Study of healthcare spaces

1. GUIDED BY:
AR. GAURAV AGARWAL
Architectural design
hospital
PRESENTED BY:
ARPITA, VASU, NISHI,
PRASHIKA, SAKSHI,
SAMIYA
MAIN SOURCE : HANDBOOK TO BUILD A HOSPITAL
BY: FRENCH RED CROSS

2.  HOSPITALS ARE THE MOST COMPLEX OF BUILDING TYPES.
 EACH HOSPITAL IS COMPRISED OF A WIDE RANGE OF SERVICES
AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS. THESE INCLUDE :-
 DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT FUNCTIONS
 SUCH AS CLINICAL LABORATORIES
 IMAGING, EMERGENCY ROOMS
 SURGERY
 HOSPITALITY FUNCTIONS
 FOOD SERVICE
 HOUSEKEEPING
 BED-RELATED FUNCTION.
 GOOD HOSPITAL DESIGN INTEGRATES FUNCTIONAL
REQUIREMENTS WITH THE HUMAN NEEDS OF ITS
VARIED USERS.

3. A. FORM:
 FORM REFERS TO THE SHAPE OR CONFIGURATION OF A BUILDING.
 THE RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP IS ESSENTIAL, GIVEN THE INTENTION
OF ARCHITECTURE TO PROVIDE INTERNAL SHELTERED SPACE FOR
HUMAN OCCUPATION. BOTH FORM AND SPACE ARE GIVEN SHAPE AND
SCALE IN THE DESIGN PROCESS.
 IN ADDITION, THE PLACEMENT OF A BUILDING FORM IN RELATION TO
ITS IMMEDIATE SITE AND NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS IS ANOTHER
CRUCIAL ASPECT OF THIS FORM/SPACE RELATIONSHIP.
 A NUMBER OF ASPECTS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO ANALYZE
OR DESIGN AN ARCHITECTURAL FORM, INCLUDING SHAPE, MASS/SIZE,
SCALE, PROPORTION, RHYTHM, ARTICULATION, TEXTURE, COLOR, AND
LIGHT.

4.  SHAPE REFERS TO THE CONFIGURATION OF SURFACES AND EDGES OF A
TWO- OR THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT. WE PERCEIVE SHAPE BY
CONTOUR OR SILHOUETTE, RATHER THAN BY DETAIL.
 PRIMARY SHAPES, THE CIRCLE, TRIANGLE, AND SQUARE, ARE USED TO
GENERATE VOLUMES KNOWN AS "PLATONIC SOLIDS." A CIRCLE
GENERATES THE SPHERE AND CYLINDER, THE TRIANGLE PRODUCES
THE CONE AND PYRAMID, AND THE SQUARE FORMS THE CUBE.
 COMBINATIONS OF THESE PLATONIC SOLIDS ESTABLISH THE BASIS FOR
MOST ARCHITECTURAL SHAPES AND FORMS. RECENT ADVANCES IN
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY HAVE PROMOTED THE DESIGN AND
REPRESENTATION OF MORE COMPLEX, NON-PLATONIC FORMS.
b. Shape
 VOLUMETRIC SHAPES CONTAIN
BOTH SOLIDS AND VOIDS, OR
EXTERIORS AND INTERIORS.
SOME SHAPES ARE FORMED
THROUGH AN ADDITIVE
PROCESS, WHILE OTHER
SHAPES ARE CONCEPTUALLY
SUBTRACTED FROM OTHER
SOLIDS.

5.  THE ORIENTATION IN HOSPITALS IS RELATED TO THE
POSSIBILITY OF BENEFITTING FROM SUNLIGHT .
 THE HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION ,THEY
ARE ASSIGNED TO SUNNIER ROOMS RATHER THAN
ROOMS THAT RECEIVE LESS DAYLIGHT OR ARE ALWAYS
IN THE SHADE.
 THE PATIENT CARE UNITS SHOULD HAVE LOCATIONS
HAVING NATURAL VIEW, DAY LIGHTING AND IDEALLY
OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATURAL VENTILATION.
 THE WAITING AREAS AND WAY-FINDING NODES SHOULD
ALSO BE PLACED TO MAXIMIZE THE DAY LIGHTING AND
THE OPPORTUNITY OF GREEN VIEWS OR DIRECT ACCESS
TO NATURE.
 THE ACHIEVEMENT TO THIS TYPE OF BUILDING FORM
PRESENTS MANY ADVANTAGES TO BENEFIT FROM IDEAL
SUNLIGHT.
ORIENTATION

