This document discusses drugs and their mechanisms of action for treating COVID-19. It begins with an introduction on antiviral drugs and target sites for COVID-19. Several antiviral drugs are described, including remdesivir, favipiravir, oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin. The mechanisms of these drugs involve inhibiting viral enzymes or replication. Supportive drugs and neutraceuticals that may help treat symptoms or boost the immune response are also mentioned. The document concludes that while the virus may be difficult to eliminate, following good practices around social distancing, hygiene, diet, exercise and vaccination can help people live with the virus.

1. DRUGS AND THEIR MECHANISM
OF ACTION
COVID-
19
• Samruddh Patil
• Sanket Jadhav
• Venkatesh T

2. 01.
INTRODUCTION
Here we will describe the topic of
the section
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
Various drugs and their MOA
TARGET SITES OF
COVID -19
Here you could will understand
various target sites for COVID-19
CONCLUSION
Conclude the topic.
03.
02.
04.

3. • COVID-19 has a single stranded RNA genome covered by envelope
structure(Crown shape structure).
• Shape : Either pleomorphic or spherical.
• Size: 60-140 nm.
• There 6-10 open reading frames (ORFs).
• There are 7 strains of human COVID-19 :229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-
COV, SARS-COV I and SARS-COV II.
• This all are responsible for infection with involvement of respiratory
tract such as common cold, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.
INTRODUCTION

4. Electron micrograph showing human
coronavirus

5. Transmission

6. DRY COUGH
HIGH FEVER
Irritation and constant
coughing without expelling
any mucus
The body feels completely
tired and without energy to
perform normal tasks
The body temperature can
exceed 37.3 Celsius
degrees or 99+ Fahrenheit
degrees
SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19
TIREDNESS

7. Skin Rashes and
discolouration of
toes and fingers
Headache
Diarrhoea
Loss of Taste and
Sore Throat
OTHER SYMPTOMS
Low Oxygen Level

9. Vaccine Companies Phase
Inactivated vaccine Wuhan Institute Sinopharm, China Phase 3
SPUTNIK V Gamaleya scientific research
institute of epidermology, Russia
Phase 2(Approved)
CoronaVac Sinovac Research and Development Phase 3
mRNA-1273 Moderna Phase 3
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) live-attenuated vaccine University of Melbourne and
Murdoch Children’s Research
Institute with collaboration
Phase 2/3
AZD1222 The University of Oxford Phase 2/3
BNT162 Pfizer, BioNTech Phase 2/3
Ad5-nCoV CanSino Biologics Phase 2
ZyCoV-D
Zydus Cadila
Phase 2
Covaxin
Bharat Biotech
Phase 3

10. Many people infected with COVID-19 show
mild symptoms, especially during the first
stages of the disease. Thus, you can still
catch the disease from an infected person
who only has a mere cough and does not feel
ill
ASYMPTOMAT
IC PEOPLE

11. PREVENTION
MEASURES

12. Cover your mouth and your
nose with your bent elbow or
a tissue when coughing
Seek medical attention if you
have difficulty breathing and
a high fever
Follow the directions of your
national or local health
authorities
Wash your hands with an
alcohol-based sanitizer or
with soap and water
Keep a distance of at least 1
meter between yourself and
anyone who coughs or
sneezes
Try your best not to touch
your eyes, your nose and
your mouth
PROTECTING YOURSELF AND PREVENTING
THE SPREAD OF THE DISEASE

13. TARGET SITES
• Surface Glycoprotein
• Envelope Protein
• Membrane Glycoprotein
• 3C- Like Proteinase
• RNA dependent
• 3’ to 5’ endonuclease
• EndoRNAse
• 2’-0-ribosemethyl transferase
• ACE II Receptor

15. ANTIVIRAL
DRUGS

16. • Remdesivir (VEKLURY - GILEAD SCIENCE)
• Lopinavir/Ritonavir (RITOMAX-LALKEM)
• Favipiravir (FABIFLU-Glenmark)
• Oseltamivir (TAMIFLU- GILEAD SCIENCE)
• Ribavirin (RIBAVIN-LUPIN)
• Darunavir/cobicistat (generic-CIPLA)

17. Supportive drugs
• Hydroxychloroquine
• Doxametasone
• Ivermectin
• Niclosamide
• Actinomycin D

18. Neutraceuticals
• to boost antiviral response against covid (cinnamon bark
extract, fucoidan, virgin coconut oil).
• to build immunity( vit. A, B6, C, D, E).
• Astaxanthin from pomegranate extract.
• Amla giloy juice.
• Ascorbic acid with zinc.
• Ashwagandha.

19. Favipiravir
Favipiravir is an antiviral drug that was developed for the treatment of resistant influenza virus
Its biochemical name is 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamid
inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme in covid cells.
inhibition of in transcription and replication of the viral genome.

20. Remdesivir
Remdesivir is an intravenous (IV) nucleotide prodrug of an adenosine analog.
Remdesivir binds to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
inhibiting viral replication through premature termination of RNA transcription
It has demonstrated in vitro activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2).

22. Oseltamivir(Tamiflu)
Usually used for treatment of influenza A and B virus
It inhibits neuraminidase enzyme which cleaves sialic acid glycoprotein present on host
cell
Thus making entry of virus easy into host cell
seals the infected cells n does not allow virions to release

24. Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Replication of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the cleavage of polyproteins into an RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase and a helicase.1 The enzymes responsible for this cleavage are two proteases: 3-
chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro).
Lopinavir/ritonavir is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV 3CLpro in vitro, and this protease appears
to be highly conserved in SARS-CoV-2.2,
Although lopinavir/ritonavir has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV, it is thought to have a
poor selectivity index, indicating that higher than tolerable levels of the drug might be
required to achieve meaningful inhibition in vivo.4

26. Ribavirin
It is guanosine analog used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping.
When ribavirin is incorporated into the RNA(adenine or guanine), it pairs equally well with
either uracil or cytosine,
Inducing mutation in RNA-dependent replication in RNA viruses.
inhibition of in transcription and replication of the viral genome.

28. Darunavir/Cobicistat
Darunavir and cobicistat is usually used for HIV virus treatment
They are protease inhibitor.
The drug selectively inhibiting the cleavage sites of HIV 1 encoded Pol
Polyproteins in infected cells
Thus preventing formation of mature virus cells and also enhance
CYP3A substrate

30. CASE STUDY

33. CONCLUSION
Though facts says the virus is difficult to be eliminated as it is wide spread but
living with some good practices can be a solution.
• Social distancing
• Hygiene( clean homes / disinfect surfaces regularly).
• Use common dominant hand on surfaces.
• Healthy n balanced diet including all vitamins n nutrients in proper quantity.
• Exercise / Yoga.
• Sleep cycle (including a proper non REM of 1 to 2 hrs).
• Vaccines can be effective solution or may not be unless we make our body
healthier enough .

34. References
• https://slidesgo.com/theme/covid-19
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7782/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196923/
•
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fradiologistpage
%2Fstatus%2F1246425649612574721&psig=AOvVaw1Cjk6mALISSeqj_5Fhk9Eq&ust=
1616255094741000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCMCV6cbavO8CF
QAAAAAdAAAAABAD
• https://youtu.be/-E_Okc_Fp3w
•
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fsci
ence%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2095177920302045&psig=AOvVaw38Z8kcT_mpO9CIF6Sz
TanS&ust=1616257358836000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwj5pZf_4bzvAhV
dMbcAHb3eBb8Qr4kDegUIARCdAQ
• https://www.thno.org/v10p7821.htm