2. Best Practice / New Technology / Innovation
Topic : Finishing Works in Building
Project : PgMC of Various Projects, Puri,Odisha
Job No. : 12185E
Client : OB & CC
Prepared by : Sandip Paul
3. What is Finishing in building works
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• There are 2 type of finishing in construction – Structural Finishing and
Architectural finishing.
4. Finishing activities – Part - 1
• Flooring works
• Stone Cladding and other external claddings
• Door Window
• False Ceiling
• Structural Glazing
• Expansion Joints
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6. Vitrified tiling
Glazed vitrified tiles:
Glazed vitrified tiles or GVT are manufactured on a glazed surface and
are printed with digital technology,
Numerous patterns and looks on the tile, such as designs that mimic
wood, bamboo, marble and lot’s of pattern.
The layer of glaze that is printed on the tile is usually less than 1
millimeter, It makes them suitable only for areas of low or medium traffic
They are also known as digital glazed vitrified tiles.
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7. Glazed Vitrified Tiles
It has 2 types –
Soluble salt vitrified tiles
a. are the most inexpensive vitrified tiles available in the market.
b. Soluble salts are used to penetrate the surface of the tile and give it its
colour, design and pattern during the process of manufacturing.
c. Cons: the tile may fade away after a few years due to constant wear
and tear.
Nano polished soluble salt tiles
a. Made by adding a layer of liquid silica to the soluble salt vitrified tiles.
b. It fills the nano or micro pores of the tile to make the tiles look shinier
and feel smoother than plain soluble salt vitrified tiles. T
c. These tiles have good resistance to abrasion and are low on
maintenance.
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8. Full Body Vitrified Tiles
Full body vitrified tiles
Full body vitrified tiles have a uniform colour running throughout their
thickness.
The tile never fades in its lifetime. This characteristic makes full body vitrified
tiles the most suitable for high traffic areas because the scratches are hardly
visible.
It is most expensive.
During the process of manufacturing, the pigment mixture is added right in the
initial stages, so as to create a homogeneous color that is consistent
throughout the tile.
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9. Double Charged Vitrified tiles
Double charged vitrified tile
In double charged vitrified tiles, two colours of pigments are used during
manufacturing.
The press prints a 3–4-millimetre-thick layer of a dual-coloured pattern on the
tile.
The best part about these tiles is that they are highly durable, maintenance-
free and suitable for high-traffic areas.
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14. VDF Floor:
• What is Vaccum Dewatering flooring?
• Usually, the deficiencies like drying shrinkage, excess water in mix, improper
grade/thickness control, poor finishing and curing techniques, and excessive
load on the concrete are noticed in conventional flooring during its service
period. To overcome the deficiencies of conventional concrete flooring, a system
is devised to improve the properties of such concrete floors. The
CAMTECH/2021/C/VDF/1.0 2 Vacuum Dewatering Concrete Flooring February -
2021 system by virtue of its uniqueness is known as vacuum dewatering
concrete in which surplus water (or excess water) from fresh concrete is
removed to improve strength, durability, and other properties of concrete by
reducing the water-cement ratio (to the optimum level) immediately after the
mix is placed, usually in floors and other flooring purposes.
• Concrete Grade: M25.
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15. VDF Floor….continued.
• EquipmentRequirred
1) MS Channel
2) Surface/Screed Vibrator:
• i). Trowel Floater Machine: The machine is used to make surface even and remove any of the undulations in floor.
• ii). Power Floater Machine: The machine is used to provide Mirror/Final finish of surface and usually deployed when hardener is used to
make surface wear resistance.
• iii). Needle vibration.
1) Vacuum Dewatering Pump with mat:
• Vacuum Dewatering Pump with Mat: A system consisting of Vacuum Pump, Lower Mat (Nylon cloth to act as very fine filter) and Top Mat
(large single PVC Sheet) is used to draw out surplus water from the green concrete. The magnitude of the applied vacuum pump is usually
about 0.08MPa, which reduces water content about 15-20%. Vacuum Pump is mounted on transportation trolley and powered by Electric
Motor of 5 to 10 HP. The vacuum pump is connected through a Hose (pipe) with the mat to remove the surplus water from fresh concrete.