6. SCENERY
 THE FEATURES OF EXTERIOR SPACES AND THE DESIGN
OF HOSPITALS HAVE CLEAR POSITIVE EFFECTS ON
PATIENTS. RELAXING AND PLEASING ARRANGEMENTS
HAVE POSITIVE EFFECTS ON THE HEALING PROCESS OF
THE PATIENTS.
 GARDENS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ARTISTIC FEATURES
WITHIN THE HOSPITAL COMPLEX ALSO ASSIST THE
NAVIGATION FOR PATIENTS AND VISITORS, AS THEY ACT
AS LANDMARKS THAT PEOPLE USE TO ORIENTATE
THEMSELVES
 PATIENTS WHO ARE ABLE TO VIEW NATURAL SCENERY
AND NAVIGATE WELL-ARRANGED GARDENS
EXPERIENCE FEWER POST-OPERATIONAL
COMPLICATIONS (HEADACHE, NAUSEA ETC.); ARE
RECORDED TO FEEL LESS PAIN COMPARED TO THOSE
TAKING PAIN KILLERS LIKE ANALGESICS;
 PATIENTS STAYING IN PATIENT ROOMS WITH WINDOWS
VIEWING AN ATTRACTIVE SCENERY ARE STATED TO
LEAVE THE HOSPITAL EARLIER THAN THOSE STAYING IN
PATIENT ROOMS THAT FACE ONTO A WALL.

7. A. AREA
 A HOSPITAL HAS TO BE PLACED:
 IN A QUIET PLACE ON A HEALTHY AND FLAT PLOT
WITHOUT DUST, BAD SMELLS, INSECTS.
 SOME VACANT PLACES HAVE TO BE PLANNED FOR
FUTURE EXTENSIONS OF THE HOSPITAL.
B. LAYOUT
 THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF BUILDING LAYOUTS:
 WINGS/PAVILIONS FOR SPECIALIZED SECTORS,
 A CENTRAL SPACE AND RAYS.
 IT IS NECESSARY:
 TO DIFFERENTIATE MAIN SECTORS/ ANNEXES/
CIRCULATION PASSAGES,
 TO SEPARATE HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS AND OTHERS
TO MINIMIZE DISTANCES BETWEEN SERVICES.
GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF A HOSPITAL
 NOTE :-
 A PARK IS REQUIRED FOR ACOUSTIC
ISOLATION OF ROOMS,
 A MAXIMAL PARTITION IN ISOLATED
SECTIONS IS REQUIRED.

8.  ENTRANCE HALL:
 CONCEIVED AS A WAITING ROOM FOR VISITORS LIKE A HOTEL
HALL, ITS SIZE DEPENDS OF NUMBER OF BEDS, DIFFERENT
WAYS (FOR PATIENTS, VISITORS, STAFF) SEPARATED FROM
THE ENTRANCE HALL, RECEPTION (12 M2 )WITH A RECEPTION
DESK TO SUPERVISE ENTRANCES AND CIRCULATION WAYS.
 ENTRANCES FOR LAYING PATIENTS:
 FOR ADMISSION, A CLOSED HALL AND AN ENTRANCE SLOPE
ARE REQUIRED; THEY HAVE TO BE SEPARATED FROM THE
ENTRANCE HALL BUT VISIBLE FROM THE RECEPTION,
 SHORTS CONNECTIONS WITH EMERGENCIES SEPARATED
FROM MAIN CIRCULATION WAYS ARE REQUIRED.
C. ENTRANCES
 MAIN ENTRANCE:
 ONLY ONE MAIN ENTRANCE
 SECONDARY ENTRANCES HAVE TO BE POINTED OUT
APART (HYGIENE MEASURES).

