SwRI_Mitchem_2NMC_09122014

Southwest Research Institute
Smart Energy Technologies
Providing Fast Response Regulation Services Using an Electric
Vehicle Fleet and Relevance to Microgrids and Grids
2nd National Microgrids Conference
Chicago, IL
12 September, 2014
Sean C. Mitchem
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI)
http://www.swri.org/4org/d10/comm/NetCent.htm

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This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under
Award Number DE-OE0000193."
Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor
any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or
implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade
name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or
imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed
herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or
any agency thereof.

Fast Responding Regulation
Service (FRRS) Pilot Project
1. (Technology neutral) pilot project that started on OD 2-25-13. (Batteries, fly-wheels, Load
Resources) [Scheduled to run to 2-28-14]
2. FRRS is an Ancillary Service requiring participating Resources to ramp to full output within 60
cycles of an instruction or triggering event.
3. FRRS is intended to complement current Regulation Service.
4. FRRS is intended to respond first and help slow down the frequency decay while other Resources
start to respond.
5. FRRS is intended to respond to large frequency drops to promptly help arrest the frequency
decay.
6. Must past qualification test to participate ---- and in order to get paid for an hour in the pilot ----
must meet performance criteria.
Source: ERCOT - 4th Annual Electric Energy Storage Southwest Research Institute

North American Bulk Power
Grids
• The ERCOT Region is one of 3
grid interconnections in USA-
Canada
• The ERCOT grid:
– Covers 75% of Texas land
– Serves 85% of Texas load
– >40,000 miles of
transmission lines
– >550 generation units
– Physical assets are owned
by transmission providers
and generators, including
municipal utilities and
cooperatives
ERCOT connections to other grids are limited to direct current (DC) ties,
which allow control over flow of electricity
Source: ERCOT-4th Annual Electric Energy Storage Southwest Research Institute

Context: ERCOT Wind Capacity
Southwest Research InstituteSource: ERCOT-4th Annual Electric Energy Storage

Context: CREZ* Build-out Completion
*Competitive Renewable Energy Zones
$7B cost, 3,589 miles of lines
Southwest Research InstituteSource: PUCT Quarterly Report April 2014

Wind Challenge and Opportunity:
Persistent Intermittency Needs Smoothing and Shifting
Overspeed Wind Shutdown CAISO Wind Production (Tehachapi)

Why care about Frequency?
• Appliances, electronic devices, motors are all designed for
specific frequencies
• Variations in frequency causes less-than-optimal power usage
efficiency
• Large variations in frequency can result in load shedding or
generator shedding, causing compounding problems on the
grid
• Increased wind results in greater variation of generation
• Very simply, frequency regulation is the act of balancing load
vs. generation

Frequency Decay Slope
Source: ERCOT Fast Responding Regulation Service Pilot
Presentation TAC 9-7-2012

Effect of FRRS on sudden large Frequency decay
FRRS-Up Full
Deployment with 1
second delay after
59.91 Hz
Source: ERCOT Fast Responding Regulation Service
Pilot Presentation TAC 9-7-2012
Southwest Research Institute®

Why care about FRRS?
• Frequency regulation as a service pays a generator
for capacity, whether used or not
– New FREC rules also pays for performance, but that is not
what we are concerned with
• The amount needed for a particular hour is based on
historic and projected factors
• If you can arrest frequency deviations faster, then
less capacity is needed in reserve
• Thus, less frequency regulation service needs to be
purchased

Southwest Research Institute®
ERCOT FRRS Pilot Requirements
• Qualify as a resource within ERCOT
• Detect and record system frequency with an accuracy of at
least 1 mHz
• Record frequency samples at 32 samples per second
• Record output MW at 32 samples per second
• Be able to receive and respond to an ERCOT FRRS signal
dispatch through an ICCP signal
• Be able to automatically detect frequency deviation of +/-
0.09 Hz from 60 Hz
• Be able to commit 100% FRRS capacity within 60 cycles of
frequency deviation
• Be able to commit requested % FRRS capacity within 60
cycles of ICCP signal
• Be able to provide FRRS telemetry to ERCOT every 2 seconds