The mat consists of two layers, one is in direct contact with green concrete to prevent removal water and other used for extraction of water
through pipe.
• Top Mat of standard size normally 5 M x 7 M or as of panel size is provided with junction box and short hose. Filter Mat is placed directly on
the green concrete which acts like a filter made of backing sheet, expanded metal, wire gauze or muslin cloth sheet.
1) Groove Cutting Machine:
• i). Wire Brush: Wire brush is used when broom finish is required as in case of parking, road surface, etc.
• ii). Groove Cutting Machine: Used to create grooves of size usually 5 mm wide and up to a depth of 0.33 times of thickness in 4 m x 4 m
panel as specified by Engineer In-charge.
• iii). Backer Rod and Masking Tap: Backer rods are usually round, flexible lengths of foam that are used as a “backing” in joints or cracks to
help control the amount of sealant/ caulking used and create a back stop. Many sizes/ diameters are available for optimal fitting to the size
of the joint being sealed.
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16. VDF Floor….continued.
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Working Method
1) Cleaning the surface.: The surface of VDF bottom level level shall be thoroughly
rubbed/grinded, cleaned and bonding agent shall be applied on base concrete to ensure
bonding between VDF and base concrete.
Fixing of MS channels for panel@ 4.00 m spacing. The channels to be fixed in slope @ 1:300
slope towards nearest sump.
Concreting: Hacking to be done @ 50 mm spacing of having 5-10 mm dents. Fosroc Nito
bond is to be applied on the surface just before pouring concrete (M25 grade). The bonding
agent is to be apllied by brush with proper ratio as recommended by the manufacturer.
Generally, Concreting is to be done in alternate panels .
Before being laid in position the channels should preferably be coated with a thick coat of
lime wash or lubricants so as to prevent them from sticking to the concrete deposited in the
panels. Concrete is to be poured in alternate panels.
The concrete should then be deposited between the screed strips, thoroughly tamped and
the surface screeded uniformly below the desired finished grade of flooring to
accommodate the required thickness of topping.
Concrete (M25) shall be placed and distributed evenly and as near the final level as possible.
Concrete will be vibrated with an immersion vibrator in front of screed vibrator. Heaping of
concrete in front of screed vibrator will be avoided.
Ensure that the areas close to channels and stop ends are carefully vibrated. Ensure not to
distribute the concrete with the poker vibrator as it would create a risk of over vibration and
segregation.
Surface vibration should start as soon as there is enough concrete in front of the screed
vibrator. Screed Vibrator is to be pulled from both ends.
Vacuum dewatering process must start within 30 minutes from the time of start of concrete
pouring. ). Vacuuming time is approx. 3 mins per inch of thickness of concrete. The aim of
this system is to reduce initial w/c ratio by 10 to 15% and this also makes concrete denser
through static compaction
The filter pads are placed in such a way that there is at least 100 mm (4”) fresh concrete
visible around the filter pads on all four sides. Filter pads should be overlapped with each
other by at least 250 mm (10”).
Suction pad must be rolled open over the filter pads and dewatering must then start. Extent
of dewatering is related to thickness of floor concrete i.e. average 4 min. per inch thickness
OR
physical check of dewatered surface which should not give foot print while walking to be
seen. Excess/less dewatering not advisable.
While repeating dewatering process subsequently, suction pad must be rolled out atleast
300 mm over the vacuum dewatered area. Before spreading the suction pad on dewatered
area, it is essential to give one pass of skim floater (with the disc) along the edge of the
dewatered concrete.
The central pipe of the suction pad shall be the suction house which in turn shall be
connected to the vacuum pump.
Concrete is to be finished by Trowel floater.
Final finish to be done by power floater when the concrete is just initially set.
17. VDF Floor Quality Control
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1) Pouring of concrete in alternate panels.
2) Nito bond to be applied in all CJs.
3) Curing for minimum 7 days.
4) Cutting of grooves (5mm width x 1/3rd of the thickness) as specified shall be
done just after the curing period to avoid cracks. Lateral grooves shall be cut
after 2 days @ 4v m spacing and longitudinal grooves shall be cut after 7 days.
There shall be grids of 4 m x 4 m.
5) Removal and cleaning of surface dust from grooves.
6) Filling the grooves by polysulfide sealant materials.