9.  CIRCULATION IN A WHEELCHAIR REQUIRES A SPECIFIC DESIGN OF
THE CIRCULATION WAYS PASSAGES: 1.30M WIDE MINIMUM, BETTER IF
2M WIDE.
 DOORS: 0.95M WIDE MINIMUM, A MAGNETIC CLOSURE IS ADVISED.
 ACCESS WAYS: 1.20-2M WIDE.
 WIDTH BETWEEN HANDRAILS: 1.20M.
CIRCULATION FOR HANDICAPPED PEOPLE

10. 1. SURGICAL SERVICES
 LOCALIZATION:
 SURGICAL UNITS HAVE A CENTRAL LOCALIZATION IN THE HOSPITAL.
 SURGICAL SERVICES HAVE TO BE PLACED CLOSE TO EMERGENCIES, INTENSIVE CARES
SERVICES, WAKING UNITS AND STERILIZATION SERVICES.
 SHORT CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THOSE SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, PARTICULARLY WITH
EMERGENCIES UNITS.
SPECIALIZED SERVICES
 ORGANIZATION :
 OPERATING ROOM: 40-48 M2
 ANTE-OPERATING ROOM: 15-20 M2
 POST-OPERATING ROOM: 15-20 M2
 CLEANING ROOM: 12-15 M2
 IMPLEMENT ROOM: 10-15 M2

11.  A SEPARATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT WORKING UNITS IS
REQUIRED TO REDUCE GERMS TRANSMISSION
 A SEPARATION BETWEEN CIRCULATION OF NON-STERILIZED
AND STERILIZED PATIENTS AND IMPLEMENTS IS ALSO
REQUIRED.
2. A TWO-PASSAGE CIRCULATION

12.  A SQUARED ROOM IS ADVISED FIT UP LIKE THE ANTE-OPERATING ROOM: A
REFRIGERATOR, WASHTUBS, CUPBOARDS, CONNECTORS FOR ANAESTHESIA
IMPLEMENTS, A SAFETY GENERATOR.
 LOCAL FOR STERILIZED IMPLEMENTS: A DIRECT CONNECTION WITH THE OPERATING
ROOM IS ADVISED.
 TWO DIFFERENT SIDES ARE REQUIRED:
 A NON-STERILIZED SIDE WITH NON STERILIZED IMPLEMENTS
 STERILIZED ONE FIT UP WITH A SINK, WORKING AND STORAGE AREAS.
 TOILETS - ONLY IN THE AIRLOCK AREA, NOT IN THE OPERATING ROOM FOR HYGIENE
STANDARD.
3. OPERATING ROOM (OT’S)
 LOCATION
 VERY CLOSE TO THE MAIN ENTRANCE OF THE
HOSPITAL.
 CLOSE TO THE DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES (LABS AND X-
RAY).
 CLOSE THE PHARMACY.

13.  ORGANIZATION OF INTENSIVE CARES UNITS:
 AAIRLOCK
 A ROOM FOR REGISTRATION AND ADMINISTRATION
 A SECRETARY’S OFFICE: NURSES HAVE TO WATCH
THE ARRIVAL OF PATIENTS
 MEDICINES
 LOCATION
 VERY CLOSE TO THE RECOVERY ROOM IN THE
OPERATION THEATRE.
 CAN BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM THE
EMERGENCY DIVISION BY ELEVATOR.
4. INTENSIVE CARE UNITS (ICU’S)

14.  THIS SERVICE REQUIRES A DIRECT ACCESS FROM THE EMERGENCIES FOR LYING PATIENTS.
IT MUST BE SITUATED ON THE GROUND FLOOR OR AT THE FIRST GROUND (BECAUSE OF
WEIGHT OF APPARATUS). IT IS REQUIRED TO MINIMIZE DISTANCES BETWEEN ROOMS.
 AREA OF LOCALS FOR SONOGRAPHY, MAMMOGRAPHY, JAWS: 15-18 M2
 AREA OF LOCALS FOR RADIOGRAPHY AND RECEPTION: 20-30 M2
 PATIENTS HAVE TO ENTER THOSE ROOMS THROUGH TWO CABINS, WIDTH OF DOORS: 1.25M,
A SUPPLY OF MEDICAL GAS IS REQUIRED.
5. RADIOLOGY

15. .
 LOCATION
 VERY CLOSE TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT AND
EXTERNAL CLINICS.
 EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM INTERNAL DIVISION.
 GROUND FLOOR IS PREFERRED
 TOMOGRAPHY LOCAL: 35 M2 FIT UP WITH A COMPUTER, ANGIOGRAPHY
 LOCAL: A PREPARATORY LOCAL FIT UP WITH A WASHBASIN AND A
REFRIGERATOR (TO STORE MEDICINES) IS ADVISED.

