Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services.

1. PRESENTED BY :
Santosh Kumar Mahapatra ( 1821106135 )
Sem-8th
Branch- Electronics And Instrumentation
Engineering

2.  In today’s modern industrial society companies must
be competitive in the market place in order to survive.
 Companies are continually trying to improve their
productivity in order to be more competitive.
 Automating many industrial processes and tasks can be
an effective way of improving productivity.
 Many industrial tasks and processes consist of
operations that are repeated over and over again.
 These type of tasks can usually be carried out very
effectively by automatic machines.
 Computers are ideal for controlling these automatic
machines

3.  Automation is the use of control systems and
information technologies to reduce the need for
human work in the production of goods and
services.
 In simple words it is a system where a user
provides the input, the machine or computer
carries out the process and provides you with
output.
 Automation is a step beyond mechanisation.
 The term automation, inspired by the earlier word
automatic (coming from automaton), was not
widely used before 1947, when General Motors
established the automation department.

4.  Car Manufacture
 Coke Production
 Automated Milk System
 Aircraft Manufacture
 Spray Tanning
 Everyday Life?
 Washing Machine
 Video Recorder
 Dishwasher
 Microwave

5. • Speed
 Tasks are carried out more quickly. (e.g. more items can be
manufactured each day, repairs can be carried out more
quickly)
• Hazardous (Dangerous) environment
 Automated system can be designed to perform tasks in
places where it is extremely dangerous for people to work.
(e.g. nuclear reactors, in chemical factories, on North Sea
oil platforms)
• Repetitive tasks
 Humans get bored when carrying out the same task time
after time. Automated systems are able to carry out the same
task over and over again without making mistakes or
slowing down

6. • Accuracy
 Automated systems can produce exactly the same high
quality product in a factory time after time.
 They follow precisely the instructions in the programs
which control them. This guarantees 100% accuracy.
 E.g. An automated system designed to cut metal parts for an
aero plane will produce the parts with absolute precision. It
is capable of error only if the programmer has made a
mistake when entering the instructions or if a mechanical
fault develops.
• Efficiency
 Automated systems are very efficient because they are very
accurate, they do not make mistakes and they waste no time
or materials.
 E.g. Every part produced by an automated system for an
aero plane will be the exact size and shape, there will be no
parts thrown away because there are mistakes, there will be
no time lost mending errors or replacing parts.

7. • Adaptability
 Automated systems can be designed to be flexible
and handle a range of different tasks.
 A robot arm can be programmed to spray a car one
week, the following week it could be programmed
to lift equipment onto a conveyor belt.
 Other automated systems are adaptable because
they are equipped with a range of sensors to help
them detect the need to change their output.
 An automated system regulating pressures in a
petrochemical plant has sensors which feed it data
about gas escapes and rises and drops in pressure.

8. Depending on the exact function, one of several different
tools may be responsible for an automated system:
 An Autonomous Guided Vehicle
 An artificial neural network,
 Distributed control system,
 Human machine interface,
 Supervisory control and data acquisition,
 A programmable logic controller.
 PAC - Programmable automation controller
 Instrumentation
 Motion control
 Robotics

9.  An Autonomous Guided Vehicle is a vehicle
that is programmed by a computer system to
move about a factory floor delivering parts to
work stations or removing waste.

10.  An artificial neural network is a mathematical or
computational model whose rhythms mimic those
of biological neurons.
 The structure of the network is adaptive, meaning
it can change based on the external or internal
exchange of information throughout the network
 Applications include e-mail spam filtering, system
control (such as in a car), pattern recognition in
systems (such as radars), pattern recognition in
speech, movement, and text, and financial
automated trading systems.

11.  A distributed control system is one in which there
are separate controls throughout the system.
 These kinds of systems are typically used in
manufacturing processes, especially when the
action or production is continuous.
 The controllers can be specified for a given
process, and monitor machine performance.
 Traffic lights are usually controlled by distributed
control systems.
 They can also be applied in oil refining and
central station power generation.

12.  A (SCADA) is a larger, industrial control network
that is often comprised of smaller sub-systems,
including human machine interface systems
connected to remote terminal units,
 They work to translate sensor signals into
comprehensible data.
 SCADA systems bear a high resemblance to
distributed control systems.
 The key difference lies in what they ultimately
do—SCADA systems do not control each process
in real time, rather they coordinate processes

14.  Commonly referred to as a user interface, a human
machine interface system depends on human
interaction with the system in order to function.
 A user will provide input, and the system in turn
will produce output that coincides with the user’s
intent.
 ATM

15.  Programmable logic controllers are real time
systems, meaning there is a set deadline and
timeframe in which the desired result must be
achieved.
 Programmable logic controllers can be used to
program a variety of day-to-day applications, such
as amusement park rides.

16.  A robot is a machine that is controlled by a
computer and is flexible enough to be able to
do a variety of tasks.
 A jointed arm robot has a waist, shoulder,
elbow and wrist. The ‘hand’ of the robot can be
changed or modified to suit the task the robot is
programmed to do.
 These different ‘hands’ are called end effectors
and they could be a gripper, suction cup, paint
spray or a collar.

17. A robot arm has a
number of joints
like a human's:
- waist,
- shoulder,
- elbow,
- wrist,
- end-effector.

18. Stationary robots.
 A robot arm has a number of joints like a human's.
Eg. Robot arm
Mobile robots
 A robot that moves (on wheels or tracks with a
motor) is a mobile robot e.g. a robot buggy
(vehicle) carrying parts around a warehouse, a
bomb disposal robot.
Intelligent robot
 A robot that has sensors on board and can make
decisions/ adapt behaviour based on environment
using artificial intelligence.

19. o AI is the study of how to make computers do
things that – at the present time – people can
do better.
 EXPERT SYSTEMS – programs that mimic
the decision-making and problem-solving
thought processes of human experts.
 ROBOTICS – machines that can move and
relate to objects as humans can.

20.  Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard
physical or monotonous work.
 Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous
environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear
facilities, underwater, etc.)
 Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of
size, weight, speed, endurance, etc.
 Economy improvement: Automation may improve in
economy of enterprises, society or most of humanity
like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.
 Reduces operation time and work handling time
significantly.
 Frees up workers to take on other roles.
 Provides higher level jobs in the development,
deployment, maintenance and running of the
automated processes.

21.  Security Threats/Vulnerability: An automated
system may have a limited level of intelligence,
and is therefore more susceptible to committing an
error.
 Unpredictable development costs: The research
and development cost of automating a process may
exceed the cost saved by the automation itself.
 High initial cost: The automation of a new product
or plant requires a huge initial investment in
comparison with the unit cost of the product,
although the cost of automation is spread among
many products.

22.  Jobs losses
 Reduces morale having robots
 Need to retrain for other jobs
 Work 24/7
 Less injuries for workers
 Improved working conditions
 More social time

23.  Program machine to move slowly
 Fit sensors and provide feedback
 Cover moving parts
 Cover the battery and processor
 Safety guidelines in place

24.  High running costs
 Higher initial cost
 Cheaper in the long run
 Larger output = more money
 Repair costs
 More accuracy = less waste
 Expensive to replace
 Less employee wages = larger profits
 Redundancy costs

25.  Automated video surveillance
 Automated highway systems
 Automated manufacturing
 Home automation
 Industrial automation
 Agent-assisted automation