idea about covid19 in this present situation.

1. PART-A
•Name of the Participant:....SAYAN KAR………………………..……………………….
•Contact No…………....8910770134………………………….......................……………
• Whats App no………9874521798………………………..............................…………………
• E-mail ID:………karsayan7890@gmail.com………………………………………..........
• Postal Address of the participant mentioning PIN Code .POST-MADARAT,PIN-743610
• Name of the College:………SURENDRANATH COLLEGE…….…..............................
• Name of the Department:……PHYSIOLOGY……………………………………………
• Name of the Principal/Head of the Department…Dr.SUKTI CHAKRABORTY(HOD)…
• Contact No. of the Principal/Head of the Department… +91 98305 12919(HOD)...............

2. PART-B
“COVID-19: A Pandemic Disease”
INTRODUCTION:
At the end of 2019, a cluster of pneumonia patients with an unidentified cause emerged in
Wuhan,Hubei Province, China. Since then, outbreaks and sporadic human infections have
resulted in more than 80,000 laboratory confirmed cases (update on March 23, 2020) across
mainland China.Through the analysis of sequence, this unidentified pneumonia was considered
to be caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) named 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, the World Health
Organization (WHO) announced a standard format of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19),
according to its nomenclature,for this novel coronavirus pneumonia on February 11, 2020. On
the same day, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) named this novel
coronavirus as SARS-CoV-2.
CAUSE:
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans.The new
strain of coronavirus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
The virus causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).It may have been from here that SARS-
CoV-2 started to spread to humans.If we maintain the basic rules of prevention which was
officially announced from WHO, these will really help us to be safe from this virus.
SYMPTOMS:
Fever, Cough, And Myalgia Or Fatigue are The Most Common Symptoms.Less Common
Symptoms is Sputum Production, Headache,hemoptysis, and diarrhea.The average Blood test of
COVID19 patients showed normal or reduced white blood cell count and lymphopenia.
Lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase can elevated in COVID19 patients.Many patients of
COVID19 had abnormal liver function, with elevated alanine aminotransferase or aspartate
aminotransferase. Most patients had abnormal myocardial zymogram, which showed the
elevation of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase.
One study investigated the changes of several cytokines in serum in the COVID‐19
patients.Initial plasma IL1B, interleukin- 1receptor antagonist (IL1RA), IL7, IL8, IL9, IL10,
basic fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte colonystimulating factor (GCSF),granulocyte
macrophage colonystimulating factor, interferon γ, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A,MIP1B,platelet derived
growth factor, tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α), and vascular endothelial growth factor
concentrations were higher in patients than in healthy adults. Further comparison between
intensive care unit (ICU) and non‐ICU patients showed that plasma concentrations of IL2, IL7,

3. IL10, GCSF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNF‐α were higher ICU patients than non‐ICU
patients.These findings suggested that the initiation of the immune response result in the
production of chemokines and cytokines, which damage normal host lung.
The radiologic manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients are diverse and progressing
rapidly.Two‐third of patients had at least two affected lobes, nearly half of patients had five
affected lobes.The most common manifestations are patchy ground‐glass opacities(GGO) and
patchy consolidation which were mainly distributed in the middle and outer zone of the lung.One
report suggested that there are four stages defined on CT scan.In early stage, GGO was the
main radiological demonstration distributed in the lower lobes unilaterally or bilaterally. In
progressive stage, diffuse and bilateral GGO and consolidation in more than two lobes became
the main manifestation. In peak stage, the diffuse GGO and dense consolidation became more
prevalent. In absorption stage, extensive GGO could be observed and the consolidation was
gradually absorbed.
The mild symptoms are Nonpneumonia or mild pneumonia.Severe types of symptoms are
Dyspnea, respiratory frequency ≥ 30/min, blood oxygen saturation ≤ 93%,partial pressure of
arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 300, and/or lung infiltrates > 50% within
24/48 h.Critical types of symptoms are Respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ
dysfunction or failure.
GLOBAL EFFECTS:
COVID 19 and economy:
Loss of lives due to any pandemic causes definite irretrievable damage to the society. But apart
from this, COVID-19 has severely demobilized the global economy. In order to restrict further
transmission of the disease in the community, many of the affected countries have decided to
undergo complete lock down. Major international flights and also all types of business transports
have been deferred amid different countries. Due to lockdown all domestic flights, railway
service, bus, truck, and vehicles transports are suspended with special exemption to those
associated with essential commodities.Production level has gone very low. Economy of many so
called powerful countries are now facing the threat of high inflation and increasing
unemployment as a result of lack of productivity and excessive expenditure for the treatment and
rehabilitation of the COVID-19 victims and their families.Annual GDP and tourist sector is
being affected in this situation.
SPREAD OF COVID19:
Peoples can catch COVID-19 from others who have the virus. The disease can spread from
person to person through small droplets from the nose or mouth which are spread when a person
with COVID-19 coughs or exhales.Many countries around the world have seen cases of COVID-19
and several have seen outbreaks. Authorities in China and some other countries have succeeded in
slowing or stopping their outbreaks.The coronavirus is affecting 213 countries and
territories around the world. Number of confirm cases of coronavirs in the world is 92,29,504.