18. PU Flooring
• Polyurethane (PUR and PU) is a polymer composed of organic units joined by
urethane links. It’s actually a coating.
• Conditions: Surface is to be grinded smooth with maximum undulations laess
than 1 mm. The moisture shall be less than 5%. Minimum grade of concrete is M
25.
• Total thickness is 2 mm.
• During execution the floor should be Clean, Dry and Sound (any loose
concrete/hollow patch to be removed
• Surface Preparation: –Floor grinding with diamond grinding (with metal grits). 2
to 3mm peaks can be cut. Concrete shall be more than 28 days old. Cracks to be
opened using hand cutter. The crack to be cleaned to remove all dust and loose
materials
• After Surface Preparations: After surface preparation work, air blowing, manual
brooming would be done to make the concrete surface as clean as possible
before application of primer
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23. Granite flooring
• Granite is basically coarse-grained, igneous rock that is rich in silica,
aluminum, and potassium-bearing minerals. Granite is one of the commonly
used crystalline rocks. Granite is one of the popular types of building materials
that are widely used in the construction industry. The Granite tiles are dense
and possess high strength.
• Granite is made up of minerals such as feldspar and quartz, which add to its
feature sparkle.
• The thickness of the slabs shall be 18, 30 or 40 mm as specified in the description of
the item. Tolerance of + 3% shall be allowed for the thickness. In respect of length and
breadth of slabs a tolerance of + 2% shall be allowed.
• Granite stones shall be cut as per approved drawings. The shade of the granite shall
be pre-approved.
• Thickness hall not be less than 18 mm or as per mentioned in the drawing.
• 1: 4 cement mortar. 20 mm average thickness of the mortar bed.
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24. Granite flooring Procedure
1. The approved quality granite stone to be selected and cut/sawn to the required size
by machine and polished/finished to the required finish as specified in the drawing
and specification.
2. The floor pattern for fixing the granite slab to be marked before starting the laying
work and got it approved.
3. The bed for laying granite slab to be cleaned and free of loose mortar/dirt and kept
wet before laying the flooring work.
4. The cement mortar bed 1:4 of 20 mm thick to be spread evenly to the required
consistency to receive the stone slab.
5. The stone slab rear surface to be wet and applied with a creamy layer of cement
paste before laying on its bed.
6. The mortar is allowed to harden a bit and cement slurry of honey like consistency shall be
spread over the same at the rate of 4.4 kg of cement per sqm.
7. The stone slab to be laid to the required line and level and gently tapped with a
wooden mallet so that no hollows or air spaces are left beneath it.
8. The joints shall run in straight lines and in uniform width not more than 1 mm or as
specified in the approved drawing/specification.
9. The joints to be grouted with white cement /color pigments to match the stone color
as specified in the drawing/specification.
10.After grouting the joints, it has to be cured for a minimum of 3 days.
11.The top surface to be machine polished/ finished as specified in the
drawing/specification
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25. • The size of Granite slabs should be square, rectangular or as per consumer need. The
dimension should be as per actual size and tolerance should not exceed 1mm in length
and breadth and thickness tolerance should not exceed 15% of actual thickness. Minimum
18mm thickness is required for any kind of construction work.
• It should be uniform in colour, homogeneous crystalline texture, and uniform in thickness.
• It should be hard, sound and dense. Hardness should be checked by pressing the stone
with some hard object, if chips of stone will split from slab it should be rejected.
• It should give clear ringing sound when struck. It should be water cut having no circular
mark on the back of the slab.
• It should be checked for polishing quality and cutting, and it should have one face
properly polished and edges must be straight and perfectly at a right angle by means of
machine or hand cutting.
• It should be checked by scraping the surface with a coin for polishing quality and if it
leaves scratches than it means the polishing should be of poor quality as good polish
enhances the life of granite.
• Colour should be checked by rubbing with cloth dipped in kerosene or petrol, if cloth
brings colour then artificial colour must be present on it. It should be rejected.
• Kitchen granite should be checked for porosity by dropping 3 to 4 droplets of lemon juice
(citric acid) on top of granite surface
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26. 26
The standard requirement for water
absorption in granite – .4 percent
• The standard requirement for water
absorption in marble – .2 percent