FRRS Program
• Funded under DOE Grant Award Number DE-OE0000193
• Project team – Center for the Commercialization of Electric
Technologies, Frito-Lay, Direct Energy, ERCOT, Southwest
Research Institute
• Objectives
– Aggregate PEV fleet to respond to FRRS Reg-Up
– No impact to fleet operational schedule
– Characterize available performance/revenue generation
• FRRS program participation – December 2013 – February
2014
• First EV Fleet qualified by ERCOT to provide FRRS Services

Fast Response Regulation Service
• Fast responding regulation service (FRRS)
– Use of fast-acting (less than 1 second to full response)
resources to counter frequency variations
– Will likely be implemented in all US ISOs – FERC Order 755 and
784
– ERCOT FRRS Pilot Feb 2013 to Feb 2014
• Use of PEV delivery fleet to provide FRRS Reg-Up service
– AC Level II chargers
– 10-12 kW max load
• Monitor grid frequency and automatically provide service
– Greater than .03Hz deviation from 60Hz
– Implement full bid capacity instantaneously
– Implement FRRS without ISO direction

(Micro)Grid Control Benefits are Enabled
Through Vehicle Aggregation
• Aggregation allows for
– Multiple vehicles represented as single
resource
– Combining of vehicles from same or different
locations
– Mitigates impact of single vehicle
– Managing multiple charge control
opportunities
• Aggregation includes
– Changes in power requests
– Customer overrides
– Sudden disconnect of EV
– Connection of new EVs
– Commands to individual EVs
• Increase/decrease charge/discharge
• Start/Stop charging/discharging
• Changing energy flow direction
– Computing realistic energy available
– Vehicle use schedule
17

Aggregation of EVs is the Key
“The 36-megawatt [device] is fairly easy
to represent as both a generator and a
load, but when it came to EVs, we’re not
really interested in each of the twelve
vehicles,” said Ragsdale. “We need it
represented as a resource.”
Ken Ragsdale, Principal, Market Design, ERCOT, Feb., 2014
Source: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Electric-Trucks-Provide-Frequency-Regulation-In-ERCOT

Fast Response Regulation Service (FRRS)
• Respond first and slow down the
frequency decay until others respond
• Respond to large frequency drops to
promptly arrest frequency decay
• Focus is on energy storage systems
• Resource must provide full MW response
within 60 cycles after frequency hits
59.91 Hz trigger

Physical Equipment
Installation
20Southwest Research Institute

21Southwest Research Institute

FRRS Deployment

FRRS Deployment
130806 130826

FRRS Undeployment
134360
137140

• Passed ERCOT qualification test for 100 kW to participate in
FRRS Pilot on 20-Dec 2013
• Successfully participated in ERCOT FR market on 28-Feb 2014.
• Prior to participating in market, were “simulating”
participation – actually controlling PEV load – 100% success
in meeting performance criteria
• Observations:
– ~ 64 bid hours
– 129 deployments
– 3.8 average deployments per hour
– 2:17 (mm.ss) average deployed time per deployment
• 0:14 minimum deployment
• 5:49 maximum deployment
– 8:55 (mm.ss) average total time deployed per hour
FRRS Pilot Project - Results

Relevance to Microgrids
• Support on the Microgrid
– An islanded microgrid must maintain its own frequency
– EVs can help support efficient genset usage
– Quick response during transitions
• Energy Support
– EVs can store energy when in excess, provide it when needed
– Load management balances energy needs
• Energy decisions must be made quickly
– With power, monitoring and decision making must be near
instantaneous
– Fast and Intelligent makes for more decision options

EVs in a Microgrid -
Conceptual
EVs in a Microgrid

EVs Make Good Microgrid
Assets
• Charge can be managed in relation to
microgrid needs
• Renewables output can be maximized by
storing excess in EVs
• EV batteries are capable of extremely quick
response times
• EVs are useful for other purposes when not
providing microgrid support

Summary
• V2G is here now, and is increasing
– PEV Frequency regulation being tested in PJM
– Fleet DC/FC implemented in Colorado Springs
– Fleet Fast FR successfully tested in ERCOT region
– Extensive charger infrastructure in CA, Washington state
• Electric vehicles have the capability to participate in
fast response frequency regulation services
• Grids and Microgrids can benefit from increase in grid
storage capabilities provided by electric vehicles
• Fast responding resources like EVs can increase
renewable “usability” by managing variation

THANK YOU!
Sean C. Mitchem
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI)
smitchem@swri.org
http://www.swri.org/4org/d10/comm/NetCent.htm

SwRI_Mitchem_2NMC_09122014

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