4. Heights number of confirm case have found in USA.Brazil and Russia takes respectably second
and third place in the confirm cases of COVID19.
NATIONAL EFFECTS:
India is facing now lot of problems after spread this virus.Peoples of India getting affected very
much due to the high population.Imperfect hospital facility and mechanical systems,less number
of medical labs and insufficient test kits,these are also responsible for rising the rate of problems
in India.Increasing number of coronavirus cases, the government has locked down transport
services, closed all public and private offices, factories and restricted mobilization.Some
economists have said that there is a job loss of 40 million people in the country, mostly in the
unorganized sectors.
With COVID-19 spreading to more regions, state governments are closing down schools,
colleges and others educational institution as a precautionary measure against the disease.
Psychological problems are on the rise due to physical distancing. More people are suffering
from depression and anxiety.
The lockdown has adversely have affected service sector like banks, restaurants, food vendors,
and food delivery providers at par with providing health safety and medical sustenance, we
should also have to think about the health of the sickening economy by mobilizing the resources
and make plans of job creation and job continuity.
RISK:
COVID-19 is often more severe in people who are older than 60 years or who have health
conditions like lung or heart disease,asthma,obesity,diabetes or conditions that affect their
immune system.
Tobacco smoking is a known risk factor for many respiratory infections and increases the
severity of respiratory diseases.Many researchers have found that smokers are more likely to
develop severe disease with COVID-19, compared to non-smokers.
COVID-19 is an infectious disease that primarily attacks the lungs.Tobacco is also a major risk
factor for noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease and
diabetes which put people with these conditions at higher risk for developing severe illness when
affected by COVID-19.

5. PREVENTION:
To prevent the spread of COVID-19:
1)Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
2)Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
3)Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a
tissue when you cough or sneeze.
4)Stay home if you feel unwell.If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical
attention.
5)Follow the directions of your local health authority.
APPLY DROPLET PRECAUTION:
Droplet precaution prevent the large droplet transmission of respiratory viruses,use a triple layer
surgical mask, and use N95 Respirator,if working within 1-2 metres of patients.
Health workers are advised to use eye protection (face-mask or goggles) in close contact with a
patient who have respiratory symptoms (e.g coughing, sneezing)
APPLY CONTACT PRECAUTION:
Contact precaution prevent the direct and indirect transmission with from contact with
contaminated surfaces or equipments.
Peoples are advised to wear triple layer mask. Health workers are requested to use PPE when
entering room and remove PPE when leave from the room.
All peoples should maintain the physical distance when they are in bazar and another place from
their house.
TREATMENT:
Currently, there are no specificantiviral drugs or vaccines for the control of SARS COV-2.
Although treatments and vaccines are currently under study.
Potential therapeutics is also helpful in the treatment of covid19.
Some potential antiviral compounds are,
RIBAVIRIN,REMDESVIR,NELFINAVIR,ARBIDOL,CHLOROQUINE and LOPINAVIR
are used in the treatment of COVID19.

6. CONVALESCENT PLASMA:Recently, convalescent plasma has been widely
recommended to be used for COVID19.
PROTECTIVE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY:It has been reported that the monoclonal
antibody (mAb) can efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV and inhibit syncytia formation between
cells expressing the S protein and those expressing the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2.
CONCLUSION:
In the context of rapidly increasing outbreaks of COVID-19, proactive steps by long-term care
facilities are required to recognize and eliminate potentially infected staff and visitors, actively
track potentially infected patients and enforce effective infection prevention and control
measures to prevent COVID-19.This global disaster is not limited to the loss of human lives but
can threaten the economic stability and existence of affected countries.Scientific researchers
conduct numerous clinical trials related to drugs that can be an important strategy because they
promote the development of new classes of medicines and I hope these repositioning trials will
help to identify alternatives for COVID-19 treatment.