16. 6. OBSTETRICS
 AN OPERATING LOCAL IS REQUIRED NEAR
DELIVERY ROOMS. THE OBSTETRICS SERVICE HAS
TO BE SEPARATED FROM THE UNITS FOR PATIENTS
AFTER DELIVERY AND FOR INFANTS.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE OBSTETRICS SERVICES ARE
 A WATCHING ROOM
 RECEPTION AND WAITING ROOMS
 ROOMS FOR PRE-DELIVERY
 DELIVERY ROOMS (FIT UP WITH A BASH FOR
PATIENTS)
 AN OPERATING ROOM (12 M2 ) HAS TO BE NEAR
DELIVERY ROOMS
 A STERILIZED LOCAL (12 M2 )
 A NON STERILIZED LOCAL (12 M2 )
 A REGISTRATION OFFICE (12 M)
 A LIVING ROOM FOR THE STAFF (15 M2 )
 A LOCAL FOR MIDWIVES (20 M2 )
 TOILETS.

17. 7. MATERNITY UNIT
 TEMPERATURE: 24-26°C
 VENTILATION: RENEWAL OF 8 VOLUMES PER HOUR
 IN CARE UNITS FOR CHILDREN AND INFANTS: A SAFETY SYSTEM ON EACH WINDOW IS
REQUIRED, ELECTRIC INSTALLATIONS AND RADIATORS HAVE TO BE SECURED, FLOORS
AND WALLS (UP TO 1.50M) HAVE TO BE EASILY WASHABLE.

18. 8. LABORATORIES
 THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR BLOOD SAMPLES AND ANALYSIS OF
THOSE SAMPLES.
 THEY CONSIST OF:
 LOCALS FOR RINSE, DISINFECTING, PREPARATION OF STERILIZED
IMPLEMENTS,
 A STORAGE ROOM,
 A COLD ROOM,
 A MEETING ROOM,
 A WAITING ROOM,
 AN ADMINISTRATION OFFICE.
 FOR MICROBIOLOGY: INDEPENDENT UNIT OR ACCESS THROUGH A
TAMBOUR.
 ALL ROOMS OUGHT TO BE LIT WITH NATURAL LIGHT.
 ROOMS WITH MICROSCOPES HAVE TO BE ORIENTATED NORTHERN.
 WIDTH OF DOORS: 1M MINIMUM.

19. 10. DAILY HOSPITAL
 FOR PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED ONLY FOR ONE
DAY.
 A SPECIAL ENTRANCE
 A HALL
 A RECEPTION DESK ARE REQUIRED FOR THESE
PATIENTS.

20. 11. EXAMINATION UNIT
 IT CONSISTS OF:
 EXAMINATIONS ROOMS: 15 M2, ACCESS THROUGH CABINS
 AN ADMINISTRATION OFFICE
 A WAITING ROOM
 A STORAGE LOCAL.
 FLEXIBILITY OF THIS UNIT IS ADVISED FOR A LATER EXTENSION

21. 13. MORTUARY
 IN THE GROUND FLOOR OR BASEMENT
FLOOR.
 EXIT FROM EMERGENCY ENTRANCE OR
SERVICE ENTRANCE.
14. ICCU (INTENSIVE CORONARY CARE UNIT)
 LOCATED ON THE GROUND FLOOR WITH
CONVENIENT ACCESS FROM THE OPERATION
THEATRE SUIT AND EMERGENCY
DEPARTMENT
 EASY ACCESSIBILITY FOR WARDS.
12. DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES
 VERY CLOSE TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT AND EXTERNAL CLINICS.
 EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM INTERNAL DIVISION.
 EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM MATERNITY AND SURGERY DEPARTMENTS.
 ACCESSIBILITY FROM CENTRAL STORAGES.

22. 15. DIETARY
 IN THE GROUND FLOOR.
 DIRECT OPENING TO THE SERVICE ENTRANCE.