also known as COMMUNITY
STUDY
• Systematic process of collection,
collating, and analyzing data to
draw a clear picture of the
community
58. Pointers for
the Conduct
of Social
Investigation:
use of survey questionnaires is discouraged
community leaders can be trained to initially assist
the community worker/organizer in doing social
investigation
data can be more effectively and efficiently
collected through informal methods (house-to-
house visits, participating conversations in
jeepneys and others)
secondary data should be thoroughly examined
because much of the information might already be
available
social investigation is facilitated if the community
organizer is properly integrated and has acquired
the trust of the people
confirmation and validation of community data
should be done regularly
61. Foster family
5.THE MEETING
• People collectively ratifying what
they have already decided
individually
• Gives people the collective power
and confidence
• Problems and issues are discuss
62. Foster family
6. ROLE PLAY
Act out the meeting that will take
place between the leaders of the
community and the government
63. Foster family
7. MOBILIZATION OR ACTION
Actual experience of the people in
confronting the powerful and the
actual exercise of people power
65. Foster family
9. REFLECTION
• Dealing with deeper, on-going
concerns to look at the
positive values CO is trying to
build in the organization
• Reflect on the stark reality of
life compared to the ideal
66. Foster family
10. ORGANIZATION
• The result of many successive
and similar actions of the
people
• Final structure is set up with
elected officers and supporting
members
68. Foster family
• Community worker keeps a written account of
services rendered, observations, conditions,
needs, problems, and attitudes of the clientele in
community development activities,
accomplishments made, etc..
▪ takes responsibility to disseminate pertinent
information to appropriate authorities, agencies,
and to the client/community.
• develops the people’s capabilities to maintain
their own recording and reporting system
AS A RECORDER/DOCUMENTER/
REPORTER
69. RECORDS
▪Refer to forms on
which information
pertaining the client
is noted
Foster family
RECORDS
70. REPORTS
▪Refers to periodic summaries
of the services/activities of an
organization/unit or the
analysis of certain phases of
work
Foster family
REPORTS
71. PURPOSES OF
REPORTS
AND
RECORDS
Foster family
measure service/program
directed to the clients
provide basis for future
planning
interpret the work to the
public and other agencies,
community
aid in studying the
conditions of the community
contribute to client care
72. Foster family
▪ all items should be carefully selected in order to
give significant information
▪ reports are of the most interest value when they are
arranged so that comparison may be made
between successive periods of time
▪ reports are of value only when the items included
carry common meaning to all who make use of
them
▪ reports are more read/received when presented in
an interacting manner
EFFECTIVE AND USEFUL REPORTS
DEPENDS ON CERTAIN BASIC
PRINCIPLES SUCH AS:
73. REFERENCES
Reference: Community and Public
Health Nursing, 2nd Philippine edition,
2nd Edition ... RN, FAAN, FAAHB and
Melanie McEwen, PhD, RN, CNE,
ANEF; Edited by Earl Sumile
Vera, M. (2013, December
18). Community organizing participatory
action research (COPAR).
Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/copa
r-community-organizing-participatory-
action-research/
